Ingxelo Ehlala Ihleli: Indlela Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esalungisa Ngayo Uxolo Lwehlabathi Lonke

IGood Wear Agreement, eyatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, ime njengenye yezona zivumelwano zoxolo ezidumileyo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yogonyamelo lwamahlelo eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuba ziiNtlambo, ezathi zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3, ezingama-3 500. Kodwa impembelelo yayo ayizange iyeke kuLwandle lwase-Ireland. Isivumelwano sesakhiwo sokwakha ``amandla-ovula umdangameli, amaziko anqamlezileyo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokuthomalalisa ulawulo lwawo, ukususela oko kwathi kwathi kwaphembelela ingxubeko ye-lomntla-ntle, kwaye kufumana izifundo zoxolo ezikhoyo eNtshona Afrika.

Isiqalo: Impikiswano Nempikiswano

Imfazwe yase-Northern Ireland yayingeyomfazwe kodwa yayiyingxaki entsonkothileyo yezopolitiko, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe, kunye nezoqoqosho. Entliziyweni yayo kwakubuzwa umbuzo: Ingaba i-Ireland yaseMntla ingahlala iyinxalenye yoManyano okanye idibane ne-Ireland emanyeneyo? ingakumbi amaProtestanti, wayefuna ukuhlala kwi-UK; ingakumbi ubuKatolika, yayifuna ubunye. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amaqela emkhosi kumacala omabini. . . . . i-I-I-IRiphabliki ye-Iriphabliki (IRA) kunye nemibutho eyahlukene enyanisekileyo enyanisekileyo ye-Ireland?.[25] I-iggded , ngexesha urhulumente waseBritani wayesathumela imikhosi yayo yokhuseleko.

Ekuqaleni koo1990, ukudinwa nokutshitsha kwezopolitiko kwadala uvulo lweentetho. Imfihlelo yonxibelelwano lwangasemva lwesiqhagamshelanisi, ukubandakanyeka koorhulumente abasebenza kunye noorhulumente base-US uGeorge Mitchell, kunye nokuvuma koorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland ukudibanisa ucwangciso lwabo olubekwe isiseko. Isiphumo yaba yintsebenziswano eninzi eyayiquka amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika eNyakatho-mntla Ireland, kunye noorhulumente ababini. Isivumelwano esavelayo ngo-10 Aprili 1998, [1] emva kweminyaka emibini yengxinano-o--artsss ezidia ezithetha ngengcambulo zengxabano kwisakhiwo esinye, esidityaniswe nesakhiwo.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yesivumelwano Esilungileyo SangoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sisoloko sichazwa njengesivumelwano esithelekisa phakathi koluntu oluphikisanayo. Amalungiselelo aso ayenzelwe ukwenza urhulumente ozinzileyo, owehlayo eBelfast, ngexesha ugcina indawo ye-Northern Ireland e-UK kunye nokuseka iindlela zokumanyanisa i-Irish kwixesha elizayo, exhomekeke kwimvume yabaninzi. Impumelelo yesi sivumelwano yayixhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi edityanisiweyo.

ISikhundla samandla: Isivumelwano sokuYalela

Kumbindi wesivumelwano kukho umgaqo womanyano olunyanzelekileyo lorhulumente wesizwe. INdibano yaseMntla Ireland kunye noLawulo lwayo oluPhezulu kufuneka ziquke amaqela asuka kuluntu olumanyeneyo kunye nolwamazwe ngokulingana namandla awo okukhetha. Izigqibo ezingundoqo kufuneka zifumane inkxaso enqamlezileyo-ammony. /Enye ingqwalaselo yoninzi lwamalungu omanyano kunye nolwamazwe azimeleyo, okanye uninzi lwamalungu angama-60 ekhulwini ewonke wonke kunye nama-40 ekhulwini oluntu ngasinye. Le ndlela ithintela icala elinye ekulawuleni elinye nezixhobo. Iye yaba yindawo ebhekisa kwezinye intlanganiso enzulu apho unyulo lwangaphambili lubeka ubomi bohlanga olunye.

