Umqondiso Owaguqula Iphulo Lezobupolitika

IGood Wearth Agreement (GFA), eyatyikitywa ngo-10 April 1998, yayingaphezulu kakhulu kunesivumelwano soxolo. Yaphinda yakha kwakhona ukwakhiwa kwezopolitiko zaseNorthern Ireland kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, ngokusisiseko, yaza yalungisa incwadi yokulawula yamaphulo ezobupolitika. Ngaphambi ko-1998, unyulo yayisoloko ibonakalisa ulwahlulo olunzulu lwamaqela: ummanyaniso ngokuchasene nolwaluko lwesizwe, nentsebenziswano yezaphulo olujoliswe kakhulu kubume bomgaqo-siseko, izikhalo zembali, kunye nokunyaniseka kwabantu bonke. IGFA yasungula isakhiwo esitsha solawulo lwamandla-adenti-am, ivumelana, inyanzelela amaqela ukuba alungelene ukushukuma kwezixhobo, ubuchule, ubuchule, kunye nokusondela kombutho lwemibutho. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela i-provincelsethi eqhubekayo kubume-irthse-in, kunye noluntluntluxandulo lwemigano lwemizwano yezo yezo yezo-mizwanolland.

Imbali: Isizathu Sokuba IGFA Itshintshe Iphulo

Ukuqonda impembelelo yeGFA ku maphulo, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde umhlaba wangaphambi konyaka ka1988. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, unyulo lwasemntla we-Irish lwalawulwa ngumbuzo womgaqo-siseko. IParitisi enjengeUlster Unionist Partir (UP), iDemocratic Union (DUP), i-Social Democratic kunye ne-Labour Party (SDLP), kunye neSin Féin zakha amaphulo okujikeleze imibono ephikisanayo. Rhetoricric yayidla ngokuba yi-adversal, maxa wambi i-krum, kwaye iphosa kwingiselwa kuluntu olunye. Amaxesha okulwanisa kudla ngokudlondloza nogonyamelo.

IGFA yatshintsha into yokuba ngentsebenziswano yokuququzelela. Isivumelwano sadala isigqeba esilawulayo esilawula amandla esifuna ukuba amaqela adibanayo kunye namaqela esizwe alawule kunye. Kwakhona saseka iinkqubo zokuvota ezinqamlezileyo kwiNdibano, siqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna inkxaso kuwo omabini amacala. Le migaqo mitsha yezopolitiko enyanzelisayo enyanzelekileyo inyanzelekile ukuba bacinge ngokwahlukileyo. Asayi kubakho iqela elinokuzuza uninzi ngoku kwaye linyanzele ukuthanda kwalo; ngoku, ukulawula kwakufuna ukunxibelelana nokulala. Ngenxa yoko, iphulo-phulo-phulo liqala ukutshintsha inkcaso epheleleyo kwimixholo yomanyano, uxanduva, ulawulo olusebenzayo.

Ukusuka Kwiimnqamlezo ZomGaqo-siseko Ukuya Kwimibutho Egobe

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1998, amaphulo amaninzi asekelwe kwinkupho enye: inkxaso okanye inkcaso kwi-Ireland emanyanisiweyo kunye nentlalo eseleyo kwi-UK. I-GFA ayizange iyicime le ngxoxo. "ihlala iyimbambano ephilayo" kodwa ayibophelele kwisiseko solwakhiwo. Ngoku iphulo lifuna ukuphendula imibandela yemihla ngemihla: inkonzo yempilo elindileyo, inkxaso yemfundo, imisebenzi, izibonelelo. Isivumelwano siphakamise ngokulula ulindelo lwesiseko sokuba amaqela kufuneka anikele imigangatho ethembekileyo kwimicimbi yasekhaya, hayi nje ngokwezikhundla zomgaqo-siseko. Oku kukhuliswe iphulo oluceliweyo, ngoku kuboniswa ii-democracties, kunye nezinye ii-Albetic, kunye nemali ezahlukileyo ze-NoweryNameName.

