Ukwazisa: Uphawu Lwamalungelo Noxolo

Isivumelwano soLwesihlanu esilungile (esisaziwa njenge-Belfast Accounting]), esayiniweyo ngo-10 April 1998, singenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezinxulumeneyo ngoxolo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Ngaphezu kokuphelisa iimfazwe zamahlelo ezingamashumi amathathu eminyaka eyaziwa njenge IziNqabuko , isivumelwano esifake isiseko esibanzi samalungelo abantu kunye nolinganayo kwisiseko kunye nelizwe elisemthethweni leNtlangasayinwa ye-Ireland. Ngokuzibophelela koorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland, kanye namaqela ezobupolitika eMntla ne-Rhayibhithi amaqela ekwasekungeneyo ekwakuqhubekeni, kunye neenkqubela eziphindiweyo ze-enkqubo yoxolo, kunye neenkcelo ze-Ireland eziqhubekeka ka-1910, kunye nezicelo zezoburhulumente zoxolo.

Esi sivumelwano savunywa yingxelo yembali edibeneyo: 71% yabavoti basemntla Ireland nangama- 94% kwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland yasixhasa, isinika igunya elinamandla ledemokhrasi. Saseka urhulumente ohluza amandla ombane, wawuthobela umgaqo wokuvuma malunga nobume bomGaqo-siseko waseMntla Ireland, kwaye saseka amaziko acwangcisa ukuhlatyelwa kwamalungelo abantu nocalucalulo oluye lwachaphazela ummandla ngezizukulwana.

Imeko - ngqangi Yembali: Iingxaki Nocalucalulo

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba amalungelo abantu nokulingana kusemgangathweni kwiGood Wear Agreement, kufuneka kuqala aqonde okungekho sikweni okunengcambu okubangela imfazwe. Urhulumente we-Union-orhulumente abalawulwayo eNyakatho Ireland (1921-191972) wacalula ngokulandelelana ngokuchaseneyo nabambalwa bamaKatolika/bethanga mazwe ngamazwe abahlala kwizindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko. UGerrymering waqinisekisa ukuba amabhunga alawula amabhunga asekuhlaleni kwana nemimandla emininzi yemfazwe. Ukuhamba kwamalungelo amakhaya ekupheleni koo 1960 (1911) kwaqhutywa ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu baseMerika (16) kwadityaniswa nogonyamelo, nto leyo yakhokelela ekuweni komthetho wokuqala, ukusebenza kwengqungqungquthelana nolawulo lwezopoliti ukusuka eLondon. Ngonyaka ka1998, abantu abangaphezu kwama-3600 babulawa kwimfazwe.

Ingxoxo yoxolo eyavelisa iGood Wear Agreement yabunjwa yisivumelwano sokuba nasiphi na isiqendu esihlala sihleli kufuneka sikhuselwe ngokuqatha kuzo zonke imimandla. Isivumelwano sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banesabelo kumalungelo “okhuseleko lwabo bonke abemi,” kwaye samisela isiseko esinenkcukacha sokhuseleko oluzinzileyo oluza kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho butho labemi linokulawula elinye.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Amalungiselelo amalungelo abantu ale sivumelwano asebenza kumanqanaba amathathu: umGaqo - siseko ubandakanya imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, ukudala imibutho ezimeleyo nokulungisa kwakhona amaziko karhulumente ukuze aphelise uqheliselo lokwahlula amatyala.

1. Ukuqulunqwa kweNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu

Enye yeempumelelo zesivumelwano zangoko yayikukuzimisela ukumisa iNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECHR) kumthetho waseMantla Ireland. Le mbopheleleko yazalisekiswa yi-UK Palamente kaRhulumente kaRhulumente, eyanika imvume esemthethweni kwi-ECHR engaphaya koManyano loBukumkani. Elo xesha lokuqala, abantu baseNyakatho Ireland babenokulungela amalungelo abo angabantu kwiinkundla zamakhaya, kuquka ilungelo lobomi, inkululeko yokuthuthunjiswa, ukuqulutya okusesikweni, nenkululeko yokuhlanganisa. Isivumelwano saya phambili ngokufuna ukuba nawaphi na amalungelo asemthethweni e-Interern Ireland amele awiswe ngokupheleleyo yi-ECHRH, kwaye urhulumente “azungenwe .

Oku kwakubalulekile kuba kwakuphelisa ukungaqiniseki kokuthembela kuphela kwimigaqo yomthetho oqhelekileyo yaye kwaqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yehlabathi lonke yayibophelelekile kuwo onke amagunya kawonke wonke, kuquka amapolisa nomkhosi.

