Urhulumente wase-Indiya unembali ende yokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo-ntle ukuphucula ubomi babemi bakhe. Ezi zinyathelo zingumthombo wemiqobo yokhuseleko lwentlalo-ntle yelizwe, zithetha ngeengxaki ezizinzileyo ezifana nobuhlwempu, ukungondleki, ukungoneli kwempilo, ukungafumani mandla emali, ukulingana kwezindlu, nokufikelela kwemfundo encinane. Ngenxa yokunikezelwa kwabantu okungaphezulu kwe-1.4 lamawaka ezigidi, umlinganiselo wokunikezelwa kwentlalo-ntle eIndiya ungaphezulu kungaphezulu kwehlabathi lonke. Ukuphunyezwa kwemeko yoluntu ngentlalo ntle entle ngentla, ukuphumelela kwezixhobo zobugcisa, ukukhuthathiswa kwamalungelo angakumbi okunenzuzo nokufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Ibali Lokwakhiwa Kwezinto Ezintle EIndiya

Inkqubo yentlalo-ntle yaseIndiya lulwakhiwo olunezinto ezininzi ezibandakanya urhulumente ophakathi, oorhulumente besizwe, iziqu zobulali (ii-panchayats kunye noomasipala), kunye nee-ofisi ezininzi ezisebenzayo. Isiseko sabekwa kwimithetho efana neMahtma Gandhi National Balbet Intec Act (MGREGA) yonyaka ka-2005 kunye neNational Security Act (NFA) yoMsebenzi we-AS) ka-2013, ithelekele i-A. I-AGSD (ihambe) i-A, i-AGI, i-AD, i-PPP kumgangatho wolawulo lwe-omatika-E) (inkulu ye-AGS, i-AGNXI, namhlanje, ichitha amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi ezingamawaka ze-waka zee-RGUP, kwimisebenzi ye-RGUPGU.) kwicandelo loM.[1] Lemali elungiselelwe (GSGU.1] kunye ne-E) ukufezeka kuM.

Izicwangciso Zentlalo Ezingundoqo Neenjongo Zazo

I-Indiya iqhuba uninzi lwemibutho exhaswe ngombindi naphakathi, nganye yenzelwe ukuthetha ngesithuba esithile sokuphuhlisa. Ngasezantsi zikho ezinye zeenkqubo ezinempembelelo neziqatshelwe ngokubanzi, ezinwenwe ngenkcukacha zokuzalisekisa kunye nogcino-lwazi lwakutshanje.

IMahatma Gandhi Imisebenzi yasemaphandleni Iqinisekisa

IMGNREGA isoloko ichazwa njengeyona nkqubo yemisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Iqinisekisa iintsuku ezilishumi elinesihlanu zomsebenzi wezandla ohlawula ngokungenabuchule ngonyaka kwikhaya ngalinye lamaphandle anamalungu akhulileyo akulungeleyo ukusebenza. Le nkqubo isebenza ngemodeli efunwayo: nawuphi na umntu omdala angafaka isicelo somsebenzi, kwaye i-gram panchayat kufuneka inike abantu imisebenzi ngeentsuku ezili-15; ukungaphumeleli kwemali ehlawulwa yimali. Ngonyaka 2023-24, isicwangciso esinika umsebenzi onikwe iintsapho ezimalunga ne-15 ze-crorefre, kunye nolwabiwo lwemali lwemali emalunga ne-7686,000. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso yengeniso, iMGREGRAGI ive ive iquka ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi esebenzayo, imiqobo eluncedo, neminye inkcutho yemali.

Inkqubo yonikezelo lukawonke-wonke (PDS)

Ngaphantsi kweNational Food Security Act (NFSA), iPDS inikezela ngerhafu elincinane lokutya (ingqolowa, irayisi, okusantsa) malunga nama-80 afumana ingeniso. Iintsapho eziphambili zifumana iikhilogram ezintlanu ngenyanga ngexabiso le-762. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwinethwekhi yorhwebo olufanelekileyo (FPS), egunyaziswe ngurhulumente. IiNguqu zijolise ekufumaneni iincuntsu ezikhoyo kwimibambo ephumayo kwi-Aadhaaring, inqaku-soare (i-Pos) ngexabiso le-assting, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweminyango engekho mthethwe ngayo. [ngendlela esezantsi] njengeChttish shaghn .[0] Inkqubo esetyenziswa nguRG.[0]

ISwachh Bharat Abhiyan (Umsebenzi Ococekileyo waseIndiya)

