Ukuqonda Izigwebo Zomthetho Nendima Yazo Emgaqo-nkqubo

Ulungiso lomthetho luziinguqu ezisesikweni ezicetyiweyo kumthetho okanye kummiselo okhoyo. Zimela esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, zinceda abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacombulule, bacacise, okanye baphinde bathumele injongo yomthetho. Ngaphandle kwenjongo yomthetho. Ngaphandle kokupheliswa, imithetho ingahlala ihleli, ingenakukwazi ukutshintsha indlela yokuqhuba intlalo-ntle, yezoqoqosho, okanye yezobugcisa. Ubuchule bokwenza umthetho uvumela iindlu zomthetho ukuba zilungise iimpazamo, ukuvala iintambo, ukuphendula kwimithetho yomthetho, nokufaka isindululo kwimiqathango yomthetho, kwaye ifake kwimithetho emininzi, inkqubo yokulungisa inokubakho apho impikiswano yenkqubo yemibaliso yezomthetho isoloko ibakho, igqiba ukuba ngaba umsebenzi wezomthetho uya kuphumelela okanye uyasilela. Ukuqonda indlela okufuneka ngayo ukuba nabani na ofuna iziphumo zenkqubo zikawonke-wonke ngenxa yolu hlobo lolwimi oluchane.

Ingcamango YoMthetho Wokuhlaziywa

Ulungiso lungahluka kakhulu kubungakanani kunye nenjongo. Ezinye izilungisi ziziphoso ezincinci, zilungisa iimpazamo zoshicilelo okanye iimbekiselo zokuhlaziya kwezinye imithetho. Ezinye zineenkcukacha, ziphinda zibhalwe onke amacandelo emali kwaye zitshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela yayo yenkqubo. Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela izivanyo ezichaphazela ngayo inkqubo kawonke-wonke, zinceda ukuwahlula-hlula ngohlobo.

Iindlela Zokuhlaziywa

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungiso lokulungisa : Olulwimi lucacisayo, cwangcisa izinto ezingaqhelekanga, okanye yenza ulungiso lobugcisa. Kunqabile ukuba batshintshe inkqubo kodwa baqinisekise ukuba umthetho uyanyanzeleka.
  • Izilungisi : Ezi zibuyisela amacandelo apheleleyo okanye imixholo yephepha ngolwimi olutsha, ngokufuthi zibonakalisa ulalanisa phakathi kokhuphiswano.
  • Iinguqu ze-intengiso : Ezi zinto zongeza iziphiwo ezingahambelaniyo kumlomo wephepha. Abakhweli benqwelo-moya basetyenziswa rhoqo ukudibanisa imilinganiselo ephikiswayo kumthetho onyanzelekileyo, uphembelela inkqubo iziphumo ngendlela engangqalanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izilungiso ezitshintshayo: Ezi zithintela umlinganiselo womthetho, umzekelo, ngokudibanisa amacandelo okutshona kwelanga, ukuxhasa iimpahla, okanye imiqathango yendawo.
  • Inkcazo kuhlobo lwento esetyenziswayo yokuthatha indawo : Ukubhalwa kwakhona okubanzi kwemali yonke, okusoloko kusetyenziswa xa ikomiti igqiba ukuqala ukukrola ngexesha igcina inani lemali iphila.

Uhlobo ngalunye luthwala iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, umkhweli wenqwelo-moya angazisa utshintsho lwenkqubo olungenakudlula njengemali yokuzimela, ngeli lixa uthintelo lungenza buthathaka ukugcinwa komgaqo omtsha.

INkqubo yoHlaliso: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Indlela esuka kwisicelo sokumisela ukulungiswa ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezizizo zahluka ngendlu yowiso-mthetho, amanqanaba jikelele ayahambelana kwiinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi.