Iinguqu zoMntla-Mzantsi

Isivumelwano sadala iBhunga labalungiseleli baseMntla-ntshona we-Ireland, elihlanganisa abalungiseleli abavela kuMntla Ireland norhulumente wase-Ireland ukuba basebenzisane kwimimandla enjengezolimo, ezothutho, impilo, kunye nokhenketho. Eli qumrhu lanika uluntu olunobuzwe unxibelelwano olucacileyo kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland ngeli liqinisekisa ukuba aliyi kuba sisithuthi somanyano ngaphandle kwemvume. Imodeli yokulawula komda onqamlezileyo iye yafundwa ngabameli baseBalkan, eCyprus, nakuMbindi Mpuma njengendlela yokulawula iingxabano zemimandla ngaphandle kwemida epheleleyo.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo sangoLwesihlanu safaka ulwakhiwo olunamandla lwamalungelo abantu. Sakhokelela ekudalweni kweKhomishini yamaLungelo oLuntu yaseMntla Ireland, kwiKhomishini yokuLungisa, kunye neBhili entsha yamaLungelo (nangona le ngxelo ingekawiswa ngokupheleleyo). Kwafuneka ukuba urhulumente waseBritani afake iNdibano yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu kumthetho wasekhaya.(a) yabangela ukuba kuqaliswe amalungelo aguqula amapolisa, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Oku kugxininiswa kwamalungelo njengesiseko soxolo oluphefumlelweyo ukuquka amalungiselelo antsonkothile amalungelo abantu kunokuba aphathelwe njengawongeyo.

Ukupheliswa Kwamajoni Notshintsho Lwamapolisa

Isivumelwano sacela ukwenziwa okuqhelekileyo kwamalungiselelo okhuseleko: unciphiso lwamajoni aseBritane, ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo zomkhosi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). Ingxelo yePatten ka 1999 yancomela ukuba iSebe lamapolisa amatsha laseNorthern Ireland (PSNI) limele libe ngummeli weengingqi zombini, limele liphendule kwiBhunga lomkhosi, lize lithobele ngokupheleleyo kumalungelo abantu. Le modeli yokuguqula okunzulu kwesakhiwo.[1] [2] Ingxelo yenkonzo yamapolisa engoogcuntswcuntswana, esekelwe kuluntu, ingumthunywa wezonophetholo lwezomthetho ukusuka eBosnia ukuya eNepal.

Ukukhululwa Nokukhululwa Kwentolongo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ididayo yayikukukhululwa kwangaphambili kwamabanjwa omkhosi kunye nemfuneko yokuba amaqela axhobileyo akhuphe izixhobo zawo. Isivumelwano sanxibelelana ezi nkqubo kunye nexesha elibanzi lezobupolitika, sithemba ukuba ukunduluka kuxolo kuya kubangela ugonyamelo olungeyomfuneko. Ngoxa ukuthunyelwa komkhosi kuthe kwalibaziseka kwaye kungafezekanga, ukugqitywa kwawo ekugqibeleni ngo-20059 kwabonisa ukuba namaqela axhobileyo anokunyanzeleka ukuba apheliswe amandla xa enikwa indlela ethembekileyo yezobupolitika. Esi sifundo sithetha ukuba ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kufuneka kulandelelwe inkqubela phambili yezobupolitika kunokuba kufuneke ukubekwa phambili kwemicimbi yezomkhosi eColombia, eMyanmar, nasePhilippines.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kwiingxoxo Zoxolo Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Inkqubela Yoxolo LwaseColombia NeFARC

Isivumelwano soxolo saseColombia sasayinwa ngo-2016 kunye neRodentiance Armeads yase Colombia (FARC) ecacileyo yasebenzisa amava asemntla Ireland. Abaququzeleli baseColombia kunye nabameli bezizwe ngezizwe batyelela iBelfast amaxesha amaninzi ukufundisisa amandla-ongiseleko, amaxhoba, kunye nokutshintsha kwabakhenkethi kwizobupolitika. Ulungiselelo lwenkqubo yokuguqula inkqubo yobulungisa, inxaxheba kwezobupolitika ukwenzela iFARC, kunye nophuhliso lwasemaphandleni lwawo onke amalungu e-equluni oluhle lwesakhiwo se-Creaders. US Sambitor George Mitchell, owathi wabeka izihlalo zeentetho zaseNorthern Ireland, kamva wacebisa uPromain Juan Manuel Saunts. Ukuphumelela kwenkqubo ye-Colombia kuyaqhubeka kuvavanywa i-Promous .