Iseko lokuqala (204-2019) elijoliswe ekwakheni izindlu zangasese zekhaya ngalinye, ukufikelela kumgangatho wesizwe. Isigaba sesibini sendlela yokucoca ucoceko sigxininisa ekulondolozeni umgangatho wesizwe. Indlela yokuphelisa ukukhutshwa kogutyulo oluvulekileyo nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma. Isigaba sokuqala (2020-2026) sibhekiselwa ekwakheni izakhiwo zendlu ngazinye ezizizigidi ezili-110, ukutshintsha kwendlela yokucoca indalo (ODF), ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokulahlwa kwayo okukhuselekileyo. Inkqubo iye yasebenzisa imibhiyo yokutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha (umz. Not, Nodomil") kunye nolawulo lwendawo yocococococo. Iindlela zokucoca amanzi kunye noncedo lweziko. Isebe lokuDatho lwe-Sansssss ngokuqhelekileyo/ipty [iR.Foctive] kwiziphumo ze-Bromethi ye-Foctive.[1]

Pradhan Mantri Aas Yojana (Urban nasemaphandleni)

IPradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) ijolise ukunikezela “ngendlu ecacileyo kunye nelama-2524, enendawo ezithe nkqo ezahlukeneyo zedolophu (PMAY-U) kunye nasemaphandleni (PMAY-G). Izindlu zakhiwe ngojoliso oluphezulu kulawulo lwengozi kunye nokufikelela kubantu abasisiseko (ii-61, amanzi, umbane). Njengendawo yophakathi-24, ingxelo yobomi obuphuculiweyo, nangona umhlaba uphuculiwe njengendawo ekhoyo (ukubekwa kwezindlu kunye nokugqitywa kwezindlu ezisexesheni). Izindlu zakhiwe ngoncedo lwe-PMAY kunye nokufikelela kwizinto ezisisiseko (i-ofisi ye-Unigass.

UAyushman Bharat (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana)

U-Ayushman Bharat ngowona myinge we-inshorensi yempilo karhulumente omkhulu emhlabeni wonke, ugquma iintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo nezingakhuselekanga ezingaphezulu kweshumi (abafolondi okanye abantu abafayo). I-Beneficiars ifumana isigqumo se-765 lakh nganye yentsapho ye-Ayman Bharatchian Digitage Mission (ADM), enemiqathango yempilo ebanzi epheleleyo engaphezulu kwe-1. Isicwangciso sisebenza kwimodeli yentengiso yemali esekelwe kwi-ekhofiki, kunye namaziko empilweni yempilo ehlala kuwo onke amagumbi kawonke nawabantu abazimeleyo. Iingxelo zezempilo ze-Ayman Bharatgit Mission Mistion (AM), ezivelisa iziphumo zemali ezikhethekileyo ze-ekhohlolo-e, kodwa ziquka ukuxina kweminyeleleko yeza e-enkuphelo ezisezibhed izibhedro eziphezulu. [AFG.] kunye ne-Ad , uphuhlisoptiontion

Ezinye izicwangciso zeFlegi

Ngaphaya koku kungasentla, ezinye izicwangciso ezininzi zenza umnatha wokhuseleko odityanisiweyo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Pradhan Mantri Maman Samman Nidhi (PM-KISTAN): Inkxaso yamawaka angamashumi asixhenxe ngonyaka kubo bonke abalimi ababopha umhlaba, bagqithiselwe ngqo kwiingxelo zebhanki kwicandelo elithathu elilinganayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY):[ Uxhulumaniso olukhululekileyo lwe LPG kumabhinqa akwizindlu ezingaphantsi kwe-asweli, ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya ngaphakathi.
  • Udweliso losuku lokudla: Ukutya okuphekiweyo kubantwana besikolo abangaphezulu kwe 10 ukuphucula ukuzondla nokuya esikolweni.
  • [[NTL: 0] Pradran Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): [[[FTL:1] Inkqubo yokufakwa kwemali eye yazisa abemi abangaphezulu kwama-50 ecrore ababengabhankiswanga kwinkqubo esemthethweni yebhanki.
  • INkqubo yeNational Social helper (NSAP): Ibonelela ngemihlala-phantsi kwabalupheleyo, abahlolokazi, kunye nabantu abaneziphene.

Zizonke ezi zicwangciso zicombulula ubuhlwempu obuninzi nokuchanabeka, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo emhlabeni.

Ukusetyenziswa koomatshini: Ukusuka ekumisweni ukuya ekuzalweni

Isithuba phakathi kwenjongo yomthetho kunye nento esemhlabeni sifakwe kwibhulorho kumatshini wokuzalisekisa ochazwe kakuhle obandakanya abagcini-mathiriyeli abaninzi kunye neenkqubo.

