Ukwazisa: Amandla Okufunxa Amanzi

I-pringing yamanzi yenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla ezikhoyo kumaziko asebenza, oomasipala, kunye nabenzi benkqubo abafuna ukulawula imfuneko kunye nokukhuthaza ulondolozo. Njengoko ugcino-mali olungenamanzi acocekileyo lujamelene noxinezeleko olukhulayo olubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukwanda kwabemi, kunye nokukhula kwendlela yokusebenza, ixabiso lokuhambisa amanzi acocekileyo linyuke-( kwaye ezo ndleko kufuneka zidluliselwe kubathengi ngenye indlela. Kodwa indlela ixabiso elithe tyaba lineziphumo ezinzulu kwindlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo amanzi imihla ngemihla. Imeko yamanzi engaqhelekanga efuna ukucinga ngendlela elungele ukuncitshiswa kwenkunkuma, kodwa ayiniki yindlela yokusebenza nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda ezimandla kuyimfuneko kumntu obandakanye nomgangatho wokuphatha amanzi, ucwangciso-matheko.

Iimodeli ze-Pric ehamba emanzini ekhorali

Ipringingi yamanzi asingomlinganiselo omnye-onke. Izinto ezikhoyo ehlabathini jikelele zisebenzisa imodeli eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inempembelelo yayo kwiipateni zosetyenziso kunye nesimo sengqondo sabathengi. Ezininzi eziqhelekileyo ziquka ipesenti ethabazi, ithala lezinto ezingqukuva, kunye nepristi efakelwe imitha.

Uqhoqhoqhoqho lwendlela

Phantsi kwendlela ethabazileyo, iintsapho okanye amashishini ahlawula umrhumo osisigxina kungakhathaliseki ukuba angakanani na amanzi awasebenzisayo. Lo mrhumo usoloko ugquma iindleko ezisisiseko zogcino lomsebenzi ``iifracracy', ukurhwebisa, ukuphatha,/ukuphatha/ukulawula/ukungalingani. Amaqondo okulawula alula kwaye athelekelelwa, kodwa awenzanga nto inkxalabo engundoqo ukuze alondoloze imali. Xa amanzi ebonakala ngathi akhululekile emva kolawulo olusisigxina, ixabiso elisezantsi lokuthatha ibhate-bhaza okanye ukunkcenkceshela umthetho line 0. Njengomphumo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba abathengi abakhaphuphayo basebenzisa amanzi kakhulu kunalawo abekwe kwimitsi okanye adwe kakuhle. Kwezinye iindawo, izixa ezithe tyaba zikhokelele kwinkciso yokusetyenziswa kwe-enjini kunye ne-accuring, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olufanelekileyo lokulungisa.

Idityanisiwe (Ibhloko ekhulayo)

I-injini edityanisiweyo, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yixabiso eliphezulu lebloko, imisela amanqanaba amaninzi aphezulu njengoko usetyenziso lunyuka. Umzekelo, iilitha zokuqala ezingama-10 000 ngenyanga zingabhengezwa kumlinganiselo osezantsi, ophantsi, olandelayo iilitha eziyi 5000 zemalitha ngelitha; kwaye nayiphi na indlela esetyenziswayo engaphaya kwexabiso elingaphezulu. Le sakhiwo silungiselelwe ukunikezela ngamanzi anokufumaneka ayimfuneko ngelixa kunyanzelo, asetyenziswa kakubi ngokusetyenziswa kwecebo, okuninzi ngokusetyenziswa kwemalitha, njengokugcwalisa amadanga eethe-amfeler. Imali eninzi esetyenziswa kwimimandla eshibhithi ebanzi ekwimiqaqayo efana neyasemazantsi e-United States kunye neenxalenye zeAustralia. Uphakaliso oluncinci lubonisa ukuba imigangatho enyukayo yokulondolo oluphezulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi.

Umlinganiselo wemali efakwayo (ukulungelelanisa okanye ukunyuka)

I-price elinganisiweyo inika abathengi ityala elisekelwe ekusebenziseni kwabo okukoqobo, elilinganiswe ngeelitha okanye ngeemitha zekyubhikhi. Ixabiso leyunithi lisenokuba lingaguquki (umlinganiselo wokwenziwa kweyunifomu) okanye lahluka-hlukene ngokwexesha. I-prixed yenza amanzi abe yinto yenyani, alungelelaniswe ngexabiso eliphantsi. Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa imali encinci bahlawula kancinci, ngoxa abasebenzi abanzima bethwala amatyala aphezulu. Oku kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunemiqathango yokulondolozwa kwezinto ezifana nokuphola iifauces, ukufaka ii-eactives eziphantsi, kunye nokuntywiliselwa amanzi ngaphandle. I-prific ethathwa njengenyathelo elisisiseko kubaphathi abafanelekileyo bamanzi bamanzi, kwaye ngoku kuqheleke kumazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo. Kodwa namanani efana neemitha angaphuculwa ngolwanolwanohlobo lonyaka kunye nomaleko wonyaka woko.