  1. [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imposiso : Inguquko inikezelwa ngokusesikweni ngummisi-mthetho, ngokufuthi isitulo sekomiti okanye umxhasi wemali. Kwipalamente ezininzi, izivumelwano kufuneka zithunyelwe ngokubhaliweyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
  2. Uhlolo lweCommittee: Utshintsho lubhekiswa kwikomiti enxulumene nayo. Iikomiti zidlala indima yokugcina isango, zibamba iindlebe kunye neephawu apho kuxutyushwa khona, kuhlaziywa, kwaye kuvotelwe khona. Eli liqondo elibalulekileyo lenkqubo kuba amalungu ekomiti anolwazi olukhethekileyo kwaye ayakwazi ukulungisa izinto ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
  3. [[NTLA:0] Ingxoxo ye-Floor kunye novoti: Ukubuyiselwa kuya kumgangatho wendlu ukuze kuxoxwe kwaye kuvotelwe. Kwinkqubo ze-bicameral, iinguqu kufuneka zidlule zombini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Eliqonga lisoloko libona eyona mpikiswano kawonke-wonke, njengeqela loqeqesho kunye nemikhosi ekhuthazayo idibana.
  4. Conference community: Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali, ikomiti yengqungquthela isebenza ukulungelelanisa. Ingxelo yengqungquthela ephumeleyo ingaquka iinguquko ezibhekele phaya. Oku kulapho urhwebo-mthetho olungundoqo lusoloko lubethelelwa khona emva kweminyango evaliweyo.
  5. Imvume esebenzayo imvume epheleleyo: Kwinkqubo zomongameli, umphathi ophetheyo unokuba namandla eveto. Uveto angangachaswa ngamandla amakhulu, kodwa oko kunqabile ukuba kwenzeke. Iziphelo ezininzi zifa kwiqonga eliphezulu ukuba umongameli okanye irhuluneli imiqondiso yenkcaso.

Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kucetywe, kodwa ikwadala iindawo ezininzi apho ukubuyiselwa kunokuthi kuvalwe, kunyiniswe phantsi okanye kufakwe izinto ezongezelelekileyo.

Indlela Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Okuyichaphazela Ngayo Imiphumo Yomgaqo - siseko

IziHlanziso zichaphazela inkqubo yoluntu ngeendlela ezininzi ezibonakalayo. Zingaguqula injongo esisiseko yomthetho, zitshintshe iindleko zawo kunye nokungabi nakuguqulwa kwawo, zitshintshe ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwabameli, okanye zivelise amalungelo amatsha kunye nezibophelelo kubemi. Ngapha koko zizinto ezingundoqo ekuguqulelwa kuzo inkqubo yokuqhuba.

Umthetho ocacileyo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulungisa kukucacisa oko kujongwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ulwimi olunentsingiselo ebanzi kwimithetho lungakhokelela ekuphunyezweni okungahambelaniyo koorhulumente okanye imithetho ephikisanayo yeenkundla. Umzekelo, utshintsho lungafakela ingcaciso yegama elingundoqo ```njengelithi' leUnited States'' kumthetho osisikhokelo sokubuyisela ulawulo. Xa inkqubo iphumela ekunyuseni ngokwendlela abashicileli bemithetho abayifunayo, ukulungisa isebenza njengezixhobo zokulungisa. Oku kuqhelekile ngakumbi emva kokuba umthetho omtsha uthathe isiphumo kwaye uchaze iinkundla ngeendlela ezingabonwangabonwanga.

Ukusabela Kubungqina Obuneengxubakaxaka

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke inqabile ukusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kumzamo wokuqala. Iinkqubo zomthetho zisebenzisa ulungiso lokudibanisa ugcino-lwazi olutsha, izifundo ezisuka kwiinkqubo zomqhubi, okanye uvavanyo lweenkqubo ezikhoyo. Umzekelo, emva komqulu wokuqala woMgaqo wesikhathalelo we Affordive, izilungiso ezininzi zigqithiselwe ukulungisa umqobo womqeshwa, utshintsho lwendlela ezincinci, kunye nokwandisa uMdifidi e-edimida. Ezi nguqu zibonakalisa intsingiselo yehlabathi lokwenene kwiinficessions, oorhulumente, kunye nobhaliso.

