I-Rhulumente’ Isandla kwiSixhobo sokuKhusela iMelika ’ Amagumbi

Izigqibo ezenziwa kwi-capitols karhulumente, Washington, D.C., kunye neentlanganiso zesikolo zasekuhlaleni eziqhutywa kwigumbi ngalinye lokufundela elikwisizwe. Kusukela kwiincwadi abafundi abazisebenzisayo ukuya kubugcisa ababufumanayo nakubafundisi-mali abafumanayo, inkqubo karhulumente ngokusisiseko imisela ubunjani kunye nolwalathiso lwemfundo karhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo ziyimfuneko kubafundisi, kubalawuli, kubazali, nakumalungu oluntu afuna ukuxhasa izikolo zawo ngokunempumelelo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela eziphambili zokuyila izikolo, ukuvavanya iinkqubo zemali, imimiselo yemithetho yolawulo, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nendima echuliweyo echuliweyo yokubopheleleka intlalo ekuphembeleni iziphumo.

Ukwakhiwa koLawulo lwemfundo kumgangatho o-3

Imfundo kawonke-wonke eUnited States isebenza kwisakhiwo solawulo esintsonkothileyo, esineziqingatha ezintathu: urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla.

Igunya loManyano, iGrants, kunye naMalungelo aBami

Urhulumente wesizwe uphembelela ngokuyintloko ngeemeko zenkxaso-mali kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Umthetho wophawu lwelizwe onjengomthetho Wonke uMfundi Wempumelelo (ESA) kunye kunye nooManyano abanoMqathango wezemfundo eGunyazi (IDEA)[FLT]] udibaniso lwaselurhulumenteni kwiimfuno ezithile zetyala, ukuvavanya, kunye neenkonzo zabafundi abaneziphene. Umthetho weFederal uyalwa ukulwa ukucalulaza okusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, kunye nokukhubazeka phantsi kweSihloko seSihloko-Si-VI, i-IX, kunye noLwindime 504, unika iSebe lemfundo ebanzi ukuhlola nokulungisa i-Rhulumente

Izenzo zakutshanje zikarhulumente, kuquka ukusasazwa kwemali yoncedo yexesha likaxakeka ye- COVID-19 yezoncedo (ESSER) iyonke imalunga ne-R390 amawaka ezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, ibonisa indlela izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente ezinokuphinda zilubeke uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwasekuhlaleni ngexesha elifutshane. Le mali ivumela ngayo imimandla ukuba ifakelele kwiinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, iinkqubo zokufunda ehlotyeni, kunye nokunyuswa kweeprojekthi, nangona uninzi kwezo zinyathelo zokwexeshana zijongene. Indima karhulumente ihlala ingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo, ingakumbi kwimibandela yokukhetha, ulwandoqokozo, kunye namalungelo abafundi abafunda.

Igunya leRhulumente: Ukuxhasa iiFomula, iMigangatho, kunye neLicensure

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yesiseko somthetho-siseko wemfundo kawonke-wonke. Bamisela imigangatho ye-academic (kuquka ukwamkelwa kweCore eqhelekileyo okanye i-ovement ephuhlisiweyo karhulumente), bamisela iinkqubo zokuvavanya kunye nokuphendula iinkonzo [, bamisela [[FLT:]] izifuno zokufundisa iziqinisekiso ze-cessing [[[[[FLT:]], kwaye basebenzise izibonelelo ezingundoqo zemali yesikolo. Iindlu zombuso ziyaluvo zaminyaka le lwabiwo-mali ezinikezela ngengeniso yemfundo-K12, ngokufuthi zidityaniswa ngerhafu enikezelweyo okanye ngoRporto.

Kwakhona amazwe ayahluka kakhulu kwindlela asebenzisa ngayo imvume yesikolo, iinkqubo zesiqinisekiso, nemimiselo yokufumana izikolo. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba imimandla yamkele inzululwazi ethile okanye izifundo zezentlalo, ngoxa amanye evumela ezo zigqibo ukuba zilawule ingingqi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemithetho karhulumente nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni lubangela ungquzulwano olungapheliyo kwinkqubo yemfundo.

