Ulawulo olumanyeneyo, olukwasaziwa ngokuba lukhuphiswano lwezilawuli okanye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi, lumela uhlobo olwahlukileyo lolawulo lwezobupolitika oludibanisa ngabom amaqumrhu asesikweni edemokhrasi kunye nezenzo zedemokhrasi ezingaphantsi kolawulo lobundlobongela. Le mikhosi igcina unyulo oluthe rhoqo, igcina imithetho-siseko eqinisekisa amalungelo, kunye nokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yeendlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neenkundla zezolawulo-moya (* kodwa yenza njalo phantsi kweemeko ezenza ukuba ibala lokudlala linyuswe ngokuxhasa intlalo-myunzi. Isiphumo sinkqubo yezobupolitika ebonakala iphantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kodwa ihlala ikho phantsi. Ukuqonda indlela imigaqo yemivukelo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwezolawulo-ogracralitistiki negcina ulawulo lwezomthetho lolawulo-ogculitialtic systenti, abaqwalayitempty, nabaphi nabani kwimpilo yezoontlalozwezwezwe liphela lonke.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezinyo Elibukhali: Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo

Ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo olumandundu olupheleleyo okanye iinkqubo zotshintsho ezilindele ukwenziwa kolawulo-melo olupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, zimela ulungelelwaniso oluzinzileyo apho abalawuli besebenzisa iintlobo zedemokhrasi ukuze bafumane umelo olusemthethweni ngexa besebenzisa iindlela zolawulo-mthetho ezizenzekelayo ukuphelisa inkcaso. Le nkqubo idibeneyo ifuna ukwenziwa kolawulo olulunonophelo kunye nokuziqhela okuqhubekayo.

Iindawo Ezilawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Ukugcina ukuthembeka kwehlabathi lonke nokuthula, ulawulo oluneentlobo-ntlobo lwamkela iinkalo ezininzi ezibonakalayo zedemokhrasi. Ziba nonyulo oluthe rhoqo "lukhuphiswano" oluthe rhoqo ukuze zivelise ingqalelo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba, kodwa azizenzi bulungisa ngokwaneleyo ukubeka engozini ukudluliselwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwegunya. Ziseka iikomishini zonyulo oluzimeleyo, amalungelo abantu, kunye nemibutho echasene nokonakala, kodwa abasebenzi bayo nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo okanye abaqinisekisa ukuba abanawo amandla okusebenza. Imithetho yemithetho yemithetho yengxoxo yemithetho yecawa, kodwa iqela elilawulayo libamba i-atle efunekayo ukuphelisa nayiphi nayiphi na i-veto. Iinkundla zimisela umthetho wolawulo, kodwa amatyala achule kwezopolitiki aphathwa ngokuzodwa okanye aphathwa ngobuchule kubagwebi abaququzeli. Idemo-demo-o-demokrati igcinwa kakuhle kwimigracy, kodwa onke axhaswa ngokusetyenziswayo kwimicimbiso solawulo lolawulo.

Iimpazamo ezingoombaxa-phantsi ezizenzekelayo

Ngaphantsi kobuso, ulawulo lwemibutho exhaphakileyo luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zolawulo oluzimeleyo ezihlala zingabonakali kubantu ababukeleyo. Imikhosi yokhuseleko inikwa ubulumko obuphangaleleyo kunye nemigaqo ethintelayo. Imithetho engokwasemthethweni iquka amalungiselelo angacacanga anxamnye ne-grastmistry, ubugrogrisi, okanye ukunyenyiswa okunokusetyenziswa ngokukhetha. Ulawulo okanye ukuphembelela ngamandla uninzi lwezixhobo ze-medipocrative, abasebenzi be-intanethi, kunye nemigangatho yezentlalo-ndaba ekhoyo. Imibutho yoluntu ijongeneemfuno ezifuna ukubhalisa nokuxhasa inkxaso. Amalungelo empatho azimeleyo akhuselekile, njengoko urhulumente ekwazi ukukhulula amashishini axhaswa ngabachasi kunye nezivumelwano zikarhulumente. Ezi zibonelo ziqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli abaphezulu abalawulayo bayakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla ngaphandle kokuphendula iimfuno zedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Umatshini Wokulawula: Ukutshintsha Iimpawu Zedemokhrasi

Imfihlelo engundoqo yolawulo lwemijuxuzo yezolawulo-mpuluswa yindlela abamkela ngayo iimpawu zedemokhrasi − umbane, amaqela, iintsebenziswano, inkululeko yabemi (_____ngaphandle kokuvumela ezo mpawu ziphazamisa ukulawulwa kwabo. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, abaphengululi baye bachaza imigaqo ephindaphindwayo esetyenziswa ngurhulumente ukulawula le ngxaki.