Iimfuno zabalali abahlala apho

Amaqela anomdla, imibutho ekhuthaza ukurhwaphiliza, kunye namaqumrhu oshishino afuna ukuphucula ulungiso lomthetho kunye nezinto zawo eziza kuqala. Iphulo elilungeleleneyo lingafaka amalungiselelo anceda icandelo elithile . njengamatyala erhafu amandla avuselelwayo, okanye ususe ulwimi olubeka umthwalo. Ngelixesha oku kunokuphucula inkqubo ngokubandakanya ulwazi lochwepheshe, kwakhona kubangela ubungozi bokubanjwa ngokulawula. Kumongowe-US, umzekelo, ushishino lweenkonzo zemali luye lwayiphucula ngempumelelo imimiselo yokugcina iibhanki ukuze ikwazi ukuphatha iimfuno zolawulo emva kobunzima bowama 2008. Isiphumo singumgaqo onokuba nobuhlobo obungaphezulu kuleyo obufunwa kushishino kunangaphambili.

Ukulungisa Impembelelo Yemali

IziHluzi zidla ngokulungisa amacandelo oqingqo-mali. Oku kunokuquka ukongeza okanye ukususa iinkcitho zokuchitha imali, ukutshintsha irhafu, okanye ukutshintsha kweemeko kwimali efanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba inkxalabo ephambili kubenzi-mthetho abaninzi, izindululo ezinciphisa ukuchithwa kwemali kumathuba aphezulu okudlula. Ngokuchasene noko, utshintsho olunyusa inkcitho lungadityaniswa namalungiselelo okuhlawula ingeniso. Iziphumo ezinxulumene nemali ezifunyenweyo zingagqiba enoba inkqubo ixhaswa ngokufanelekileyo okanye ishiywe phantsi kwemithombo, ichaphazela ngqo kwiziphumo zomhlaba.

Ukulungelelanisa Amaxabiso Aqokelelayo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibandakanya ukuthengwa phakathi kokusebenza kakuhle, ukulingana, inkululeko, nokhuseleko. IziHlanziso zivumela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zilungelelanise ezi migaqo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukutshintshwa komthetho wokuhlola kungadibanisa iimfuno zolawulo lokukhusela inkululeko yabemi ngeli xesha unika abanyanzeli bomthetho ukumiselwa kogcino-lwazi. Olu tshintsho lungafuna uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lwenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ilungelelanisiwe. Oku kuthelekisa kudla ngokuba ngumphumo wengxoxo ende phakathi kwamaqela ekhululekileyo kunye namaziko okhuseleko.

Izifundo zetyala kutshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wokuHlolwa koMgaqo-nkqubo

ISebe libonise ukuba

IAffordible Care Act (ACA) yafumana amakhulu entengiselwano ngexesha lokudlula kwayo neminyaka elandelayo. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka i-“ Cornushuker Kickcket” impemper (emva ishenxisiwe) eyanika iMedicaid inkxaso ekhethekileyo yeNebraska, kunye nokulungisa ukuvumela ulawulo ukuba lwandise iMedica ekunokukhethwa kuko emva kweNkugqibele yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula igunya lantlalo. Kamva, [[FLTLT:] uNkquluk'o-Gqizelo lweNjongo kunye noMthetho wemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yonyaka ka-2010 ulungiso olungeyokulungisa i-Mediccom, kwaye olulungeleneyo olude lunga lulungele ukusetyenziswa kwendlela.

ISicombululo SoMthetho Womoya Ococekileyo (1990)

I-1990 Clean Air Act IsiHlanzi soMgaqo-nkqubo woMda woMtho-moya ungumzekelo ophawulayo wendlela izilungiso ezingaqinisa ngayo inkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Ukunikezelwa konyaka ka-1970 kwaza kwalungiswa ngo-1997, utshintsho lonyaka wonyaka wonyaka ka1990 oye waziswa ngecap- kunye ne-trade kwimvula eneasidi, imilinganiselo eqinileyo yokukhutshwa kwezithuthi, kunye nomthetho owenziwe wandiswe wezinto ezingcolisa umoya onetyhefu. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa bubungqina benzululwazi bomonakalo wemvula eneasidi kunye norhwebo olunexabiso eliyinzuzo.