Ukulungelelaniswa koLuntu noHlahlo lweNgxongo

Uninzi lwezicwangciso zentlalo-ntle “ziziinkqubo ezixhaswe ngokuxhaphakileyo” (CSS), okuthetha ukuba urhulumente osembindini umisela uyilo, izikhokelo, kwaye abelane ngenxalenye yemali, ngoxa oorhulumente besizwe benoxanduva lokuzalisekisa, kuquka ukufunyanwa kwabaxhamli, ukuqokelelwa, kunye nezikhalazo ezihlaziyiweyo. Ulwahlulo lwahlukene: kuba i-MGNREGA urhulumente osembindini uthwala i-100% yamaxabiso, i-75% yeendleko zezinto eziphathekayo; kuba i-PAY-G ngu 60:40 (umbindi:sta) kwinkoliso yamazwe. I-NAYI Aywogravel idlala indima ephambili ekuqululeni inkqubo yeCSSS kwaye incomela ukuba kusetyenziswe ingqiqo. Ngo-20222, urhulumente omninzi odityanileyo ukuphucula ii-abhusayithi ze-arame.

Uphuhliso lobungcali kunye nojongo

Ukwaziwa okuchanileyo kwabaxhamli abaza kungenelwayo kusengundoqo wentlalo-ntle. I-Socio-Economic kunye ne-Caste Census (SECC) 2011 ngumthombo oyintloko wogcino-lwazi okwaziyo amakhaya ahlwempuzekileyo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ongezelelwe luhlolisiso olucacileyo lwesizwe kunye ne-SEC 2021 yohlaziyo. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Ayshman Bharat, uluhlu lwentsapho lusekelwe kwimiqathango yokungafumani mvume-yo (umz., amakhaya awanazi madoda, i-kuuccha, i-SC/ST). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Aadhaar-evalueced de-diacced, okanye ukukhutshwa koncedo, nangona kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile ezikhoyo.

Ukunikezelwa ngqo (DBT) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali

Enye yezi inguqulelo ezibalulekileyo ekunikezelweni kwentlalo-ntle yase-Indiya kukushiywa kwemali enikezelwayo ukuze inike inkxaso-mali ekhethekileyo idlule kwi-DBT. Phantsi kwe-PM-Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM), uthathu lwemali oluxhasayo lweLPG (DBTG), iparafini, isichumiso, kunye nezinye izinto zokutya zithunyelwa ngqo kwii-akhawunti zebhanki. Inkqubo ye-DBT inciphise ukuvuza, amadoda aphakathi, kunye nobuqhophololo, igcina urhulumente amawaka e-croress. Ngokutsho kwe- National Precioces Corporation of India (NPI), i-crentraficesss, ngaphezu kwama-5 500 DBPrections ezixabisa imali e-injini ebhankini. Indlela yokusebenza ngaphandle kwe-grogrin, i-ekhwe.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokunciphisa Iintlawulo Zoluntu

Izicwangciso zeNyuziyam zisebenza kakhulu xa uluntu lubandakanyekile. I-MGNRGA inika izindululo zophicotho-zincwadi lwentlalo-ntle-ntlalo – ukuchongwa koluntu apho amalungu oluntu anqumla khona iirekhodi zomsebenzi kunye neenkcitho. Icandelo loPhicotho lobuNcubeko loBulungiseleli beNtlalo loLuntu loLolongo loLuntu loLuntu loLoololiwe lwamazwe asekuhlaleni ukufundisa ii-Pitalitarts. Ngokufanayo, i-PDS ineevince Commmmmmmm lemvelica le-mfonome. Izikhalazo zesizwe eziselunxweme azisombululi ngendlela efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Urhulumente usebenzisa iliso elizinzileyo:

Despite this framework, evaluation reports often point to data quality issues, lack of outcome-focused indicators, and delays in corrective actions.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka ekuguquleni ulwaleko

I-Indiya ivelise njengenkokeli yehlabathi ekusebenziseni izibonelelo zamanani ekunikezelweni kwe-scale inkumbula yoncedo. Inyathelo le-Indiya leMagital lilungiselele isiseko somzabalazo wokuguqula.