Utshintsho Lwasemva KweApariteid yaseMzantsi Afrika

Ngeli xesha ukuguqukela kwedemokhrasi kuMzantsi Afrika ngaphambi kweGood Wear Agreement (1994-1999), imodeli yasemntla we-Irish ibethelele iinkalo zayo ezininzi. Zombini ezi nkqubo zigxininise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukhuseleko lwamaqela amancinane, kunye nokufakwa kwangaphambili kwentshaba kurhulumente. Abaququzeleli baseMzantsi Afrika baphawule ukubaluleka kokugcina iintetho zijoliswe kwimibango eluncedo kunokuba ziqwalaselwe kwizikhundla zomfuziselo .

Inkqubo Yoxolo KuMbindi Mpuma

Ukufana ngqo ne-Northern Ireland kwathatyathwa ngamaqela kwinkqubo yoxolo lwakwaSirayeli-Palesitinan, nangona uthelekiso lusoloko lunyuswa kakhulu. Ezinye iziqalelo zesivumelwano esiLunene ngoLwesihlanu / ngokungafaniyo i-oreyiding-mdanga yentsebenziswano kunye nesakhiwo esilungiselelweyo, kwaqwalaselwa ngexesha leOslo Lincorsting kunye neGeneva Initive. Ingcamango yamandla afunekayo karhulumente olawula urhulumente wexesha elizayo wase-Palestina ixolelwane kwimfundo nakwimijikelezo yentshuwa. Noko ke, umahluko omkhulu . Ngokungathi akukho mvumelwano ye-o-ommm yongquzulwano kunye nokunga kwengquzulwano yemeko ye-Belfast. Kwaye, inkqubo ishiyeke ikho ikho kubhekiso ngqalelo lokufuna ezo zakhiwo zelizwe kumazwe amabini.

IBosnia neHerzegovina

IMivumelwano yeDayton eyaphelisa imfazwe yase Bosnia ngo1995 yayiqulathe iziqalelo ezilawula amandla, kodwa kamva utshintsho lwase Bosnia eBosnia lukhangele kuMntla Ireland ukuze lukhokele indlela yokwenza umsebenzi karhulumente wezizwe ezininzi ngempumelelo. Imfuneko yokuvota okunqamlezileyo kwe-communion ePalamente yeBosnia izoba kwiPalamente yaseMntla-Ireland, nangona iBhosnia entsokothileyo ekwakheni ngohlobo lwe-Creathonia igxekwe ngokubangela ukuba amaqela esizwe asebenze ngokunempumelelo kunawo. Isivumelwano se-Gookthiwe-Pronethiwe i-ithromentine ngokuzichaza ngokwayo njenge-Irish, iBritish, okanye zombini eziphefumlelweyo malunga nokuqondana imodeliyo kwimodensic ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ezinye Iindawo Ezichaseneyo

Impembelelo yesivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu ifikelela kwinyathelo loxolo eSri Lanka, eNepal, eMyanmar, kwilizwe laseBasque, nakwiPhilippines. Kwimeko nganye, abameli baye bathatha izifundo ezikhethekileyo: ukubaluleka kokubandakanya amabhinqa kwingxoxo (Iintetho zaseMntla Ireland zazinomelo olulinganiselweyo lwamabhinqa, isilela kamva esibhangisiweyo); imfuneko yokufumana amalungu aqinileyo entlalo; nexabiso lokusebenza ngokucwangcisa ixesha elicacileyo. Ukuqina kwesivumelwano (i-"iikusinde , kuquka ukuwa kweminyaka emihlanu edityanisiweyo karhulumente osusela u-20171717 ukuya ku 20222,5) kunika ukuthembeka njengeprograma ende.

Izifundo Ezafundwayo: Oko Kufundiswa Ngabalamli Kwisivumelwano Esilungileyo SangoLwesihlanu

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini esetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko, kuye kwavela izifundo eziliqela kumava aseMntla Ireland.

Ubuhlobo Buthetha Okungakumbi Ngaphezu Kokuhlala Ethebeni

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saquka onke amaqela amakhulu akulungeleyo ukulahla ugonyamelo − kuquka iSin Féin, iphiko lezobupolitika le-IRA, kunye namaqela anyanisekileyo anxulumene namaqela emikhosi. Esi sigqibo sathanda ukuphikisana ngelo xesha kodwa sangqinwa sibalulekile: ukushiya naliphi iqela elibalulekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo kwakuya kuvumela ukuba lihlale likho. Iinkqubo zoxolo zale mihla zilandela lo mgaqo, kwanaxa kuthetha ukuxoxa namaqela axhobileyo achazwa njengeejaji. Inkqubo yeColombia yaquka iFARC; imigudu yoxolo ekhoyo e-Afghanistan (de iTaliban'ia thathe intloko) iqhutyelwe kwiintetho eziquququ. Ulwano kufuneka zihambisane nento yokuzibophanga, njengokuba kusenziwa ngomthetho wokungaqhumi, kodwa kumi.

