Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lilombombo lobulungisa bedemokhrasi, lingummeli oqhelekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Kodwa kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika abahlala neziphene, isenzo esilula sokukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli sihlala sizaliswe yimiqobo. Imiqobo engokomzimba, imiqobo yonxibelelwano, kunye neenkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha zinokuguqula umsebenzi wezentlalo-ntle ibe ngumthwalo, ngokuphumelelayo ukungabikho kwabantu kwinxaxheba. Ukuphendula ezi ngxaki akuyonto nje eluncedo; kuyimfuneko esisiseko yokufumana intlukwano ephantsi komthetho.

Indima Esisiseko Yezilingo Zomjukujelwa Kuluntu Olulawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Iimvavanyo ze Jury zenza okungaphezulu kunokugqiba ukuba kukho ityala okanye ityala. Ziyayimisela inkqubo yokugweba epheleleyo. Xa icandelo lobulungisa elinqumla uluntu lihleli kumgwebo, isigqibo siphethe igunya lokuziphatha kunye nedemokhrasi. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo kwi-avaramende engakhethiyo, kwaye iSiziko leSizwe sigcina ukuba ityala likaRhulumente limele i-Ofice. Kodwa ukuba iqumrhu labachongi liba liba libakhupha ityala elinokuthenjwa nangakumbi. Ukusebenza kwemigxobhosholo yabemi akuqiniseki ukucinga ukuba abahlala eluntwini. Xa i-FLT: 0] IZiko loMkhosi leSizwe leNkuhlala ePhakathi limele iNkunye iNkumele iNkuphene.

Isizathu Sokuba Ufikeleleka Kumqondiso Wokusesikweni Olinganayo

Ufikelelo asiyonto ibalulekileyo emva kokuba kuqwalaselwe inkqubo yokusesikweni; yimfuneko yokufumana okusesikweni. Ngaphandle kwezindlu zenkundla ezifikelelekayo, iinkonzo zonxibelelwano, kunye neendawo zokuhlala, abagwebi abaneziphene abanakwenza imisebenzi efanayo neyoontanga babo. Oku kusilela isithembiso somgaqo-siseko “sokukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho.” AmaMelika aneziphene amiselwe ngokukhethekileyo (ADA) ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo olunjalo. Iinkundla, njengezinto zikawonke-wonke, kufuneka zivumelane neSihlomelo II se-ADA, esifuna ukuba iinkqubo zawo kunye neenkonzo zifikeleleke. Oko akuquki nje ukungena ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa yonke into evela kubagwebi ifuna ukuba kumiswe amagumbi okuqulukumbela. Xa inkundla yenkundla ingaphumeleli ukulungiselela utoliko lolwimi lweziThulu, okanye xa ingulowo umlawuli wejaji, ingenakufikelela kwiingozi zokuvavanywa kwebhokisi zokuzinza. Ngoko, ngoko ke, ityala, i-ekhothoba inyanise.

Izithintelo Eziqhelekileyo Ezidibana Nabemi Abaneziphene

Nangona kugunyaziswa ngumthetho, imiqobo iyaqhubeka ityhutyha imimandla emininzi, yaye ukuqonda le miqobo linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekuguquleni izinto ngendlela enenjongo.

Imiqobo Engokwasemzimbeni Neyokwakha

Iindlu ezininzi ezindala zenkundla zakhiwa ngaphambi kokuba kubekho imigangatho yale mihla yokufumaneka. Iingcango ezincinci, izinyuko ezinyukileyo, iingcango ezinzima, nokunqongophala kwezixhobo zokuhlalisa inqwelo-moya okanye ikheshi kunokwenza ukuba zingangeni abasebenzi bezitulo ezinamavili ezinamagumbi amatsha anokungena ezitshixiweyo okanye ekunzima ukuwafumana. Ngaphakathi, iibhokisi zabachopheli-mjikelo zisoloko zinezihlalo ezingenasithuba sesitulo, kwaye amagumbi okuhlola asenokuba mancinci kakhulu ukuba angahamba. Iigumbi zokudlela ezenzelwe ukuhlala kwelinye icala asenokungavisisani neemfuno ezicacileyo ze-AAAAAA. Ezi zithintelo zomzimba zinokukwazi ukukhupha uphawu olucacileyo lokuba isakhiwo singayilwangaqondwanga bantu bonke abahleli engqondweni.