2. Ukusekwa kweKhomishini yaMalungelo oLuntu yaseMntla Ireland (NIHRC)

Isivumelwano sadala iKhomishini yamaLungelo abantu yaseMntla-ntshona we-Ireland njengequmrhu elizimeleyo elisebenza ngokukhuthaza nokuhlola ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-NIHRC inegunya elibanzi: ukucebisa iNdibano kunye neSilawuli samalungelo abantu, ukuqhuba iimibuzo kunye nophando, ukunikela uncedo olusemthethweni kumaxhoba okuphulwa kwamalungelo, nokusebenza kwiBhili yamaLungelo eNyakatho Ireland. Kwiminyaka emininzi, iKhomishini iye yadlala indima ephambili ekucelweni kwemithetho efuna ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo abafuduki kunye namabanjwa, nokukhuthaza amalungelo okusesikweni. Yayimisela ukuba amalungelo abantu abe nenkqubo yokumiselwa kwenkqubo yesizwe, eyahlukene kwisebe eliphethe isebe.

3. IKhomishini yobuLunga kunye namanyathelo okuLawula

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sagunyazisa ukumiswa kweKhomishini yobuLunga yoMntla Ireland, idibanisa imizimba ekhoyo ejolise kwibala, ubulwelwe, ubufana, kunye nonqulo. IKhomishini yokungalinganiyo inamandla okunyanzelisa imithetho echasene nocalucalulo emsebenzini, indlu, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. Ijonge ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yezonqulo, i-Roffat ijongene nomsebenzi olinganayo wama-75 [, i-espected synd], kunye nonqulo. I-ethelela ulwanomo lwehlabathi kwi-Northern Act, i-Act. Icandelo 75 lifuna ukuba onke amagunya kawonke ekukhuthazeni amathuba okulingana kweenkolelo zonqulo, iimbono zezobupolitika, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubudala, imbonakalo, amadoda, kunye nabantu abaneziphene. Kwaye “ifuna ukukhathalela imigaqo ezi-enza i-enzalo zobugrowayinti.

4. Utshintsho Lokuziphatha Nokusesikweni

Mhlawumbi akukho lungiselelo lathe athembakala ngaphezu kweRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), eyayingamaProtestanti anzima yaye ijongwa ngabalawuli abaninzi njengegunya lokulawula. IGood Wesihlanu Active yazibophelelela utshintsho olubanzi, lwaphunyezwa ngengxelo iPatten Commission [1999]. Iinguqu zathatha indawo ye-RUC nge-PUS yaseNorthern Ireland (PSI), zazisa umlinganiselo wama-50:50 woluvo lwamaKatolika namaProtestanti, zaseka iProtein Ombsman azimeleyo ukuphengulula izikhalazo, zazazaza ne-Promony i-mmony. Ezi nguqulelo eziphucuko zaphuculwe ngokuphawulekayo ngobume bobume be-Calbian Ireland (201,2) kwi-PS% ye-PS, nangona i-321% ithenticrients, i-ins ezincinane, izisulungezo ze-ekholi, zinyukelwe kwa

5. Amalungelo Amaxhoba Nawokukhulula Amabanjwa

Isivumelwano sathetha ngelifa elibuhlungu leZibi ngokuqatshelwa kwamalungelo amaxhoba. Saseka iindlela ezisemthethweni kumaxhoba ukuba afune inyaniso nokunconywa anikeze namalungiselelo emali. Kwakhona kwanikezela ukukhululwa okukhawulezileyo kwamabanjwa amajoni awayesebenza kunye nemibutho ejonge ukupheliswa kwemililo. Nangona kunzima kumaxhoba amaninzi, eli lungiselelo lagqalwa njengemfuneko ukukhusela inkxaso yamaqela eeriphabliki nawaxhasayo athembekileyo kwinkqubo yoxolo. Isivumelwano sagxininisa ukuba ibanjwa alimele liwanciphise amalungelo amaxhoba okanye imbopheleleko karhulumente yokuhlola ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Impembelelo Kuluntu Noxolo

Amalungelo abantu nokulingana okukhoyo kwiSivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu, kuye kwaba nempembelelo enkulu, nangona singafezekanga, kwibutho labantu baseMntla Ireland.