Igunya lasekuhlaleni: Iibhodi zeSikolo noLawulo lweSithili

Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni, ezinyuliweyo okanye ezimiselwe, ziguqulela izindululo zikarhulumente norhulumente kwizigqibo zomsebenzi wemini-mini. Baqesha abaphathi, bavume uqingqo-mali, bamisele iinkqubo zobulali ngengqeqesho kunye nokuya, kwaye balawule izibonelelo. Ulawulo lobulali luvumela abantu ukuba bafundise ngokweemfuno zabo ezikhethekileyo zamanani abantu, kodwa lukwadala ukwahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwemimandla yezityebi namahlwempu, ingakumbi xa imali ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni.

INgxowa - mali Yesikolo: Isiseko Semfundo

Izigqibo zikarhulumente eziphathelele ukuxhaswa kwemali zinegalelo elibonakalayo kwizikolo. Indlela imali ethunyelwa kwisithili imisela ubungakanani beklasi, imivuzo yootitshala, ukulungiswa kolwakhiwo, ukufumaneka kobugcisa, umculo neenkqubo ezingakumbi zesikolo.

Umgibe werhafu yempahla kunye neeNkxaso zikaRhulumente ezixhasayo

Inkoliso yezikolo ifumana intlawulo eninzi kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kwenza isithuba esicacileyo sokungalinganiyo: uluntu olutyebileyo olunempahla ephezulu lungahlawula irhafu ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye lusavelisa imali eninzi kwimida yemali ngekota ephantsi kwexabiso eliphezulu. Ngokwengxelo ye-2023 evela kwi- i-Boning, inkxaso-mali ephakathi kwemimandla ephezulu naphantsi kwemimandla ephezulu, i-R3 500 kumfundi ngamnye kwisiqingatha samazwe angaphezulu kwe-R2,00.

Iindlela zemali zemeko-mali ezizama ukulungisa ezi zahlulo ngobuchule bokulingana, kodwa ezininzi zishiyeka zingaphelelanga. Iinkqubo zesiseko, iinkqubo ezizizinzileyo zobunzima babafundi, kunye nezibonelelo ezipheleleyo zemfundo eyodwa okanye abafundi abangamaNgesi zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa uphando oluvela kuHlahlo noMgaqo-siseko wePhondo lubonisa ukuba noko kuma-30 anikezelwe amanqaku angaphantsi kwemali ngo-puliyo ngo-202020 kunangaphambi kobunzima bowama-2008 xa kulungelelaniswa ukunyuka kobunzima bemali.

Iminikelo Yomanyano: ISihloko I, I-IDEA, kunye neeNgxoxo-mali

I-$FFL engundoqo ityala malunga ne-10% yengeniso yemfundo yesikolo iyonke, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinjongo ezithile. Isihloko I izimali, inxalenye ye-ESSA, inika izibonelelo ezongezelelekileyo kwizikolo ezinabafundi abafumana iindleko eziphezulu. Le mali ixhasa abaqeqeshi boqeqesho, oomlinganiselo omncinci weklasi, emva kwemali yokufundisa, kunye neenkqubo zokubophelela kwentsapho. I-IDA Part B inikezela iindleko ezigqithisileyo zeenkonzo zemfundo ezikhoyo, nangona imali karhulumente ingazange ifikelele kwisabelo esiphezulu seendleko zemali ezigunyazwe eligunyazwe yiBhunga-okhenke. [FLT]

Imbumba inika unikezelo olufana no uHlaziyo nophando (EIR) inkqubo kunye ne-School Reconfiction Grants (ISIK) ukwandisa imimandla ukuthatha utshintsho olusekelwe kubungqina. Ngoko, ezi zinika ingcebiso rhoqo ngemfuneko eziqinileyo kunye nemigca emifutshane yexesha enokuthi itsale umthamo wesithili.