Ukujija...

Ukhetho luziimpawu zedemokhrasi ezibonakalayo ezimele zilawule. Kunobuqhophololo obucacileyo . obubangela ukuqhatha kwasekhaya nokugwetywa kwezizwe ngezizwe. / Imithetho exhaphakileyo yale mihla isebenzisa iindlela ezichuliweyo zokusebenzisa iindlela zokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Isebenzisa imiqobo yolawulo efana nokukhutshwa kovota, ii-ID ezingqongqo, kunye notshintsho lokugqibela lokuchola iindawo zokucinezela ukuze zixinezele umva kwemiba ephikiswayo. Imithetho ethile ixhomekeke kumazwe asemaphandleni abonisa ukuvuselelwa ngurhulumente. Ilawula ulawulo lokhetho lokungakungabazeki abachasi abachasi bezobugcisa okanye ukuguqula iivoti ezithe gcaba ngokuphandle ngokwaneleyo, xa kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela ezithe gqitywe ngokugqibekileyo. Imikhosi eRashiya, ixhomekeke kuTlavidimin, ixhomekeke kumazwe angaphandle kwe-Foctive [0] kwaye ijing.[1] Ukuvuzwa kweprotoliki ye-mo yolawulo oluphambili, ngexesha elifana noluvolu hlobo loburhulumente, xa kusetyenziswa ngokutsho luthe lu

Ulawulo lolwazi nenkqubo yejenali

Kwixesha lolwazi, ukulawula le ngxelo kubaluleke njengokulawula ibhokisi yembumbulu. Abaphathi berhafu baye bavelisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokulawula intetho kawonke-wonke ngoxa besithi bayayihlonela inkululeko yokuthetha. Abazivali imithombo-ndaba ezimeleyo ngokungqalileyo . Ngokunjalo abasayi kuvala imithombo-ndaba ezimeleyo ngokunyanisekileyo. Kodwa bayenza ingalawuleki ngokwezoqoqosho. Amashishini karhulumente athengiswe kwizinto zokubhengeza eziyingozi. Abaphathi-rhafu bawafaka kwimiqathango yokuzithoba. Abasebenzi abanxibelela ukuthengela amaphephandaba azimeleyo baze bawaguqulele ekubeni ngabameli abanyanisekileyo. Okwangoku, amajelo-media alawulayo avelisa umsinga othetho olungileyo, ngokufuthi adibanisa iindaba ezikhuthaza ukunyaniseka. Abalawuli abahlawulwayo abahlawulwayo abasetyenziswayo basebenzisa imikhosi (umqulu) ukuze bangenele imithetho ye-methi ye-mediom, i-ediod , i-ethe , i-evidiod progla ngokuneyo, i-eeeethe , i-e

Ujikelezo kunye nePatronage

Kunokuba kucinezelwe nayiphi na into esenokuphikisana nayo, ulawulo lwemijuxuzo lukhetha ukudibanisa. Amaqela ezobupolitika, amaqonga eshishini, iinkokeli zengingqi, kwanemibutho yabemi basekuhlaleni ingeniswa kumanyano olulawulayo ngokusasaza ubuncwane borhulumente, izivumelwano, amadinga, namalungelo. ERashiya, iqela le-United States lisebenza njenge- uthungelwano lwezentengo olubanzi [[Foligrac] olufunxala intrakthi yemali exhasa amaqela asekuhlaleni, luze luqinisekise ukunyaniseka kwalo ekutshintshiseni imali yesizwe. EHungary, i-Orbán'sdesz e-Fizs esebenzisa imali ye-EURG, kunye nemeko yelizwe lokuxhasa intabalala ye-ogracs eninzi, kodwa eliye lisebenzisa i-onke i-okn-odem, elingurhulumente elingenamali, elingurhulumente elingurhulumente elingungeneyo.