Akukho mntwana ushiyelwe emva kuMfundi ngamnye ophumeleleyo kuMthetho (2001-2015)

I-Child Behind Act (NCLB) yalungiswa kakhulu kubomi bayo. Kodwa ngo-2015, yaphikiswa kangangokuba yathatyathelw' indawo yi-Everse producects Foundation Act (ESSA), enokubonwa njengento enkulu ethatha indawo yokulungisa. i-ESSA eqeshiweyo isiphelo solawulo lwasemthethweni, ibuyisela ulawulo olubalulekileyo kumazwe, kwaye inciphisa ukugxininiswa kovavanyo olusezantsi. Lo tshintsho lwaboniswa ngokupheleleyo ukuba iimfuno zika-NCLB zineziphumo ezingalindelekilenga zikho, ezifana nokufundisa ukuvavanya nokunciphisa. Inkqubo iziphumo zasuswa ukusuka kulawulo oluphezulu lorhulumente ukuya kulawulo lomthetho-mthetho wokuzinzisa, ibonisa indlela ukukhuthaza okunokuthi kukhokelela ngayo ekulungiseni inkqubo yokutshintsha.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Ekwenzeni Uhlaziyo

Ngoxa ukulungisa kusezizixhobo ezibalulekileyo, kukwavelisa ukuntsonkotha nomngcipheko onokuthi buthathaka ukusebenza kwenkqubo.

Ubunzima boMthetho

Umthetho oye walungiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ubekwa umaleko othe wakhethwa ngokunqamlezileyo, amacandelo, kunye neemeko ezingafaniyo. Ukutolika umthetho onjalo kuba nzima kubameli, iinkundla, kunye nabemi. Umthetho weNgeniso ongaphakathi e-U.S. Umzekelo, uguqulwe kangangamawakawaka, okuphumela kwinkqubo yerhafu entsonkothileyo kangangokuba iindleko zokuthobela iindleko zifikelela kumakhulu amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. Ukupheliswa komthetho kungakhokelela kwiimpikiswano ezifuna ukusombulula, ukulibazisela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho.

Uxinezeleko Lwezobupolitika

Izinyusi zinokuba yizithuthi zemfazwe elwa abanqolobi. Kwimeko-bume egabaleleneyo, abamisi-mthetho basebenzisa ulungiso olungaphuculi inkqubo kodwa ukufumana iingongoma zezobupolitika, ukunyanzela amavoti aphoxayo, okanye ukulibaziseka. Iqhinga lokunikezela ngamakhulu e- “poison pill” ye-antements linokuphelisa umthetho wonke. KwiBhunga lase-U.S., i-Reatriaster ibangela ukuba ukuncitshiswa kwe-provota 60 ukuvulela i-drookti. Le procedrom inqanda ukupheliswa kwemiqathango ethandwayo ukukhutshwa kwevota ephezulu, ikhokelela kwinkqubo yokuvota.

Imiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Kwanotshintsho oluqinisekisiweyo lungavelisa iziphumo ezichasene ngqo noko kwakucetyiwe. Umzekelo, utshintsho lokuthintela urhwebo lwasebhankini .IVolcker Rule(ukuyilwa kweVolcker) yaye yenzelwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Kodwa ukuntsonkotha kwayo iibhanki ezinyanzelekileyo ukurhoxa kwimisebenzi yorhwebo, ukunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwemixokelelwano yenkampani kunye nokwandisa iindleko zokuboleka iinkampani. Ngokufanayo, ukupheliswa kokulinganisela ukuhlawula ngokuphezulu kwifektha enya ngaphantsi kwe-TaRP kwakhokelela ekuhlawuleni imali ekhutshwayo ngaphambi kwexesha, nto leyo inokuthi ibangele ukuphindwa kobuyiseko olungcono. Uhlaziso olubalulekileyo phambi kokubuyiselwa kobungamkeli kuyinto ephambili kodwa efunekayo phantsi koxinzelelo.