I-Aadhaar kunye nobungqina bobukhulu bendalo

Aadhaar, ishumi elinesibini lemivo echaza i-biometric bume isleages ezigquma ama-99% abantu abadala, ligumbi lentlalo-ntle yanamhlanje. Inika ubungqina obubodwa bokuthintela ukuphindaphindwa, ukuqinisekisa ngokobungakanani benkonzo (umz., ukuphuma kwizixhobo zePoS kumashishini evenkileni yolwamkelo), kwaye inceda ukufuduswa ngqo. Kwi-MGNREGA, abasebenzi abaqinisekisa ukuba babekho ngokusebenza ngebhanya-metriyo, ukunciphisa abasebenzi abasebenzi abasebenza ngemi. Noko ke, njengemichiza yokuqinisekisa ukungaphumeleli komsebenzi womnatha omnetho (umz.ad., amagama alahlekileyo okanye imifanekiso) banokukhupha ungenelo lokwenyaniso, ingxaki ebalayilwe ziingxelo ezininzi zabantu.

Ukwenziwa koxwebhu lwamaxwebhu namazibuko

Isicwangciso ngasinye esingundoqo ngoku sinendawo enikezelweyo yolawulo lwe-intanethi ebhalisa i-data, intengiselwano yembali, inkqubela yemali, kunye nezithintelo. Umzekelo, i-NREGA ivumela nabani na ukuba ajonge iiroli eziququzelelweyo, umvuzo, kunye nezinto zemisebenzi ezenziwe kwidolophana. I-PM-Awas amacala asekhohlo olwakhiwo lwezindlu ngemifanekiso enejiyo. Ezi ziqhagamshelo azikongezikongezi nje kuphela ukuvelisa ukubonakala ngaphandle kodwa zinika ugcino-data lwe-alytics kunye nenkqubo. Inyathelo elivula ugcino-lwazi oluvela ngurhulumente lwezibonelelo lwendawo luye lwanceda abaphandi bemi kunye noluntu.

Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bogcino-lwazi

Urhulumente usebenzisa ubuchule bokwenza imigodi yogcino-lwazi ukufumanisa ii-omalies, ezifana nokurhoxa kwezambuku kwii-akhawunti ze-PM-KISAN okanye iinkalo ezingaqhelekanga kwiziphumo zesibhedlele phantsi kwe-Ayushman Bharat. Iimodeli zokufunda ngomatshini ziqhutywa ukuxela kwangaphambili imfuneko yeMGNREGA esekelwe kwimilinganiselo yemvula namaxabiso emali yesivuno, ukunceda ekufumaneni ingeniso. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-geontamgethi-patial data (IS) iyakhula; umzekelo, isicwangciso se-MGNREGA ngoku sikhupha imfuno yempahla, yenza ukuhlolwa okukude kobukho bayo kunye nemeko. IZiko lokulungisa i-National Informatctics Center (NIC) iphuhlis ezi zizicelo ezininzi kwindlu yendlu, ukucuthatha.

Ucelomngeni Ekusebenzeni Kwempilo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, inkqubo yentlalo - ntle yamaIndiya ixabana neentamo ezizingisileyo zebhotile ezinciphisa ukusebenza kwayo nokungakhathalelwanga kwayo.

Iimpazamo Zokudityaniswa Nokucinywa

Iingxaki ezibini zokuquka amakhaya (engakholelekiyo) nokungasetyenziswa kwe-SECCC (engaphantsi kwe-ekhohlo) zihlala zibukhali. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lwezezoqoqosho 2023-24 luthelekelele ukuba malunga ne-15% yabamkeli be-PDS abafumana ipesenti, lo gama ngaphezulu kwe-10% yabahlwempuzekileyo beshiywe. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-SECCC (ukusukela ngo-2011) kuthetha ukuba iintsapho ezisinda kubuhlwempu eshumini elidlulileyo zisenokufumana iinzuzo, ngoxa iintsapho ezintsha ezihlwempuzekileyo ziphoswe. Ukukhutshwa kwesiseko sogcino-data ngezixhobo eziqhutywa ngezixhobo zoluntu kungaphantsi kohambo lwexesha eliqhelekileyo kodwa kucotha.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ngeli xesha i-DBT kunye nokwenziwa kwemivo kunciphisa amathuba okufumana i-pilferage, ubuqhetseba buyaqhubeka ekukhetheni abaxhamli bamagosa asekuhlaleni, ukungqubana phakathi kwezindlu kwindalo yempahla, nokuzithengisa kakhulu izinto kwi-MGNREGA. I-Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) kwaye imisela oomatshini bokuhlola ukunganyaniseki rhoqo kwiimeko zomsebenzi wenkohliso okanye izigqeba. KwiPDS, ukuthengiswa okumnyama kokutya okuziintya okuncinane kusekho kwezinye isithili. Ukuqinisa uphicothatho kunye nokukhusela ii-pilori zentlalo kungundoqo ekuthinteleni oku.