Imimiselo Yomthetho: Imigangatho, ukuvavanya, kunye nokuphendula

Ngaphandle kokuxhasa ngemali, izenzo zikarhulumente zimisela indlela yokufundisa abafundi nendlela inkqubela yabo elinganiswa ngayo.

Imigangatho yemfundo kunye noLawulo lweCuarcuum

Ukufumana imilinganiselo yomxholo karhulumente kulawula ububanzi kunye nolandelelwano lomyalelo kwimixholo engundoqo. Imigangatho ye-Common Core State , ethathwe ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-40 ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010, ihlala inempembelelo nasemva kokuba amazwe amaninzi erhoxisiwe okanye ebekwe endaweni yawo. Imigangatho igqiba oko kufundiswa kwisigaba ngasinye, yiyiphi incwadi yenjongo yabavakalisi, nendlela inkqubela phambili ecwangciswe ngayo.

Amadabi owiso-mthetho akutshanje kwiingcamango zohlanga ezigxekayo, iLGBTQ+ edibeneyo, kunye neencwadi ezivaliweyo zibonakalisa ukuhlolwa okukhulayo kwezopolitiko zeklasi. Ngonyaka wama-2024, ubuncinane u18 wamazwe aye amisela imithetho ethintela indlela abafundisi- ntsapho abanokuthetha ngayo ngesizwe nangesini, ngoxa abanye beye bagqithisa amanyathelo afuna iLGBTQ + uqeqesho lwembali. Oku kugunyazisa ukuba abafundisi bakwindawo enzima, baqhube iimfuno zomthetho ngoxa bezama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabafundi abahlukahlukeneyo.

Uvavanyo olusemgangathweni kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula

Ukususela kwiNo Child Led Bend yeXesha, amaxwebhu anike uvavanyo olusezantsi ngonyaka lokufunda nolwezibalo kumgangatho 3-8 kunye nakanye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Iziphumo zibangela iziphumo phantsi kwesixokelelwano solawulo lukarhulumente nolawulo lwezikolo zikarhulumente, ukungenelela kwizikolo ezihamba phantsi kwengeniso, kwaye nokwenzeka nokuba ngurhulumente ohamba phantsi kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukuvavanya okuphezulu kuncitshiswa kwezifundo, kukhuthaza ukufundisa kuvavanyo, kwaye ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaza izikolo ezisebenza phantsi kwengeniso, nabafundi abambalwa abangaphumeleliyo.

Isifo esibulalayo esiye sabekelwa iliso kwimfuno zovavanyo lukarhulumente okwexeshana, kwaye amanye amazwe aye afuna abahlaseli abanciphisa imithwalo yokuvavanya. Noko ke, ulawulo lweBiden luhlala lungatshintshi, kwaye ulawulo lweBiden lugxininise ukubaluleka kogcino-lwazi lokuhlola ukufumanisa nokuphola kokufunda.

Iimfuno Zokuphumelela Neediploma

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ikwamisela iimfuno ezincinane zokuphumelela, eziquka inani lemali-mboleko ngesiNgesi, ngemathematika, ngenzululwazi, ngezifundo zentlalo, kunye nee-odoli. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukudlula kwimviwo yokuphuma ukuze afumane idiploma, ngoxa amanye efudusele kwiindlela ezininzi zediplomas okanye kwimizekelo esekelwe kwimikhuphiswano. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iminikelo yezifundo kunye namathuba abafundi, ingakumbi kubafundi abaneziphene okanye abo basengozini yokuphola.

Imithetho Esebenzayo: Umlinganiselo wodidi, Ukhuseleko noMfundisi

Imisebenzi yesikolo yemihla ngemihla ilawulwa kakhulu yimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le mithetho ibumba imekobume yokufunda, abasebenzi, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo womfundi.

Umsebenzi

Amaphondo amaninzi kunye nesithili athetha ngemida yomlinganiselo wodidi ngokudibanisa izivumelwano okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Iiklasi ezincinci kumgangatho ophantsi zinxulumene nokuganana kwabafundi kunye neziphumo eziphucukileyo zokufunda, ingakumbi kubafundi abasweleyo. Noko ke, ngexesha lobunyuko, umlinganiselo weklasi wanyuka kakhulu njengoko izithili zizama ukunciphisa iindleko. Iziko lesizwe lemfundo (NTS) linikela ingxelo yokuba umlinganiselo weklasi unyuke kancinci kakhulu kunakwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo, ingakumbi kwizikolo eziphezulu.