Ukudodobalisa Umthetho

Umthetho ungumthetho olawula idemokhrasi, kodwa ulawulo oluneentlobo ngeentlobo luyenza ibe buthathaka ukugcina ulawulo. Bakwenza oku hayi ngokuphelisa iinkundla cacileyo − kodwa ngokumisela abalandeli abanyanisekileyo kumabhunga agweba, ngokutshintsha iminyaka yokurhoxa ukuze basuse abagwebi abazimeleyo, ukutshintsha imithetho yezolawulo ukuze bakhusele amatyala anzima, kwaye bengavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho echasene nemfuno yolawulo-mthetho. EPoland, uMthetho neQela (Pisi) lisebenzisa umthetho ukunyanzela ukukhupha abagwebi abakhulu nokufaka endaweni yabo abaxhasi, kuxhobisa ityala elisemgaqweni ne-mgaqweni le-mva ne-European Union. EVenezuela, iNkundla ephakamileyo yayigcwele amaChavez athembekileyo azimisele ukupheka imigaqo emkhosini. Ngexesha elisemthethweni, i-evictive sylctive syl.[4]

Iindlela Zokulungelelanisa: Indlela Iglubrid Regimes Ekuhambeni Kwexesha

Ulawulo olunemichiza eqinileyo alumi ngapha nangapha; lusabela ngamandla kwiingxaki zangaphakathi, kwingcinezelo yangaphandle, nakutshintsho lobugcisa. Ukukwazi ukuvumelana nemeko kusesona sizathu siphambili sokuba abaninzi baphile kangangamashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokutshintshela kwidemokhrasi epheleleyo okanye kwi-octracracy epheleleyo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo

Xa amanani enkcaso efunda ukuqhuba icandelo elinye lokulawula, urhulumente udala amatsha. Emva koqhankqalazo lwaseRashiya luka-2012, imithetho karhulumente eqinileyo kwindibano kawonke-wonke, wasungula intengo "yokulungiselela ukulwa ingcelele," kwaye kwafuneka i-NGO efumana inkxaso-mali yamanye amazwe ukuze ibhalise njenge "izithunywa zelizwe langaphandle" `igama elibhaliweyo nge-Soviet- erera iintsingiselo zokuvukela. EHungary, emva kokuba inkcaso i-yantlukwano ikwazi ukudibanisa ngo-20181818, urhulumente u-Orbán utshintshe imithetho engoomatshini yokulwa ukuze yenze kube nzima kakhulu amaqela amancinane akhuphisana novusele inkqubela yokwahlula inkcathalo. Le nkqubo ye-Soviet-enjini e-tinting ivumela ulawulo oluneyolongo lwe-demo-demo-demokhn

Iindlela Zobuchule

Ulwimi sisixhobo solawulo-mpuluswa. AmaGama asoloko efanelekile ukuba athethelele amanyathelo olawulo-mpumlo. Athetha nge "idemokhrasi ye-odoli elawula i-odokisi" (i-Russia), "i-demokhrasi ye-odolithekhrasi" (iHungary), okanye "idemokhrasi yabantu" (i-Venezuela) ukuphikisa ukuba inkqubo yabo yezolawulo-melo ifanelekile kuhlobo lwaseNtshona, hayi ukuphambuka kuyo. Le diski ichaza abachasi babo njengabaxhathisi bangaphandle okanye njengezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngaloo ndlela idemokhrasi ibangela ukungavumelani ulawulo lwesizwe, xa besithiyamkela ukhuselo lwamalungelo abantu ngokukhethayo.

Ukufuna Umthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ulawulo olunemiqathango luyazi kakuhle imbonakalo yabo phesheya. Abaninzi bafuna ngamandla ukumiselwa kwelizwe lonke ngokuququzelela iingqungquthela, ukudibanisa iintlangano zezizwe, ukusayina izivumelwano, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zoncedo lwamanye amazwe. IRashiya lilungu elisisigxina leBhunga loKhuselo lwe-UN; iHungary iphethe ulawulo olujikelezayo lwe-EUBhunga; i-Turkey lilungu le-NATO. La malungu anika iqhinga: ukugxeka ilungu lelizwe linokubonwa njengokuhlasela kwisakhiwo ngokwaso. I-Regimes ikwahlakulela ulwalamano namanye amazwe e-ibrogin, isebenzisana imisebenzi engcono kwaye inikela ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo kwimibutho ye-Shanglanea Coast Coovation okanye isiXercaine Arentinea (ELC).