Umsantsa wofikelelo loThungelwano

Kubantu abaziziThulu okanye abangakwaziyo ukuva, ukungabikho kwabatoliki abafanelekileyo bolwimi lwezandla ngumqobo omkhulu. Iinkundla maxa wambi zixhomekeke kubatoliki abangachananga okanye zicele amalungu entsapho ukuba atolike, angqubene nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Iinkqubo zokuphulaphula ngokuncedisayo, ezifana neerhintyela okanye iinkqubo ze-FM, zisoloko zilahlekile okanye zingagcinwa. Abasebenzi abangakwaziyo ukubona kakuhle bangafumana izinto ezishicilelweyo ezibhalwe ngeefonti ezincinane, ngaphandle kwe-Braille okanye ezinye iindlela ezinkulu zokubhala. Imiboniso, imiyalelo, kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha iziphumo zinokuboniswa kuphela. Ezi zimiqatha zisebenza kakuhle ekungeneni abantu nezipheneziva - zingasebenzi, zibanyanze balwe okanye banconywe okanye banconywe.

Ingqwalaselo ephambili

Ulwimi olusemthethweni, imiyalelo entsonkothileyo, kunye neempikiswano ezikhawulezayo zingaboyisa abachopheli ngengxaki yolwazi okanye yengqondo. Ngaphandle kokushwankathela ngolwimi olucacileyo, ixesha elongezelelekileyo, okanye ukukwazi ukubuza imibuzo ecacisayo, aba bantu basenokungakwazi ukulandela ngokupheleleyo iziganeko. Abanye abasebenzi basenkundla bacinga ukuba umntu onesiphene sobuchopho akafaneleki ukukhonza, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxothweni okungekho mthethweni ngexesha lobugxwayiba. Enyanisweni, ngemiyalelo esengqiqweni, njengemiyalelo eyenziwe lula, ukuphuluka okuqhelekileyo, okanye ubukho bomntu oxhasayo bungasebenza ngokufezekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo Nolawulo

Inkqubo yokumema ngokwayo inokuba yindawo engafikeleleki. Iifomu ze- Jury ukulungela zifumaneka kuphela kushicilelo olusezantsi, kwaye ii-intanethi ze-intanethi zisenokungasebenzi ngabafundi bekhusi. Imigca yocingo yokuphendula izicelo isenokungabikho iTTY okanye iinkonzo zokudlulisela. Iinkundla zisenokungabi nankqubo ecacileyo yokucela indawo yokuhlala, zinyanzelisa abantu ukuba baqhube inkqubo edidayo. Oonobhala-zincwadi abaxakekeyo abakwazi ukuqhuba izicelo okanye bangadimazisa abantu ekusebenzeni. Olu khupho lolawulo lungeza uxinzelelo kwaye ludimaze ukuthabatha inxaxheba phambi kokuba ukuvavanywa kuqalise.

Iimbopheleleko Ezisemthethweni Nokhuseleko

Ukuqonda ezi ntaba zikhuselayo kunceda iinkundla nabameli baqinisekisa ukuba bayathobela.

AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA)

Isihloko II se-ADA salela ucalucalulo ngorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente asekuhlaleni, kuquka iinkundla. Kufuneka ukuba abantu abaneziphene bafumane iinkqubo, iinkonzo, kunye nemisebenzi. Kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla kufuneka zinikezele iindawo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kuya kuguqula uhlobo lokuvavanya okanye kubangele umthwalo ongafanelekanga. Imizekelo yeendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kuquka ukunikela abatoliki bolwimi lwezandla, ukuvumela izilwanyana zenkonzo, ukwenza amaphepha afumanekayo kwiintlobo ezichasene neentlobo ezithile, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela ngokoqobo kuwo onke asetyenziswa ngabacholi-jaji. I-ADA ikwayalela ukuba iinkundla ziqhube imiqobo ukuze zibone imiqobo zize zize ziphucule nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokuzisusa. Isebe Lezobulungisa linika ukhokelo lwezibondalo. Ukutyelelo oluninzi, ukutyelela [FAD:[10]