Ukunciphisa Ugonyamelo Lwezobupolitika

Ukusukela ekusayinweni kwesivumelwano kude kube namhlanje, ukufa kwabantu ababulawa kugonyamelo lwezobupolitika kuye kwancipha ngaphezu kwama-90% xa kuthelekiswa nowama-1990. Ukupheliswa kwemililo yemikhosi kuye kwaqhubeka kakhulu, kwaye ubomi obuqhelekileyo buye babuyela kuluntu olukhe lwaqhekezwa luqhushumbo nokudubula. Ukususwa kweengingqi zomkhosi waseBritani kunye nokubekwa phambili kwamapolisa kuye kwavumela izixeko ezifana neBelfast kunye neDerry/Londonderry ukutsala urhwebo. Ngoxa amaqela adibevanisi be-Riphabliki ye-Riphablikia esabeka isisongelo, amandla awo alinganiselwe, kwaye ukufikelela kwamalungelo abantu e-PSNI kuphuculle ukuthembeka kwebutho labantu.

Umelo Olukhulu Lwezobupolitika Nolawulo Lwamandla

Isivumelwano sadala urhulumente osusiweyo osekelwe kumgaqo we- osusela kwisivumelwano sokwamkelwa kwe-. Izigqibo ezingundoqo zifuna uninzi lwazo zozibini izinyuko kunye ne-SML kunye ne-sourcialist . Ngexesha lamaziko ewile (60% dibanisa 40% yemimiselo nganye). Esi sakhiwo siye sanyanzela amaqela ukuba asebenzisane, kwaye kangangeminyaka emininzi umphathi waquka zombini iDEmocratic Union Parti (DuP) kunye neSin Féin·aderin.

Inkqubela yomgangatho

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiKhomishoni yoMalungano ne-Internal Ireland Statistics kunye ne-Arhente yophando (NISRA) ibonisa inkqubela ecacileyo. AmaKatolika namaProtestanti aye adibana kakhulu emsebenzini, ngomlinganiselo wamaKatolika kwicandelo likawonke-wonke anyuka ukusuka kuma-42% ngowama- 2000 ukuya ngaphezu kwama-50% ngo-2020. Iziphumo zemfundo zidibene, nangona imfundo esemthethweni isekhona. [[FLY:0] [iiyunithi] i-75 yokulinganisa ishukumisele iziququ zamaKatolika ekuqhubeni iziphumo ezilinganayo zemithetho emikhulu, ezikhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe izigqibo ezithe kratyayo ezithe kratya, ezithe zaze zinyulwa ngokulinganayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zaveliswa ngomthetho wenkundla wenkundla yezomthetho, kunye nokunyuswa kwe-Uniktlvertsland elungiselelwe yi-uRG.

Ucelomngeni Nezigxeko Eziqhubekayo

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yayo, amalungelo abantu nezithembiso zokulingana zisekho ngokupheleleyo.

Ilifa Lexesha Elidluleyo: Iingxaki Nokungabikho Kwazo

Ukuqhubana nezo zidlulileyo kuselubala lwasesona sizathu siphambili sesivumelwano. Isivumelwano ngokwaso sisesona siphambili singqinelana nendlela “ekwamkeleni nokunyanga ukubandezeleka kwamaxhoba,” kodwa oorhulumente be-UK abalandelelanayo baye bahluleka ukuzalisekisa isiseko esibanzi selifa. uNon Northern Ireland Troubles (Iziphene neConnectation) Act 2023[FLT] [1] [ithelekelela ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yeengxaki ezinxulumene neengxaki zamakhaya ezinxulumene nayo, kwaye ibangele ukuba imibango yamakhaya amatsha igwetywe ngokungqongqo ngamaqela amalungelo abantu, kuquka iNYIHRGRGeneRC, i-AMMM, kunye neNQutho-ondemental Ad mental Admentmentmental. Bathiwe yiNcourage i-Actives.

Amacandelo nomanyano

Ngeli xesha ugonyamelo olubulalayo luphelile, i-Ireland esekumgangatho ophezulu owenziwe ngocalulo. Abaninzi abantwana basangena kwizikolo zamaKatolika okanye urhulumente (de cootomatic). Imida ``indonga zoxolo ezahlula amaProtestanti kunye namaKatolika ahlala eBelfast, nangona abanye beye bathatyathwa ucalucalulo. [FLD:0] Iqela lokwakha iUnited Community icebo, elisungulwe ngo-2023, kodwa elo xesha lokunika ixesha liphuthile. Imigudu yokukhuthaza imfundo kunye nezindlu ezidityaniweyo iye yacotha, kwaye i-Eftiverhe ibizwa i-octives Commentstion ibizwa ukuba iverist.