Ukuqinisekisa umfundisi- ntsapho nophuhliso lobugcisa

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zimisela iimfuno zokufundisa uqeqesho lokuqala, kuquka umsebenzi wezifundo, iiyure zokufundisa abafundi, kunye nokudlulisela ubuninzi kwiimviwo zokuvavanya njenge-Praxis. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye akhulula iimfuno ngeminye indlela ye-classings kunye neesiqinisekiso songxamiseko sokuthetha nokungabikho komfundisi-lwazi. Iimfuno zophuhliso lobugcisa, ngexa kujoliswe ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kobuchule obuqhubekayo, ngokufuthi yongeza kubafundisi-’ ukungaqeshi misebenzi ngaphandle kwemali okanye ukukhupha ixesha elaneleyo.

Ukhuseleko Nengqeqesho Yasesikolweni

Izigqibo zikarhulumente kukhuseleko lwesikolo ziye zavela ngokukhawuleza emva kokudubula okuphezulu nokunyuka kwabaphathi-mali besikolo. Imithetho karhulumente ichaza iimfuno zokuqheliselwa kongxamiseko, imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo yokudubula, kunye nezibonelelo zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zikwaphantsi kwenyathelo lowiso-mthetho, namanye amazwe alawula uqheliselo lokulungisa izinto kunye nokuphelisa ingqeqesho efana nokugxothwa koobhontsi kunye nokugxothwa koobhontsi abancinane.

Ukhokelo lomanyano phantsi kwe-Title IX lukwalawula indlela izikolo ezikusingatha ngayo ukukhathazwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa, zidala iimfanelo ezintsonkothileyo eziqhubeka zitshintshana nolawulo ngalunye. Isiphumo sale nkqubo sichaphazela imozulu yesikolo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabafundi.

Impembelelo kwiiNtlanganiso zaBafundi: Ukulingana, Ukufikelela

Imiphumo engakumbi yezi zigqibo zikarhulumente ibonakala kwiziphumo zabafundi. Iinkqubo ezikhethwayo zigqiba ukuba ngabaphi abafundi abanokufumana umsebenzi ophambili wemfundo, abafundisi-mfundo abafanelekayo, inkxaso efanelekileyo yempilo yengqondo, kunye nemisebenzi yesikolo evelisa ingeniso.

Ukufumaneka kokwahlula-hlula kwamanani kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Ngexesha lobhubhani, ulwahlulo lwamanani lwaba yingxaki ecacileyo ekhoyo. Abafundi kwimimandla ephantsi kwemida babengenazo izixhobo kunye nokungena kwi-intanethi ekhaya, beyekelela ukukwazi kwabo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfundo ekude. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana ne-Emergency Contenency Fund kunye nee-bandic zangaphakathi ezibanzi zelizwe zincede ekuvaleni izithuba ezithile, kodwa ukuhlukana kuqhubekeka. [2023] I-Common Seact Media Media Ingxelo efunyenwe ukuba i-15% yabakwishumi elivisayo kwizindlu ezifumana imali esezantsi ingekho intanethi ethembekileyo.

Inkxaso yabafundi abakwi-Risk

Iinkqubo ezixhotyiswe ngurhulumente ezinjengeSihloko I, McKinney-Vento (kubafundi abangenamakhaya), kunye noMthetho wemfundo oneziphene zenziwe ukucutha ibala lokudlala kubemi abasengozini. Kodwa, imiqobo engapheliyo ephantsi kunye neyokungalawuleki ithetha ukuba abafundi abaninzi abafanelekayo abalufumani inkxaso epheleleyo abayifunayo. Ukusilela ukuxhasa imfundo ekhethekileyo ngokwaneleyo, umzekelo, ukunyanzela iingingqi ukuba zitsale imfundo eqhelekileyo ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zomthetho, ukutsala izibonelelo zezinye izinto eziphambili.