Kubalulekile Ukuba Nendlela Elungeleleneyo Nokuzilungisa

Isivumelwano seGood Wear Act asenziwanga ngokungqongqo ngokwendlela emiselwe ixesha. Ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo kwenzeka kwiminyaka edlulileyo; amaziko akhutshweyo awile aza avuselelwa; utshintsho lwamapolisa lwathatha iminyaka elishumi. Kodwa isivumelwano sasinda kuba amaqela kunye nabaxhasi bawo bezizwe ngezizwe bahlala bethambe. Baphepha ukwaphula inkqubo kwiingxaki zokwexeshana. Oku kwafundisa abalamleli ukuba iinkqubo zoxolo zifuna ubuchule bokwenza uphando kunye nesigqibo .

Iinkanunu zehlabathi ezixhasayo kodwa Azinakuthatha indawo yobumnini basekuhlaleni

Indima yolawulo lweClinton . Ngokubhekiselele kumlawuli we-Clinton yezopolitiko nezorhwebo uGeorge Mitchell. I-European Union yanikela ngemali yoxolo oluninzi ngenkqubo zoxolo, eyaxhasa imisebenzi yoxolelwaniso, inkqubela-phambili yoluntu, kunye nentsebenziswano enqamlezileyo. Kodwa ekugqibeleni isivumelwano saphumelela kuba iinkokeli zezopolitiko kunye noluntu lwase-Ireland zazinalo. Abameli bangaphandle bangavula iingcango baze banikezele izibonelelo, kodwa ukuxhasa uxolo kufuna ukuzinikela kwasekuhlaleni kumsebenzi onzima wokulalanisa. Esi sifundo siye sazisa indlela yokuyila amaziko okwakha uxolo njengeKhomishini ye-UN' yokukhuthaza uxolo, egxininisa ubumnini besizwe.

Ukuthetha Ngoonobangela, Asingomqondiso Nje

I-Good Wear Agreement yenza ukungalingani okuye kwabangela iMibango: ucalucalulo kwizindlu, umsebenzi, kunye namapolisa; ukunqongophala komelo lwezopolitiko kwisizwe; kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi yebutho labantu. Ngokungalingani namalungelo abantu kwisivumelwano, yenza uxolo luxhaswe kumgangatho woluntu. Abalamleli kwezinye iimfazwe ngoku banikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwizikhalazo zezoqoqosho, amalungelo elizwe, nokusesikweni kwentlalo, qhayiyo nje imigaqo yesiseko sentlalo. Ukufakwa kwamalungiselelo enkcubeko epheleleyo kwisivumelwano soxolo se-2016 Colombia kubonakalisa lo mgaqo obanzi.

Ukubaluleka Kwesakhelo SomGaqo-siseko Esicacileyo

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu asizange sisombulule impikiswano engundoqo ngolawulo lwasemntla Ireland. Endaweni yoko, yadala indlela yokulawula loo mpikiswano: umgaqo wokuvumelana, okuthetha ukuba i-Northern Ireland iza kuhlala iyinxalenye ye-UK ngaphandle kokuba uninzi lwabavoti bangenele i-Ireland emanyanisiweyo. Oku kwavumela omabini amacala ukuba athethe ukuba umda uqinisekiswe; abalawuli besizwe banokuthi indlela yokumanyanisa ngoku ifanelekile kwaye idemokhrasi. Oku "kuyila ulawulo olusemthethweni" sisixhobo esinamandla solawulo lwezintlukwano ze-igotiators, nangona kukwakho nengozi, njengokuba kuboniwe kwipost-Br ekwi-Rrevertive Protocotive.