ICandelo 504 loMthetho wokuLungisa

Icandelo 504 lisebenza nakuyiphi na inkqubo okanye umsebenzi ofumana uncedo lwemali. Ekubeni iinkqubo ezininzi zenkundla yeli lizwe zifumana izibonelelo zemali zezoburhulumente ezinjengeenkundla zeziyobisi okanye ubugcisa, ziwela phantsi kwalo mthetho. Icandelo lama-504 lifuna indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo kwaye liyaluthintela ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkundla, kuquka ukhetho lwejaji kunye nenkonzo.

Imithetho

Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho yawo yamalungelo okukhubazeka enokuthi inikezele ukhuseleko olubanzi kunemimiselo karhulumente. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba zonke izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke zidibane nemigangatho engqongqo yokufumaneka okanye ukuba iinkundla zinike indawo yokuhlala nokuba umntu akakhange ayicele ngokusemthethweni. Amanye aneenkqubo eziqinisekisa ilungelo lokusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-mthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuba ikhubazeka, enoluhlu olucacileyo lweendawo zokuhlala. Abalawuli benkundla kufuneka bajonge i-webhsayithi yesebe lomthetho karhulumente ukwenzela imithetho esebenzayo. Umba oluncedo yiSiko sesizwe seBhunga seShulumente se-Acces Acces and Resources Resources [[FLT]]

Ukhetho lwe Jury kunye nodalelo lwemiqathango yemibhobho

Akuvumelekanga ukungamfaki umgwebi osenokuba ngumgwebi ngenxa nje yokukhubazeka. Ngexesha lokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala, abagwebi abafanele bavele bathethelele abantu abaneziphene ngaphandle kokuba umntu aphengulule ukuba bangakwazi ukusebenza kwindlu yabo. IADA kunye nemithetho enxulumene nayo iyalwalela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye iingxaki zokuzikhulula ezisekelwe kwisiphene. IiAttatorney nabagwebi kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela nokuphepha iimfante ezinjalo.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokubangela Ukufumaneka

Ukuguqula ingcamango engokwasemthethweni ibe ngumsebenzi kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela ecacileyo kumgangatho ngamnye wejaji. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zimela iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo ezivela kwiinkundla eziye zabeka indima kuqala.

Imisebenzi yofikelelo lokweNyanga

Indlu nganye yenkundla kufuneka ifumane uphicotho-zincwadi olubanzi lofikelelo lwe-ADA ngemigangatho yangoku. Oku kuquka ukuvavanya ukumisa, iingcango, iipaseji, iinkundla zenkundla, iibhokisi zabachopheli, amagumbi okucazulula, iindlu zengeno, kunye neendlela zokuthula zongxamiseko. Apho kukho imiqobo, iinkundla kufuneka zivelise ixesha lokususa. Izilungisi-zicwangciso ezilula , ezifana nofakelo lwemivalo, ukuhlisa iintambo zokubhala, okanye ukufaka iintambo zokubophelela iintambo eziphathekayo, okanye ukwenza umahluko obalulekileyo xa kucwangciswe ixesha elide.

Ukunikela Iindlela Zonxibelelwano Ezininzi

Ukulungiselela, iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzisa abatoliki abafanelekileyo bolwimi lwezandla kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba izixhobo zokuphulaphula eziluncedo zikhona kwaye zivavanywe rhoqo. Ukuvavanywa kwamaziko, amaxwebhu kufuneka afumaneke ngeBraille, ngoshicilelo olukhulu, ngolu shicilelo lwe-elektroniki, kunye neefomati zesandi. Iinkundla zingasebenzisa i-text-toich-software kunye ne-embosers zeBraille. Ukufakela inkcazelo yexesha lokwenene (i-CRT) ukwenzela iziphumo zinceda kungekuphela abathathi-nxaxheba kodwa kwanabo banemibathunywa abasebenzisa intetho okanye abathethi abangasetyenziswangabongeyo amaNgesi.