Umzekelo, iQela le-Alliance elingumnqamlezo, elaliziphepha ngokwesithethe izimibini ezidityanisiweyo, zafunyanwa ngokubhekisa kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nokuguqula inkqubo yezobupolitika .Icebo le-GFA lenze lafumaneka ngenxa yokuba i-GFA yadala isithuba sezopolitiko ezingezohlelo. Okwangoku, i-Dup ne Sin Féin isarhwebelana ngezimilo zabo zomgaqo-siseko xa ikhupha umgaqo-siseko wabavoti, kodwa kufuneka babonise ubuchule kwisebe elisebenzayo. Le mfuneko ingumphumela othe ngqo wendlela yokuyila iGFA.

IMihla yamandla yoMkhosi: ICandelo elakhelwe iNkqutyana

Enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zeGFA yimfuneko yokuba umminisi omkhulu kunye nombutho wesizwe adibane umPhathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala. Oku kuguqule indlela amaqela azibeka ngayo ngokwawo. Kunokuzama ukuwina zonke izihlalo, amaphulo ngoku ajolise ekunyuseni isabelo sawo sovoti abathile abaphezulu. Oku kudala imfuneko ecwangcisiweyo yokudibanisa isangqa sikabani ngexesha elinye ekwakho nokutsala ukuphumelela ngokufanelekileyo ekunqamlezeni kwe-commony - comnonypotovoties ekwazi ukuphembelela inkqubo yegama.

Kwincwadi yonyulo, ubona iimbekiselo ezicacileyo “zokuxhasa isikhundla soMphathiswa Wokuqala” okanye“ ukuxhasa ilizwi elinamandla lobuzwe kurhulumente." Oko kuqinisekisa ngumphumo ngqo we-GFA. Le mikhosi ikwaliphulo lokusebenza kwayo kwelinye icala. U-UP, ngokomzekelo, igxininise indima yayo ekuphakamiseni i-Conven Féin kwi-gadenti yayo kumphathi-mandla. Le ntlanganiso ibingayi kucingelwa phambi konyaka ka-1998, xa igama elithi “ugalelo” elinye icala lalisoloko ligxininisa kwi-chemothe.

Izibongozo Zokukhathazeka: Imbambano Kwiphulo Lalo

IGFA iqala “iziganeko zohlolo,” inkqubo evumela amalungu angama-30 eNdibano ukuba afune ivoti enqamlezayo kwimicimbi enzima. Ekuqaleni yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane, iye yaba yimbambano yephulo lephulo. Kutshanje, amaqela afana ne-Alliance Partition aye afumana iphulo lokuhlaziya okanye lokuphelisa inkqubo yesicelo, ephikisana ukuba isetyenziselwe ukuqhuba umthetho oqhubekayo ofana nomtshato ophakathi okanye ukukhupha isisu. I-DUP iye yakhusela amalungelo amaqela. Ngoko ke i-GFA ngokwayo iba liphulo liphulo liphulo, lixatyiswa, likhuselwa likhuselwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Oku kugcina isivumelwano sihleli kwintetho yezobupolitika, hayi nje njengomnqophiso owenziwe njengoxolo okanye njengolungiso sixhobo sokulawula.

Ukuzama Ukuqhuba Iphulo Loxolo

Ilifa le-GFA lidlulela ngaphaya kwesandi semibutho elungele ukulwa. Ngenxa yokuba ummandla onamava amashumi eminyaka ogonyamelo, amaphulo ngoku anokusetyenziswa ngobuchule ukuphepha ukuxinezeleka okuxhobisa iingxwaba. I-paries zidla ngokukhupha naliphi na icebiso logonyamelo okanye ukoyikisa. Iincwadi zokhetho zincitshiselwe ukuchaza amahlelo. Iiplagi zokwenziwa kokunciphisa uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni (ngokomzekelo, ukuthintela ukuhamba kwiindawo ezidityaniswe ngamaqela. I-PSNI (Plice Service of Northern Ireland) kunye ne-Ectoral Commis zinokhokelo “kulwa kwephulo loxolo, ingcamango ekhoyo kwii-1980.