Ukuqhaqhazelisa Amehlo Nokubanjwa

Inkqubo yokulungisa ilula kakhulu ukuphenjelelwa ngamaqela enzala afunyenwe kakuhle. I-Lobbytes ingayila ulwimi olulungisayo olunceda inkampani ethile okanye ushishino, ze ze icengele ummisi-mthetho ukuba aluzise. “inzala ekhethekileyo” isenokuphelisa iziphumo zomdla kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, iMedicare Modernization Act ka 2003 yalungiswa kwikomiti yengqungquthela kwinkampani yezonyango ukunqanda urhulumente ekungeniseni amaxabiso eziyobisi. Le ntloko inye i-ayisensiti yemission isindisa ushishino ezibhiliyo kwaye inyusa iindleko zabakhulileyo. Inkqubo ephumela ekubeni kubekho iziphumo zingasebenzi inkqubo yezoshishino.

Iimbono ezithelekisayo: Imigaqo yoHlaliso

Iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezobupolitika zisingatha utshintsho ngeendlela ezichaphazela imiphumo yezopolitiko.

Iipalamente zeWestster (UK, Canada, Australia) zinolawulo olunamandla olulawulayo. Urhulumente umisela ucwangciso lwemithetho kwaye unokuzimisela iinguquko ngemiqathango enikwa ixesha. Iziphengululo zokulwa zisoloko zoyiswa, kodwa oorhulumente bangakhupha iimvume kwimiqathango yeqela. Iziphumo zomthetho zithambe ukuthelekelela nokuzimisela.

U.S. Congress isebenza ngengqeqesho ebuthathaka yeqela kunye neengongoma ezininzi zeveto. Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo kusoloko kuphazamisa. Inkqubo yekomiti inika amalungu amandla okulungisa, kwaye inkqubo yengqungquthela ivumela utshintsho lokugqibela lokuvela okulinganiselweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho inkqubo eguqukayo, apho ukutshintsha okuncinane kunokuthi kube neziphumo ezithe shwaka.

Inkqubo ye-Eupanean Union ibandakanya inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yeKhomishini yaseYurophu efaka umthetho, oya ngoko udlula ekulungisweni yiPalamente yaseYurophu kunye neBhunga le-EU. Inkqubo yokungaqiniseki ifuna ukuba zombini iziqu zivumelane kumbhalo ofanayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo ezinde. Izindululo apha zibonisa ukuyekelela kumazwe angama-7 namaqela ezobupolitika, ngokufuthi ziphumela kwimigaqo elungelelanisiweyo kodwa entsonkothileyo.

Ukuqonda le miba yahlukeneyo kubaluleke ekuxeleni kwangaphambili indlela iinguqu eziza kuyilo ngayo inkqubo kwilizwe elinikiweyo. Inkqubo ekhuthaza ukuba inxaxheba ebanzi ingavelisa iziphumo ezingakumbi zedemokhrasi kodwa kwanee-sleat ezithe zaqina.

Isiphelo

Izilungisi-nkqubo zomthetho aziyonkqubo ephambili yokulungisa iprocessical process; ziyindlela yokuqala apho imithetho ihlaziywa, ihlaziywa, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iphinda ilungiswe khona. Zinceda izindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zilungise iimpazamo, ziquke ubungqina obutsha, ziphendule kubagcini-mathiriyeli, kunye namaxabiso aphikisanayo. Kodwa ke, inkqubo efanayo ingavelisa ukuntsonkotha, i-grisi, i-reckleckey, neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Abenzi bemithetho, abaphengululi, kunye nabemi abathembisileyo, ukuhlalutya iinguquko kubalulekile ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imigaqo iphumele iziphumo zayo. Xa uphinda ubone isibhengezo siphikisana, kufuphi ingqalelo kwi-meko yentsomixo yoko.

[[NTLT: 0] ngokuphindaphindeneyo ukufunda[: Inkqubo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho inika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ngendlela eziphethwe ngayo kwi-U.S. Congress. [[FLT:] i-[FLT]] i-Eupal'enuan Palamente igosa-stiki ikhokela. [ inika uluvo oluneenkcukacha kwindlela yokulungisa i-EU. [[FLT]] uhlalutyo lwenkqubo ye-bugrafizition, i-euconsole ye-activeat system's [[Foct:]] ihlola iziphumo ze-macanment. [Foct7]