Ukuqukuqela Inkqubo yesicelo sokuhlala

Iinkundla kufuneka zenze incopho enye, ecacileyo yokunxibelelana nezicelo zeendawo zokuhlala, ibhengezwa ngokuphandle ngeefomu zezigidi, iiwebhsayithi zenkundla, nakwii-webhsayithi zokungena ezisenkundleni. Iifomu zesicelo kufuneka zifumaneke kwi-intanethi ngeefom ezifikelelekayo nangeelwimi ezininzi. Iinkundla ezifileyo kufuneka zivumele ukulungiselela kwangaphambili, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka zibe neenkqubo zokufumana iimfuno zokugqibela. Umlungelelanisi omiselweyo angaqinisekisa ukuguquguquka nokuthobela irekhodi.

Uqeqesho lwaBagwebi, iAttorney,

Wonke umntu osebenza nezijungqu kufuneka aqeqeshwe ngesimilo sokukhubazeka, umsebenzi osemthethweni wokuhlalisa, kunye noomakhandi bendawo yokuhlala. Abagwebi kufuneka bafunde indlela yokuqhuba i-voir ngokutsha ngaphandle kokuhlazeka, kwaye oomabhalane kufuneka baqonde indlela yokunceda iindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokuzigqitha. IKhomishini yeMelika Bar's Commission on Disability Rights [ inikela uqeqesho lwemodeliyo lwezifundo ze-poste. Abaqali bonyaka kunye nezenzo zokoqobo zobomi zinceda imigaqo elungileyo.

Ukunikela Inkonzo Ekude Neyamakhamandela

Ubugcisa bungasusa imiqobo emininzi. Inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala abakufutshane.

Indima Yobugcisa Ekupheliseni Izithintelo

Iinkundla ezityala ngobulumko zinokunciphisa iindleko zize zandise ukufakwa kwazo ngaxeshanye.

Iinkqubo zokuphulaphula neziNcamathisela eziNcedayo

Iinkqubo zolwelo-mngeni zangoku zikhupha isandi ngqo kwiinkxaso zokuva, zinika isandi esicacileyo ngaphandle kwengxolo engasemva. I-software yolwaluko lwelizwi ingavelisa iinkcazelo ezizizo ezikufutshane nexesha lokwenene eziboniswe kwibhokisi yabachopheli-mvo. Ezi nkqubo azingeneli nje kuphela iziThulu nezinzima zokuva kodwa zinceda ezo zineengxaki zokunikela ingqalelo okanye ezihlala kude neendawo zokuma.

Iindidi zoxwebhu lwamanani

Ukuthatha indawo yemiyalelo eshicilelweyo kunye nemifanekiso ngezabelo ze-elektroniki okanye ii-parethi ezikhuselekileyo ze-intanethi kuvumela irhonya nganye yolawulo ubungakanani befonti, umahluko, kunye nokuhamba ngenqanawa. I-software yokufunda iskrini ingafunda ngokuvakalayo. Imigangatho ye-Platform njenge JourVie okanye i-court[] inokwenziwa ukuba idibane no-WARS, iqinisekisa ukuhambelana nobugcisa obuncedisayo.

Utoliko lwevidiyo olukude (VRI)

Xa itoliki yolwimi lwezandla ingekho, iVRI inika umtoliki ofanelekileyo ngokudlula kwikhonkco levidiyo. Obu bugcisa buluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkundla zasemaphandleni okanye kwiilwimi ezinezitolike ezimbalwa. Noko ke, iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuxabiseka okuphezulu kwevidiyo, ububanzi obufanelekileyo, kunye nokufakwa kwekhamera efanelekileyo ukubona onke amaqela.