Le meko ikhuthaza ukuvumelana-lwimi. Kwanamaqela aqinileyo atyekele ekugqugqiseni iimfuno zawo zomgaqo-siseko ngokweedemokhrasi, amalungelo, kunye nokulingana kunezikhalazo zembali. Umgaqo weGFA wemvume . Ukuma komGant Ireland wasentla kuzakutshintsha kuphela ngevoti yoninzi .Qaphela ukuba amasuntswana anike isiseko sokuphikisana ngokubona kwawo ngaphandle kokugaxeka kwelinye icala. Imicimbiso ibonakalisa i-i-advocacy, kodwa ukulindela okusisiseko kukuba akumele kuququkelelene nokuququzelela. Ukuguqula kwempucuko kungokokuba yeGA kuthelela phambili.

Imithombo yezoshishino nezoluntu: Imijelo Emitsha, Umsebenzi Ofanayo

I-media yesithethe eNorthern Ireland, njenge BBC, i-UTV, namaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, kudala isebenza ngenkonzo kawonke-wonke enamandla e-ethos ngokuphathelele uxolo. Zinikela uhlomelo olulungeleleneyo kwiimbono zomanyano kunye nezobuzwe kwaye aziluthi shukumisi uluvo. I-GFA igxininisa oku ngokuseka impucuko yezobupolitika apho kwanesixhobo sokuxhasa incoko. I-media yentlalo, nokokuba, ivelise iingxaki ezintsha. I-Unittonton-styleant zingakhulisa amazwi angaqhelekanga kwaye zisebenzise “izibhengezo ezifihlakeleyo” ezithengiswe kumaqela athile abantu abasebenzisa imibutho yemishicimbi okanye alwanobuzwe i-Facean, kodwa inxalenye yenjongo ye-mediance isoloko ikho kwicandelo lombutho lwentlalo-GAdne: nakuba kunjalo, izinxulumanelo zifuna ukubonisa ukuba zikwazi ukulawula kunye.

Ngo-2022, uhlalutyo lweYunivesithi yaseLiverpool lwafumanisa ukuba amaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika asemntla we-Irish asebenzisa i-media yentla yentlalo ukukhuthaza imiyalezo ekhuthazayo enxulumene namandla kunye nentsebenziswano, kwanaxa ehlasela abachasi ngokwenkqubo. Oku kwahluka kakhulu kwintetho ye-intanethi esoloko inetyhefu kwamanye amazwe ahlukeneyo. Izithethe zeGFA, ngokomlinganiselo othile, ziye zafakwa ngaphakathi ngabaxhamli bamanani.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Amaqela Abonisa Ngayo Isivumelwano

Iphulo Lokubuyisela Imali Ngo - 1998

Iphulo lokuqala elabunjwa yi-GFA yayiyi-arhendentu kuvutho-mpuluko ngokwalo. I-pro-Agreement yamaqela (UUP, SDLP, Sinn Féin, Alliance) yaseka umbutho onqamlezileyo obizwa ngokuba “Ewe kuxolo.” Iphulo lawo lagxininisa ikamva eliqaqambileyo, ushishino lwezoqoqosho, kwaye isiphelo sogonyamelo. Amazwi achaseneyo (UP, abanye oo-UUP) alumkisa ukuba iza kubangela ukuba ii-mibhoshoriti zemfazwe ze-omintimize ice ice i-Unicime ice i-Unicine i-Unity i-Unity. Oku kumacala omabini afaka izingqiniso zawo phakathi kwengqiqo yeGFA .