Umgangatho weenkonzo kunye neeziphumo

Kwanaxa imali ifikelela kubantu abalungileyo, umgangatho wenkonzo unokuba lihlwempu. Imali ye-MGNREGA idla ngokuphoswa ziinyanga, inyanzelisa abasebenzi ukuba baboleke imali ngokungacwangciswanga. Izindlu ze-PMAY zisenokuba azilinganiseki ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu okanye ukungakhathalelwa kakuhle. Ukutya okuphakathi kwezikolo ezithile akuyifumani ipetroli kunye nemilinganiselo yeeprotini. Abaxhasi be-Aysushman Bharat cardeldeners ngamanye amaxesha bafumana ukuba izibhedlele ezibhedlele zifuna imali ehlawulwayo kwiinkqubo ezigqunyiweyo (ityala ezizimeleyo). USilos phakathi kwamasebe (umz., impilo, ukuzondla, ukuzondla) kuthetha ukuba abangeneli bengenelwayo bafumana inkxaso ehlukeneyo endaweni yeenkonzo zokudityani.

Inkcitho yemali neyolawulo

I-States ingunomo woMphathi woPhuhliso (umz. Bhar, Uttar Pradesh) uzama ukunikezela izabelo zabo zemali engqinelanayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulibaziseni ukhutshwa nokugcinwa kwemisebenzi. Umthamo wolawulo lombuso kwisithili kunye neziqobo ugqithiselwe kakhulu, kunye nomnye uMphathi woPhuhliso-Mbindilili (BDO) olawula iinkqubo ezininzi ngexesha elinye. utshintsho kunye nesicwangciso sokwenza uphazamiso zenza isiphithiphithiso. Ingxelo yophicotho-zincwadi lwe Compotroller kunye noPurcester General (CAG) kumgangatho weCS) kusoloko ibalase iimposiso ezifutshane kumandla omntu kwaye uqeqesho kumgangatho wokubulala.

Ikamva: Ukomeleza Urhulumente Wezentlalo

Urhulumente waseIndiya uyazazi ezi ngxaki yaye ufuna utshintsho oluninzi ukuze ancede abantu bafumane intlalo - ntle, bacace yaye baphelele.

Okokuqala, kukho isinyanzelo sokubhekisa “kuhlanga olunye, ikhadi elinye lokunika” inkqubo evumela ukufumaneka kwe-PDS, ngoko abasebenzi abafudukayo bangafumana ingqolowa kwindawo yabo yomsebenzi. Ngokufanayo, udweliso lwe-Ayushman Bharat ludityaniswa neenkqubo ze-inshorensi yempilo karhulumente ukuze luphephe ukwenziwa. Okwesibini, ubugcisa buzakwenza indima enkulu: ukusetyenziswa kwebloko zokuxhasa umthungo wetsheyina, i-AIP ukwenzela ukuqikelela izikhalazo ezithi zitshaye, kwaye izixhobo zobhaliso lwe-SDGiowe-o ezisekelwe kwi-UN ziyaqhutywa. Okwesithathu, urhulumente uhamba ebheke kwi-ambrela “Indawo ephezulu elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, eyenza kube lula ukwazi nakwakhesakhesakhelonke.

Okwesine, ukuganana kwabantu kuyaqiniswa ngokugxininiswa ngokutsha kophicotho-zincwadi lwentlalo, ukubonakala kweentlanganiso, kunye neenkqubo ze-pankatat ezisekelwe kwiselula. Okwesihlanu, ukugxininiswa kuyashenxiswa kwigalelo (umz., inani lezindlu zangasese ezakhiweyo) ukuze kufumaneke iziphumo (umz., ukuncitshiswa kwezigulana zorhudo). I-NITI Aayog’s Outbond Development kunye ne-Aspiratic District Programme iyimizekelo yale.

Ekugqibeleni, ukulondolozwa kuyinto engundoqo kwinkxalabo. Njengoko uqoqosho lukhula, kukho ukunyuka kwesiseko sengeniso yentlalo-ntle (umz., ngokusetyenziswa komlinganiselo omkhulu wokuthotyelwa kwerhafu kunye nokugcinwa kwemali) ngexesha uqinisekisa ukuba iingenelo zifakwe kakuhle kwabo bazifuna kakhulu. Ngobuchule, ngokujongwa ngokuqhubekayo, nangokuthanda kwezobupolitika, ucwangciso lwentlalo-ntle yaseIndiya lungasebenza njengomzekelo kumazwe asakhasayo athwalisa ubuhlwempu obuninzi ngenkulungwane yama-21.

Indlela engaphambili ifuna ukulungelelanisa amabhongo nokusebenzisa izixhobo, kodwa isiseko semeko entle entle sele sikho.