Ukungalawuleki Kwezobupolitika Nomthetho Olandelwayo Kumntla Ireland

Amaziko alawulayo awenziwe ade amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye abekwa apho kutshanje xa i-Dup yarhoxa kumalungiselelo okutshintshiselana ngepost-Brtiut. Imithetho yokuziphatha yaseNorthern Ireland, egcina i-Northern Ireland ilungelelaniswa nemithetho ye-EU yezorhwebo enye ukuze iphephe umda onzima, idala amathuba amatsha kodwa neengxaki zezobupolitika. Abagxeki bayiphikisayo bayibeka phantsi kwemeko ye-UK, ngelixa abaxhasi babekhomba kwimithetho esemthethweni yokukhusela amalungelo abantu, njengoko iqhubekeka ukunamathela kwi-ECHRKRP, kunye nenkqubo ezinikezelweyo [[FLT:]] ezithenjiweyo kunye nemithetho yezobupolitika esetyenziswa phantsi kolawulo lwesizwe.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

I-2023 ye-Joseph Rowntree Foundation ifumanise ukuba amaqela amaqela esizwe nabesizwe baseMntla Ireland afumana ukunqongophala kwemali eninzi kunabantu abamhlophe. Isivumelwano sokulinganisa amanani ezindlu asikhange sichaphazele udidi olusebenzayo kuzo zombini iingingqi.

Ishishini Elingapheliswanga LeBhili yamaLungelo

Elinye lawona madinga aphawulekayo angazalisekiswayo eGood Frive Agreement lifuna iBhili yamaLungelo aseMntla Ireland eliya kudlula kwi-ECHR. i-NIHRC yavelisa iBhili yamaLungelo eMalungelo ngo- 2008, kodwa ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika / ngokusuka kokokubandakanywa kwamalungelo ezoqoqosho nawoluntu kunye nendlela yokubonakalisa ngayo isikhundla somgaqo-mzikomzimzikelo lwawo we-Northern Ireland-14, kwaye ithintela ukuthathwa kwayo. IBhili yamaLungelo iyakukhuselwa phambili kwi-evolu, iqinisekisa amalungelo okuhlala, impilo, nemfundo, kwaye inika ulwano oluluvo oluthe ngqo phakathi kwenkululeko yoluntu noluntu. Ngaphandle kokungakho kwe-Ireland, i-Urrikhkhkh kuMandla e-Unity, apho isongelo lwangokusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika. Isivumelwano soburhulumente sangoku, sisongelo sokuzinziswa kwe-Rhulumente ukuba i-A.

Isiphelo: Isiseko Esiphilileyo Soxolo Namalungelo

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu singaphezulu kakhulu kunesiphelo somsebenzi wezokwakha: sisakhiwo somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho esiye saphucula amalungelo abantu kunye nokulingana e-Ireland. Ngokubandakanya iNdibano yeYurophu, ukuseka iintlanganiso ezizimeleyo, ukuguqula amapolisa, nokukhuthaza izivumelwano ezizinzileyo, isivumelwano esidala inkqubo esebenzayo ukunqanda ukuphindaphindwa kocalucalulo lwenkqubo kunye nogonyamelo lwezopolitiko. Inkqubela engaphaya kwekota yenkulungwane ekhoyo ayinakungaphinde ivulekeki. Ukufa okudlulileyo, izivumelwano ezizinzileyo, imigaqo engoonqandayo, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni eninzi yamalungelo amancinane. Kodwa isithembiso sombono sihlala singena kugqibele: imvume yangaphambili ithetha ngokungenamali, ukugcinwa koburhulumente, imikhosi yezobupolitika, ingurhulumente yezopoliti, yaye imbono engenakuvusemkelelwa ngokupheleleyo, ingubo, ingubo engongoMvukelo woxolo woMvukelo woMkhosi waseMntlaltho, uGrentshinga, uGrentshi woxolo, u-

Kubafundi abanomdla wokuhlola umbhalo wokuqala okanye umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokulingana kweziqu, isivumelwano esipheleleyo siyafumaneka kwiwebhsayithi kaRhulumente ye-UK (http:///wwww.gov.uk/nuk/i-proference/indawo engqubanayo-yokuqala-ngqubano), nomsebenzi weKhomishini ye-Eturity ubhalwe ku- * */u-agracter/av. [FLT] org/. Uhlaziso olunzulu lwembali lungafunyanwa kwi-CINHS * * * * * HTTPs.uk/i-ULS.uk/icet/impacement/agrance.[3]