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kulawulo Olumaxongo

Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi nkqubo kufuna ukuba ujonge amazwe athile. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibonisa iincano ezahlukahlukeneyo zomthetho oxutyiweyo uze ubalaselise indlela ezinokuguquka ngayo izinto ekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla. (Iinkcazelo ezinxulumene nazo zilungiselelwe ukufundwa okungakumbi.)

ERashiya: Ulawulo - melo Olulawulwayo

ERashiya phantsi kweVladimir Putin mhlawumbi ngumzekelo ofundwa kakhulu wolawulo oluneempumlo. Amaziko edemokhrasi azimeleyo akhona ``aa umgaqo-siseko, ipalamente (iDuma), unyulo oluthe rhoqo lukamongameli (kodwa zonke izinto zilawulwa kakuhle. I-202020 yesiseko somGaqo-siseko siphendu semiqathango yokuzilungisa i-Putin, imvumela ukuba ahlale enegunya de kube ngu-2036. Inkcaso ingxoxoxoxosholo u-ongo-demokhkhthazeko lwamasbe yabanjwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwaye ekugqibeleni yafa kwi-lo; umbutho wakhe wezobupolitika wachazwa ngokuba yingqhinga kwaye awulawulwa yinkqubo epheleleyo; imimandla yezorhwebo yelizwe esasazwayo esasazwayo ngeminye imijelo ephantsi kolawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe, imvume eninzi, imvume eninzi. [F3][3] iziphumo ze-Foffmodem] i-edev.[1] iziphumo ze-off.[1]

IHungary: Ulawulo - melo lwamaNgesi

I-Hungary phantsi kwe-Viktor Orbán iye yaba nguhlobo olubalaseleyo lwedemokhrasi . Ukususela ekulawuleni ngo-2010, iFidesz iphelise ngokulandelelana. Umgaqo-siseko omtsha udluliswe yi-Fidesz'smagerity ephezulu ngaphandle kwegalelo elinentsingiselo lempembelelo. Inkundla yezoburhulumente yahlala kunye nama-antswana anyanisekileyo kwaye yaphelelwa amandla okuhlola uqingqo-mali lwemithetho enxulumene nayo. Umhlaba wolawulo lwamajelo ulawulwa yinkampani ephethe (CEG), kwaye inkcaso yemithetho ephantsi kwe-ekhomputha (e-nga) i-engasayithi i-edenti i-e. Ngokuthe qhosa i-EFoffin, i-erder eninzi kakhulu kwe-e.[12]

ITurkey: Iqela labaququzeleli

I-Turkey phantsi kweRecep Tayyip Erdogan ifaneleka umzekelo we-[FLT: 0] wobuzwilane bobuzwilakhe obudibeneyo. Kwiminyaka, i-AKP yaphumelela unyulo olulandelelanayo ngenkxaso yokwenene, nangona ingenayo, inkxaso ethandwayo. Kodwa emva kokuba u-2016 engaphumelelanga ekubhukuqeni, uErdogan wabanjwa ngamandla, yaye inkcaso yafumana ukhuthuzo lwemi, unyuso lwemiba lwavalwa, yaye unyulo lwezinyulo lwavalwa, kwaye i-jaji ye-jastia lwasuswa kwi-201919. Kodwa ulawulo oluninzi lwe-Rhulumente luhlala lusuka kwi- Turkey luye lwe-ephakallu, lusebenzisa iindlela ezimbalwa zolawulo lolawulo lobuzwilaliso-ndaba olusemthethweni.[3]