Ingcamango Yokufunxa Amanzi

Kutheni ukuqamba kuchaphazela indlela yokuziphatha ngamandla? Impendulo ikwimigaqo yezoqoqosho esisiseko idityaniswe njniphelo yengqondo yomntu. Xa amanzi esetyenziswa njengexabiso eliphantsi okanye eninzi, abantu badla ngokuwaphatha njengomthombo ongenasiphelo. Kodwa xa intengo yexabiso inqabile, iintsapho ziyavumelana.

Ukuxabisa Izinto Ezininzi Ezifunwa Ngamanzi

Ingcaciso yezorhwebo ilinganisa ukusabela okuthe kratya kwexabiso ukutshintsha kwexabiso ngokusebenzisa ixabiso lokunwenwa kwemoto. Amanzi adla ngokuthathwa njenge-inelastic ngokufutshane. Ngokuqhubekayo abantu bafuna umlinganiselo othile wokusela, wokupheka, nococeko, ngoko ke unyuko lwexabiso alwenzi ukuba abo basebenzisa ukuthoba isantya. Noko ke, ngexesha elide kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuhlamba imoto, ukugcwalisa amadamasti, ukugcwalisa imoto, ukunyuka kwemali kusenokunwebeka kakhulu. Uphando lusoloko lufumana ukuba unyuko lwepesenti eli-10 lexabiso lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, kuxhomekeke kummandla, kunyaka, kunye nobukho beminye ubukho bendlela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuphatha ezifanelekileyo, ingakumbi xa kudityaniwe ne-eb elungele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Ukuziphatha Okunemiphunga: Ukubhadula Nokuphola

Ngapha kwemiqathango yezoqoqosho ekrwada, indlela ulwazi olunenkcazelo enikezelwa ngayo kwimicimbi. Iindlu ezifumana iindleko zamanzi ezineenkcukacha zokuthelekisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinyanga ezingaphambili okanye kubamelwane (ukuthelekisa ngoluntu) zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso nge-3-5% ngokomlinganiselo. Xa irejista ibala ixabiso lexesha lokusebenzisa eliphezulu, okanye iquka ukuwohloka kwemikrozo, abathengi bayayiqaphela ngakumbi inkunkuma. Abanye abasebenzi bathumela “izilumkiso eziphezulu” ngokudlula kumbhalo okanye i-imeyili xa usetyenziso lusondela kumda we-filter. Le misebenzi isebenza ngenxa yokuba benza ixabiso le-symtion scrent ne-estient. Isikhala esicacificayo, ngokomahluko, amabucala adibana, amaqhina athe athe krash, asusa nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi indlela yokuziphatha.

Ukulondolozwa Komhlaba Neingenelo

Amaxabiso amanzi aphezulu kunye nezakhiwo ezithe qongelele ngokuqhubekayo ziqhuba ulwamkelo lobugcisa bamanzi angasebenzi kakuhle. Umzekelo, kwimimandla enemiqolo ethambekileyo, abaninimakhaya basengozini yokutya kwizindlu zangasese ezisezantsi, oomatshini bokuhlamba abasebenza kakuhle, oomatshini bokutshiza, ukunisela ngeenkqubo, namatanki agcina amanzi emvula. Ixesha lokuhlawula ezi ngeniso liba lifutshane xa ixabiso lomgangatho wamanzi liphezulu. Umzekelo, intsapho ehlawula ii-R1,000 ngemali ephezulu ingaphinda inyuse ixabiso lendlu yangasese ephantsi kwemibhobhobho engaphantsi kweminyaka emibini ngenxa yemali egciniweyo. Lobubugcisa benza umjikelo wokwamkela ingeniso olulungileyo: ukuthoba phantsi kwexabiso lemali ehlawulwayo kwaye ilibazisa imfuno yokwandisa imali eninzi.