Unyulo lweNdibano lwasemva ko19998

Kunyulo lokuqala lweNdibano ngo-1998, amaqela agxininisa indima yawo ekudluliseleni uxolo. I-UUUP yavelisa iphulo ngesiqubulo esithi “Uxolo neNkqubela,” ngoxa i-SDLP yaphakamisa isithi“ Ukusebenza Kumntu Wonke.” USin Féin wasebenzisa u-“Ukufumana iNxulumano neBritane” kodwa kwakhona wagxininisa ukuzimisela kwayo kwimibutho emitsha. I-DUP, eyayichaseyaniswe yiGFA, kwafuneka ukuba ime njengelungele ukusebenza phakathi kweNdibano. Kwiziko ye-DUP, ngokuthe ngcelele yamkela izakhiwo zeGFA (nakuba zahlala zichasane iinkalo), ibavumela ukuba babe lilungu elikhulu leqela lombutho. Iphulo labo lombutho lokwayo lisuka ekulahlweni ngokupheleleyo ukuya “enu kwisivumelwano esingcono.”

Ukhetho loMboniso ka-2017: IBrexit ne-GFA

Unyulo lweNdibano yowama-2017 lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu kukuwa kwegunya eliphetheyo elilawulayo elikumgangatho ophezulu phezu kwehlazo elinokuhlaziywa lokusebenza ngamandla. Kodwa imbambano ephambili yayikukuxinana phakathi kwesakhiwo solawulo lwe-GFA soburhulumente kunye nobunzima beBretit. Inkampani ezijikeleze apho iqela linokukwazi ukulawula ulwalamano neLondon neDublin, ukukhusela i-Belfast (Kulungile kuLwesihlanu), kwaye igcine uxolo. Unyulo lwabona ukunyuka ekuxhaseni i-mkelo lwe-commony Alliance, nto leyo eyayithi isithi amacandelo amabini angundoqo ayesilela ukulawula ngokunempumelelo. Olu khetho lwabonisa ukuba iGFA ihlala iyintlawulo oluphilayo, hayi nje inkbango yembali.

Ucelomngeni: Ukungathembi, Ukukhupha Imithambo Enyibilikisiweyo, Nokusebenzisa IBreet

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo ye-GFA ekunciphiseni ugonyamelo, iphulo lezobupolitika lisenemiqobo enzulu. Ukungathembina phakathi kwabamanyaniso kunye namazwe ahlala ephezulu, ingakumbi emva kweziganeko ezifana ne-2021 yaseMntla Ireland izivumelwano zemithetho yokuziphatha. Imithetho-siseko, inxalenye ye-Brexitrefream vument, yakha umda omtsha kuLwandle lwase-Ireland, apho amaqumrhu ajonga ukuthoba umgaqo we-GFA wokuvumelana kwe-Northern Ireland kwindawo ye-UK. Iphulotis asukela kuma-2020202020 aye alawulwa yimithetho e-protoliki ye-comment: amaqela afuna ukususwa kwawo, ngoxa i-Irnist nocast-combu-combuast imele isetyenziswe ekulondolozeni i-GFA. Oku kuphinde kwanelwa kwimigno ye-Gracm, i-GA elungisa inkcala kwiinjongo ezinjalo.

Unyuso lukwabonakala nakukwanda kwamaqela alwandiso kumacala omabini. I-Dup ne Sin Féin zilawula amaqela awo, zishiya iqela elincinane lizama ukufumana i-oksijini. Inkqubo ye-GFA'’Hondt yemisebenzi yolungiselelo ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba akhuphisane ngokungqongqo kwizikhundla eziphezulu, maxa wambi akhokelela ekungeneleni uxanduva oluthi lwamatyala kwiphulo. Kodwa nakweli phulo lishushu, akukho phulo likhulu lokubuyela ngqo okanye ukupheliswa kweNdibano. I-GFA’A'''''''''''' isebenza isakhiwo sesakhiwo semisebenzi yolungiselelo ikhuphiswano-'atholo, maxa likhokelela kwimidanganiso elithelekayo.