EVenezuela: IElectoral Authoritarianism

IVenezuela phantsi kweHugo Chávez yaye kamva iNicolás Maduro ngumzekelo wobuGqinisi bolawulo oluphezulu [[FLT: 0] obuye basetyenziswa ngokuzeleyo kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Ulawulo ekuqaleni lwasebenzisa ukuxhaphaka kwalo ukuphinda lubhale umgaqo-siseko kunye namandla. Ngexesha elilandelayo iBhunga eliPhakamileyo kunye neNational Electoral Council kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. Inkqubano ye-Elverist yaqhubeka, kodwa inkcaso yayingaqiniseki: abaxhasi babengaqiniseki, bakhatywa, yaye ulawulo lwasetyenziswa yi-mentengiselwano, yaye ubutyebi bayo basebenzisa i-oyile ukuthenga ukunyaniseka nokuxhasa. Ngonyaka wama-2018, uMaduro waphinda wabekwa kwakhona kwivoti ekwayinweni ngokubanziswa kakhulu, iinko yoothoba okanye i-ngagosa.[3] Ingxelo ye-DF3, ingaqwalal-opera ye-opera ye-opera ye-opera, ingasahluli, ebanzi, imbono ye-odoliki

Uxanduva lweDemokhrasi nolungelelwano lwehlabathi lonke

Ukuzingisa nokuqhekeka kolawulo oluyimichiza kubangela imiphumo ephawulekayo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kula mazwe nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuphethuka kweDemocratic Normes

Ulawulo lwe-hybrid ludala impembelelo yedemokhrasi ebangela ukuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lusebenze ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Njengoko amanye amazwe ebona ukuba ulawulo lungathabatha unyulo, azibiza ngedemokhrasi, kwaye ekwanjalo abachasi kunye noophengululi bamajelo eendaba, amandla okuziphatha emilinganiselo yedemokhrasi abuthathaka. Oku kukhukuliseka kuyingozi ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla apho ukuvela kolawulo-demokhrasi kujongeka khona kumandla akufuphi kakhulu ukuze kubekho imodemodeli. Unyuko lwe-biaber democracracracy kuMbi neMpuma Yurophu, umzekelo, luye lwakhuthaza utyekelo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezombane kumazwe afana neSerbia, Poland, kwana kumaphondo eBaltic , kwaye namazwe athe athenwabi kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo lwezi projekn luyenzile luye lwarhoxistiki luye lwase.

Iingxaki Kwabasebenzi Bezorhwebo Bezizwe Ngezizwe

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-European Union, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye nentlangano Yokhuseleko ne-Cooperation eYurophu (OSCE) ijongene nengxaki xa iqhubana nolawulo lwe-propati. Ulawulo ngamalungu akwimeko entle kwimibutho emininzi; ukugxotha kuya kufuna imvume-mvume engekhoyo. Ukungalungi kuyenzeka kuba kunzima ukusebenzisa kuba ulawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi lungakho kubungqina bokuthobela. Ukusabela kwe-EUNIA kwi-Hungary nePoland bekuye kwamiswa, kuxhomeke kwiSigqeba 7 sobuxhakamo esingazange sisetyenziswe ngempumelelo. I-United States isoloko igxeka isiRashiya nesi-Venezuela kodwa iyaqhubeka isenza unyuko lwezomthetho. Oku kuphelisa ukuthembeka kwe-demokhrasi. [FLD] [5] [FLT] [1]

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lwe-hybrid lumela enye yezona nkqubela zezobupolitika zibalulekileyo zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. Zibonise amandla angaqhelekanga okusebenzisa nokutshintsha iimpawu zedemokhrasi . . Imithetho yezolawulo, iintlawulo, iinkundla zenkundla. Ngokwangokulondolozwa kolawulo olulawulayo olukhuselayo olulawulayo ekuphenduleni. Ukuzimela kwazo ngokudityaniswa kobuchule bokwenza ulawulo, ulawulo lwezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha, ukhuselo, kunye nokuguqulwa okusemthethweni, konke ngokucokisekileyo ukunqanda ukuxhobisa umva kwasekhaya okanye ukungenelela kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Njengoko umhlaba wonke ukhuphikiswa kakhulu, ukuqonda le mithetho yezolawulo akuyo nje ifunda nje. Kubalulekile ekuxhaseni iindlela zokuxhasa ulawulo loqobo nokukhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokukhusela ukuqhubekela phambili kweenkqubo ezithiyo kodwa nako. Abafundi bamele bakhangele nabafundi abafunda izinto ezichuliweyo ukuba bajongeneyo ngaphandle kobuchule bendlela yokuzigunyazwe ngokubanziswa ngobuchule.