Ukulingana nokulingana

Akukho ngxoxo yokusetyenziswa kwe-price ipheleleyo ngaphandle kokuthetha i-equity. Ilixa elifanayo elithe lanika ingqwalaselo enika ugcino-mali ephantsi emakhayeni akhoyo, ingakumbi lawo aneentsapho ezinkulu okanye angenamali ingako. Ukuba i-baselineline lithengwa kakhulu, okanye ukuba ukutsiba phakathi kwethala lemiqolo kunyuke kakhulu, abemi bahlala phantsi bajongene netyala elingahlawulekiyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela abasemagunyeni abaninzi bamanzi ukuba basebenze [[FLL:0] imilinganiselo yobomi [[FL:1] okanye ukuhlahlela okufanelekileyo koncedo. Umyingeno wokusebenza koncedo oluphezulu. Umyingeno unika izithintelo lokuqala lwamanzi kwixabiso eliphezulu eliphantsi kwexabiso, ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwexabiso, kwaye kugqumathelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwemali ephantsi komnyango. Kwimibutho yoncedo, nakwiinkqubo yoncedo oluthambileyo, kwaneendleko olugoso olugoso olugoso olugosayo.

Ufundo lwetyala: Iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene

Ukuhlolisisa indlela izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo eziye zaqalisa ngayo iinguqu ezingokweziyilelo - mveliso kusifundisa izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Imvukelo Edityanisiweyo YaseKhalifoniya

Ngexesha lembalela enkulu ka-2012-2016, izixhobo ezininzi ezisebenzisa amanzi zamkele i-price enzima. Isixeko saseLos Angeles, umzekelo, sasebenzisa inkqubo eneziqu ezine ezine anamanani anyuka ukusuka kwiinyawo eziyikyubhikhikhi ezingama-$.16 ngekhulu (HCF) kwithala lokuqala ukuya kuR9,58 ngekota ye-HCF. Le projekthi idityaniswe nemiqathango enyanzelekileyo kunye nemibutho yoluntu, yanceda ukuhlisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi afumaneka ngokufanelekileyo, ngokweepesenti ezingama-20.

IKapa: Ingxaki yoqhaqhazelo neNtloko”

Ngo-2017-2018, iCape Town, uMzantsi Afrika, yajamelana nembalela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili eyasongela ukuvala inkxaso yamanzi kamasipala. Esi sixeko sazisa iitapifti zamanzi aphezulu kakhulu, sihlasela abahlali ngaphezu kwesantya esiqhelekileyo sokusetyenziswa ngaphezu kwemali eqinileyo eyi-50-person-per per. Isiphumo sabangelwa kukuba: umyinge wonyaka wonke wehla ukusuka kumyinge wama-200 umntu ngamnye ukuya phantsi kwekhulu leepetropiers ezinyanga. Iziphumo zemali eziphezulu zemali azizange ziphumeleze ezi-$iincophozo kwaye imiqathango inceda abahlaliyo bade bajongeneendleko eziphezulu zokusetyenziswa. Imeko yeKapane ibonisa ukuba xa amanzi enqabileyo i-pring, ukuqhuba i-enjini ekhawulezayo, nokokusetyenziswa okuyimfuneko.

Uyilo lomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo lwamanzi oluzinzileyo

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina, abenzi bemithetho banokuyila umlinganiselo wamanzi olungelelanisa ulondolozo, ukulingana nokulondolozwa kwemali.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba

I-pringing edityanisiweyo yebloko ekhulayo yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto eziluncedo ezisedolophini. Ukuze ibe nempumelelo, ithala kufuneka libonise iipateni zosetyenziso kunye nokusweka kwamanzi. Isiqobo sokuqala kufuneka sigqume ixabiso lokwenene ngaphakathi (ngokulingana 4-76,000,000 yeelitha ngenyanga kwentsapho yabane) kumlinganiselo osezantsi okanye osezantsi. Iibloko ezilandelayo kufuneka zinyuke kakhulu, ngemikrozo ephezulu ebekwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze kunciphekene uphawu. Uhlengahlengiso oluthe rhoqo luyimfuneko ukugcina ixabiso lokwenene njengokwehla kwamaxabiso kunye notshintsho. I-Utalill kufuneka ziqwalasele imigca ephezulu ngexesha lolwando lwenyanga yasehlotyelelo.

Iinkqubo zoncedo

Ukuthetha ngenkxalabo ye-equity, i-prigla ebekwe kwithala kufuneka idityaniswe neenkqubo zoncedo lwabathengi. Ezi zinokuba quka:

  • Isantya sobomi: ngokunzulu ibloko yokuqala ehlawulwayo yabathengi abahlawulwa kancinci.
  • Ityala lomthetho: Umlinganiselo wedola osisigxina onconyelweyo wokufanelekela ii-akhawunti nyanga nganye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkxaso yokulungisa ingeniso: Ulungiso olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi lwemali kumakhaya afumana imali ephantsi ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nemali yetyala.
  • Ityala elixhotyisiweyo: Ezinye iziphakamisi zesixhobo sokunyusa imali zonke ukwenzela ukufanelekela abathengi kwipesenti yengeniso.

Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba umyalezo wolondolozo awulahlekanga kwabo bangenamali ingakumbi yokuhlawula. Kwakhona uxhasa uluntu ngesantya esiphezulu, nto leyo edla ngokungathandwa kwezobupolitika.

Ukulinganisa ngobuchule kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Isiseko semitha eqhubela phambili (AMI) yenza ukuba abathengi bafumane ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene, olunokwabelana nabathengi ngokugqitha ii-web apps kunye nee-mfonomfono. Xa abathengi bebona kanye ukuba ngamanzi angakanani abawasebenzisayo kwaye axabisa ntoni, bangenza izigqibo zolwazi. Ezinye iinkqubo ze-AMII zide zivumele abathengi ukuba bamisele izilumkiso ````asaziswe'' xa usetyenziso lusondela kwithala elilandelayo. I-Umbane ingasebenzisa AMI ukufumanisa ukuvuza kwicala lomxhasi kwaye ibalumkise ngokukhawuleza. Intla yemimeta ephezulu yolawulo olufuna ulawulo. Iindleko lokuqala lwe-MAMI luphezulu, kodwa imali ende ekugcinwe kuyo ekuphepheni ulwando lwemali iproficity.

Ikamva Lokufunxa Amanzi

Njengoko ukunqongophala kwamanzi kuya kukhula emhlabeni wonke, iimodeli ze-primes ziza kuqhubeka ziguquka. Enye ingcamango evelayo yi- i-didget system system[, apho intsapho nganye ifumana ulwabelo olusekelwe kwinani labemi kunye neemfuno eziqhelekileyo zangaphakathi. Ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali kubekwa kwisantya esiphantsi; ukusetyenziswa ngaphaya koqingqo-mali kuxhomekeke kwimijelo. Oku kusondeza ngqo kwiimpawu zasekhaya kwaye kujolise ekuboneleni amanzi ngendlela elinganayo kunenkqubo elula. Olunye utyekelo kukuhlanganiswa kogcino-data yemozulu kwi-Plufilling: ngexesha elomileyo, amazi ayanda ngokuzenzekelayo ukuditya okusetyenziswa ngaphandle, kwaye ngexesha lokuncipha kwazo kuyimfuneko okuzinzisa-meyalulo kodwa kubandakanya namanzi.

Iplagi yamanzi ikwasiba cace ngakumbi njengoncedo lwezingeni-mali olusetyenziswayo ekufumaneni ixabiso elifanelekileyo lokusebenzisa i-service ukucwangcisa isantya esipheleleyo sokufumana ixabiso lonyango, ukunikezelwa, kunye nezibonelelo zexesha elizayo. Ngelixesha oku kuqhubela phambili amaxabiso, ikwaqinisekisa ukusebenziseka kwexesha elide. Umzekelo, U.S. Ukhuselo lwendawo engqongileyo lucebisa ukuba i-pluezele njengendlela elungileyo yokuqhuba amanzi. Ngokufanayo, i-World Bank [[FLT:]] World [FLT]

Amashumi eminyaka azayo aza kufumana ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemilinganiso esekelwe kwizikhuseli, ulawulo lwecala elifunwayo, kunye nokubotshwa kwabathengi ngokobuqu. Imisebenzi efumana iindlela zokukhangela phambili azizukugcina amanzi kuphela kodwa ziya kuqinisa ukumelana nemozulu.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Iimeko

Iplagi efakwa emanzini asisiso isixhobo semali; sisixhobo sokuziphatha esixhathisayo. Isakhiwo sexabiso sithumela uphawu olucacileyo malunga nexabiso lamanzi nokubaluleka kokulondoloza. Amaqondo alinganayo amema inkunkuma; ithala kunye nemitha akhuthaza ukuphumelela. Kodwa iprojekthi iyodwa ayinakucombulula zonke iingxaki zamanzi. Kufuneka ipheleliswe yimfundo kawonke-wonke, ubuchule bobugcisa bokusebenza, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo olunamandla kubemi abasengozini. Xa zenziwe ngobuchule, i-pringing inganciphisa ukusetyenziswa, izibonelelo ezibiza imali eninzi, kwaye inike abasebenzi bezixhobo ezithengwa ngokulinganayo. Abalawuli be-miliniki, abasebenzi bezinto zoncedo, nabasebenzi bonke banendima yokulungisa amanzi kwixesha elizayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimigaqo yeplagi yamanzi kunye nophando lwamatyala, bona i-ASCE Journal of Water Resources Planning kunye noLawulo kunye ne Isikhokelo se-Pacificity Institute kwimiqathango yeqondo lamanzi[.