Iingxaki Zentlalo Nezoqoqosho

Iintlawulo zamaziko zikwazama ukucombulula idinga le-GFA “likamva elabelweyo.” Iimpikiswano ezifana nemfundo edityanisiweyo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye neempikiswano ezidibeneyo zihlala zikhohlakele. Isivumelwano sadala uluhlu lwemizimba (IKhomishini Yomgangatho, iKhomishini Yamalungelo Abantu, iParades Commission) ukuphendula le miba, kodwa zisoloko zigxekwa ngamaphulo anzima kakhulu njengongenelelo oluninzi okanye abuthathaka kakhulu. Icandelo kufuneka lihambe kakuhle le mibandela enzima. Umzekelo, ebudeni bonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, abazamvotezi, bathembisa ukuxhasa imicimbi yezindlu ezahlukeneyo okanye iziganeko ezinqamlayo, kodwa kwakhona bakhusela ukuzichaza koluntu. IGFA’A imigaqo yomgaqo wexabiso olulinganayo.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Isivumelwano Esihlala Sihleli

Njengoko i-Northern Ireland isondela kwisikhumbuzo sayo se-GFA, impembelelo yayo ekuxhaseni ibonakalisa ukuba akukho mqondiso wokuwohloka. Iziqalelo zishiyeka: ukuxhasa amandla, ukuvumelana, kunye nokunqamleza i-commony zintsika ezijikelezileyo onke amaphulo amakhulu akhiwe ngazo. Amaphulo exesha elizayo abonakala ebone ukunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamanani ukuze zifikelele izibheno ezijoliswe kuzo, kodwa imiyalezo iya kufuneka ikhuphe ngaphakathi kwemida ye-GFA. I-Gringxube imibandela efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, amalungelo amanani, kunye nokutshintsha kwenani labantu (kungakho kulwa nolwando lwabemi abachaza njenge-mistrist okanye umbano lobuzwe) iya kuqhubela phambili amaqela awo ekuqululeni izibongo zazo. I-combungqu zinokukhula, nto leyo enokuthi ekugqibeleni itshintshe i-Antambele amandla e-GFAy-anerning.

Noko ke, iGFA ngokwayo isenokujamelana nengcinezelo yotshintsho. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi isicelo senkxalabo siphelelwe lixesha, abanye bathi umbutho onyanzelekileyo uthintela inkcaso esebenzayo. Naliphi na iphulo lotshintsho lizakulwiwa ngaphandle konqandwa phakathi komongo wesivumelwano, kusetyenziswa ulwimi nemigaqo yaso. Abafundi nababukeli bezobupolitika zaseNorthern Ireland kufuneka bajonge indlela abaquququzele ngayo le ngxoxo. Bazakubavavanya ugcino lwe GFA. Isivumelwano asizange sicingelwe ukuba sikhawuleze; “luxwebhu oluphilayo.” Imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kodwa ihlala ihleli eluxolweni nengxoxo bubungqina obungcono bokuba iGovingt Count Revent Revelvelved Reved greement iyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo.

Isiphelo: Ukutshintsha Kwephulo Lokucoca Umhlaba

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu asikhange siphelise ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko eNyakatho Ireland(i-isithi siphinde sabuyiselwa. Inkamkelo ngoku zingoochwepheshe, zijolise phambili kwinkqubo, kwaye zibaluleke ngakumbi imfuneko yokulondoloza inkxaso enqamlezayo. Isandi sidambile, izibonda azisekho phantsi, kwaye iziphumo azisayi kuphinda zibe zezezeze . Kodwa imiqobo yebutho labantu abahluleke kakhulu, kwaye amaphulo kufuneka ahambele phambili kubo yonke imihla. Kubafundisi nabafundi, bafunde le meko banikela umzekelo onamandla wendlela isivumelwano soxolo esinokubuyiselwa ngayo nje kuphela kodwa kwanendlela yenkcubeko yezopolitiko. IGFA ibonakala ithetha ngalo lonke ixesha ngokubelana ngezolawulo, onke ixesha elibonakalisa izithembiso ezisebenza “kubantu bonke base-Ireland, Nolukhetho lwasentlalana, kwaye lukhetha lonke ixesha lokukhetha i-Rrence.

[[UMTLL:0] Izalathiso ze-External:[[UMTL:1]