Izifundo Zesikolo Nezomntwana Wonke

Uqingqo-mali lwesikolo luchaphazela ngqo ukufumaneka kwemidlalo, ubugcisa, umculo, kunye neeklabhu. Xa izithili zijongene noqingqo-mali, ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuba zezokuqala ukucuthwa okanye zipheliswe, ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, ziphembelela abafundi abangenamathuba okufumana ubutyebi ngasese. Uphando olusuka kwi Isiseko seWallace [ lubonisa ukuba umgangatho ophezulu emva kwesikolo kunye nehlobo uphucula iziphumo zemfundo, ukufika, kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo-ntlalo, kodwa luhlala lungalingani.

Ubandakanyeko nobuchule boluntu: Ukulawula inkqubo

Abazali, abafundisi - ntsapho, abafundi nemibutho yasekuhlaleni banokuyiphembelela nangaliphi na igalelo imiqathango.

Iipolitiki Zebhodi Yesikolo Nezinyulo

Unyulo lwequmrhu lesikolo luye lwaba yindawo yokulwa iingcamango zesizwe, kodwa luhlala luyindlela engqalileyo yokuba uluntu luyibumbe inkqubo yesithili. Iibhodi zigqiba ngoqingqo-mali, ukuqeshwa koqeqesho, nokuqeshwa koomphathi. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso, ukubalekela eofisini, nokuvota ziingcinga zokukhetha ezisisiseko. Ngo-2024, imimandla emininzi yabona umvoti urhoxiso olulandela iimpikiswano kwiincwadi zethala leencwadi neenkqubo zabafundi.

AmaBhunga oLawulo lweZikolo naMaqumrhu oLawulo

IiPTA kunye neebhunga ezilawula izikolo zilungiselela amajelo acwangcisiweyo kubazali nomfundisi- ntsapho. Le mibutho idla ngokucebisa iinqununu ngemigaqo yokuphucula isikolo, iindlela zokuganana kwentsapho, kunye nokuxhasa intsebenziswano. Noko ke, impembelelo yazo iyahluka-hluka kakhulu, kwaye zinokuzama ukumela intlukwano epheleleyo yoluntu lwesikolo ngaphandle kokuphumelela.

Urhulumente noManyano

Ngaphaya komgangatho wasekuhlaleni, abaxhasi bemfundo bangaphembelela umthetho ngemibutho yezobugcisa njenge- umanyano lwemfundo yesizwe (NEA) kunye neMelikan Federation of Teachers (AFT)[[FLT]], ngokunjalo naxa kuqhubeka nomba we-advocacy Association [i-asemgamentations, ukuvavanywa kwamaqela ekomitini, ukudibana nabaqululeki bomthetho, nokuthatha inxaxheba kumaxesha athenjiwe ekuboneni imimiselo, zonke iindlela ezisebenzayo. Ukunyuka kolwazi olungokwentlalo-luvo kunye nokulungele ukuphuhlisa iingca ezibheno zotyani eziphambili zemali ezidlalwayo kunye nezikolo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wedemokhrasi Yemfundo

Izigqibo zikarhulumente zichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi besikolo, ukusuka kwinkxaso-mali exhasa imigaqo exhasa uqeqesho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo echaza imozulu yesikolo. Le nkqubo yemvelo yeyezobupolitika, ibonisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo ngokulingana, ukuphumelela, nenkululeko. Kubafundisi-lwazi kunye neentsapho, ukuhlala benolwazi ngendlela ezigqitywe ngayo ezi zigqibo zedemo-mokhrasi ezivelisa imigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthazayo ayiyo i-— kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke zizalisekise isithembiso sazo kumfundi ngamnye. Ngokuqonda abalawuli bemfundo, ababotsheleli-mathi-mathi, banokusuka kwintshukumo esebenzayo, ukukhuthaza imigaqo exhasa abafundi, inika amandla, kunye nokwakha uluntu olunamandla.