Ukugxekwa Nokusikelwa Umda Kwemodeli

Akukho sivumelwano soxolo sigqibeleleyo, kwaye i-Good Wear Agreement ijongene nengqwalaselo ebalulekileyo. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi amandla ayo axhasa ulwahlulo lwamaqela amahlelo ngokufuna amaqela ezobupolitika ukuba alungelelanise imigca yoluntu, athintele ukuvela kwamaqela anqamlezileyo. INdibano ye-Northern Ireland iye yajikwa ixhonywa izihlandlo ezininzi, kunye namaqela angafuniyo ukwenza ulawulo oluphezulu. Isivumelwano sokuqhubana nenkqubo yokuchanaba elidlulileyo, ngokukhethekileyo sishiye amaxhoba amaninzi evakalelwa kukuba kuhlaziselwe ulungiso loxolo. Kwaye ulwahluko loxolo lwezoqoqosho luye lwasasazwa ngokungafaniyo, kunye nabantu abahlala elunxweme abachasangeneyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuxhomekeka kwesivumelwano kwisiqinisekiso sangaphandle `iBritane ne-Ireland njengoorhulumente bomva bama-arethishi nabalawuli bomkhosi) abalinganiswanga kwiimfazwe apho kungekho bagxadasi banjalo. Umzekelo, akukho nto ilinganayo nomanyano lwe-Anglo-Irish olunokuthi lunyanzelise ukuhlaliswa. Imodeli ikwathatha ulungelelwaniso lwemikhosi kunye nolwezopolitiko oluthelekeleleneyo, oluvumela ukunxibelelana. Kungquzulwano lwe-ammetrim, olunjengalo olubandakanya imo enamandla nentlalightrustruction, ulwalo lwesakhiwo se-Irish lungasetyenziswa kancinci.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zithintelo, iGood Wear Agreement isengowona mzekelo uphumelelayo wokuxolelwana kwemfazwe enzulu yobuhlanga kwihlabathi elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Impembelelo yayo kwiinkqubo zokunxibelelana ngoxolo zamazwe ngamazwe ayinakukhanyelwa, yaye ukusilela kwayo kunikela izifundo ezibaluleke ngokufanayo ngoko kumele kuphetshwe.

Isivumelwano Esilungileyo SoLwesihlanu Kwixesha Lasemva Komphunga

Ukurhoxa kweUnited Kingdom kwiEuropean Union ibeke isivumelwano esinguMnumzana weSivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu ephantsi koxinzelelo olungathethekiyo. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland, eyenzelwe ukukhusela umda onzima kwisiqithi sase-Ireland, yadala imida yorhwebo phakathi kwe-Ireland yaseMantla neGreat Britain, iphambukisa abantu abaninzi abamanyani. Ukungalungelelani kwezobupolitika okuye kwakhokelela ekuweni kwe-Northern Ireland Guidemokratity Ireland ngo-20222, ne-Democratic Union Party ingavumi ukuba nenxaxheba de kwathathelwa indawo i-mthetho. I-2023 Windsor Frameow, ixoxisana ne-UK ne-EURC, ifuna ukuphendula le mibango ngelingexa lalo xa kugcinwa iziminikazi ezi.

Esi siganeko sibalaselisa isifundo esibalulekileyo soxoxo loxolo: izivumelwano kufuneka zinyamezele ukumothusa kwangaphandle. Isivumelwano esiLumkileyo soLwesihlanu sayilwa kwimeko yobulungu be-EU kunye nentsebenziswano yeBritane phakathi kweso sakhiwo. Xa umongo utshintshile, isivumelwano kwakufuneka sivumelane noku----acception. Kumanye amazwe, isifundo kukwakha izivumelwano ngolungelelwano olunenkxaso-jijeko ukuhlangabezana nemeko yejikelezopolitiko, ngexa kugcinwa imigaqo engundoqo egcina uxolo ludibene.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo

IGood Wear Agreement ayingoxwebhu lwembali. Luyisakhiwo esiphilayo esiqhubeka sibumba indlela ihlabathi elilufikelela ngayo uxolo kwibutho elahluleleneyo. Ukugxininisa kwalo ekulawuleni amandla, kwintsebenziswano enqamlezeneyo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokuguqulwa okukwizintlu-jiko kuye kwaba yinxalenye yesixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuphelisa ungquzulwano. Ukusuka kwiinduli zaseColombia ukuya kwizitrato zaseBelfast, iingoma zika-1998 ziyavakala. Uxolo lwexesha elizayo luza kuqhubeka lufunda ukuphumelela kwalo, lusebenzisa imigaqo yalo kwiimfazwe ezintsha. Isivumelwano sabonisa ukuba kwanezona zintsha ezikrakra zingayekwayo zinokupheliswa ngomonde, ngokuquka i-Greastland.