Iifim eziFikelelekayo kunye nee-Online Portals

I-software yolawulo lwe Jury kufuneka ivumele i-gconf ye-intanethi, izicelo zeendawo zokuhlala, kunye nobume bohlaziyo ngendlela efikelelekayo. Iinkundla kufuneka zivavanye ii-ports zazo ngohlobo lwe-JAWS okanye lwe-NVDA. Umbhalo-ukuya-ku-i-speech, iinketho ezicacileyo, iintloko, ulwimi olulula, kunye noqhutyo lwe-keyboard olulula luyimfuneko.

Uqeqesho nokuqwalaselwa kwabasebenzi baseNkundleni

Ubugcisa kunye nokulungisa umzimba akusebenzi ngaphandle kwesibonelelo somntu esizixhasayo. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho eziqulunqayo kufuneka zidlule kwiyure nje enye yokuqonda ukukhubazeka. Kufuneka zigubungele:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amalungelo asemthethweni: Oko iADA kunye neminye imithetho kufunayo kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala.
  • Ubuchule bobuntlola: Indlela yokunxibelelana ngentlonelo nabantu abaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokhubazeko.
  • Iinkqubo zokukhupha: Indlela yokwenza izicelo, abatoliki nezixhobo, kunye nokuphatha izinto zongxamiseko.
  • IVoir ekhwankqisayo: Indlela yokuvavanya amandla omntu olindele ukusetyenziswa kwejaji ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba ixhomekeke kwisiphene.
  • [[UMTL:0] uphando lweziphakamiso: Ukuqonda nokulungisa ikhethe elingekho zingqondweni elinokukhokelela kwisehlo socalulo-calulo okanye ukugxothwa.

Abaqeqeshi kufuneka baquke abantu abaneziphene ngokwabo, mhlawumbi njengabaqeqeshi-qeqeshi okanye ngezixhobo zevidiyo.

Iingenelo Zokuqokelelwa Kwezipoyinti

Xa iinkundla zisusa imiqobo, wonke umntu uyangenelwa. Iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala eliququzelelayo linika iimbono ezityebileyo kwaye linciphisa ubungozi bokucinga ngeqela. Abasebenzi abakhubazekileyo badla ngokuzisa ukuqonda okukhethekileyo (umzekelo, umntu ongakwaziyo ukuva uyakwazi ukubona abanye abangakwaziyo ukushukuma, okanye umntu ongakwaziyo ukushukuma kakuhle usenokuba nomonde kunye nokuhlola. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zejaji zenzeko-mganyana ziqhubeka zisenza ingxubusho eyomelele ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi equkayo iyakha ukuthemba abantu. Izikhulu zamazwe ziyabona ukuba iinkundla zazo zixabisa wonke amalungu ebutho. Oko kuguqulela kwinani eliphezulu lokuphendula amatyala nokuhlonela izigwebo. Kumntu onesiphene, onyuliweyo ukunceda ukulungiselela ingxube ye-ogcuba ye-oglo.

Isiphelo

Ukufikeleleka ekuvavanyeni abachopheli-tyala akuyonto ibalulekileyo; kunyanzelekile ukuba kulungiswe ngokomGaqo-siseko kunye nokuziphatha. Ukusuka kwimithetho ekhokelela kwindlu yenkundla ukuya kwinkcazelo yevidiyo, yonke iinkcukacha zinegalelo kwinkqubo apho bonke abemi belizwe benokuphendula izicelo zejaji. Iinkundla ezingazihoyi ezizimfuno zibeka engozini yokwaphula umthetho nokuyekelela ngokupheleleyo umthetho ukuba amatyala abachopheli-mthetho acelwe ukunikezela. Indlela ephambili icacile: ukuqhuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo, ukuthatha ubugcisa obuqinisekisiweyo, abaqeqeshi, kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziqeqeshiweyo kwimi yomhla ngemihla. Ngokwenza njalo, inkqubo yokugweba iphakamisa isithembiso sayo sokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu. Bonke abami banqwenela ukusebenza ngendlela elungele ukuba benze loo nto, kwaye imbopheleleko yayo yonke inkundla yokwenza loo nto.