Indima ephambili yoomatiloshe bephondo kwiSizwe

Indlela eya kumongameli ayiqali ngonyulo jikelele. Iqala kwiinyanga zangaphambili kumagumbi okuhlala, kwiiholo zedolophu, kunye neendawo zokuvota kulo lonke ilizwe ngexesha lonyulo oluphambili. Olu khuphiswano lusebenza njengendlela yokuqala apho amaqela ezobupolitika axineneyo asebenza ngayo amaqela anokuxina amagneyi. Abavumi abaphumayo kule gaumntlet bathwala kungekuphela nje amanani amaqela kodwa kwanezifundo, izivumelwano, kunye nemigaqo ephucuthelwe kubushushu bokhuphiko lwe-interracy. Ukuqonda indlela esebenzayo yezakhono zobupolitika kunye nempembelelo yabo enkulu kubafundi belizwe abafuna imbali yezobupolitika kunye nobuchule bokhetho.

Imithetho ingunyulo egcinwe kumazwe ngamanye ukumisela ukuba ngowuphi umvo oza kuthumela umbutho kunyulo jikelele. Noko ke, impembelelo yawo idlulela kude ngaphaya kokhetho. Ukusuka kukhuphiswano lokuqala eIowa nakwiNew Hampshire ukuya kumphathi- ophambili kwiqela eliphambili kuMbindi ophezulu, i-eyeMibindini, nganye ilungisa igalelo logqatso logqatso. Abaphumeleleyo abaphumeleleyo ukufunda ukubhenela kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo ngexesha iqela lokuhamba, uphakamiso, kunye nokulindela okuguqukileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola abakhankanyisi, imbali, kunye neziphumo ze-startimcare, inikeza ukujonga ngokucothayo kwindlela eziqheliso zesizwe ezichaza ngayo ukhetho oluthi ekugqibeleni lujongenelo lwesizwe.

Ziyintoni Iimarike Zelizwe?

Izikhululo zelizwe lunyulo olulungelelaniswe ngoorhulumente belizwe, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ngamaqela ezobupolitika ngokwawo, ukuze bavumele abavoti bachaze ukhetho lwabo lobukho beqela kwisikhundla esinikiweyo. Imithetho elawula ezi zindlu zangaphandle yahluka ngokubanzi ngorhulumente nangeqela, idala inkqubo yokulungisa izinto enokuchaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde ezona ntlobo ziphambili ze-primrimethis nendlela asebenza ngayo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kwisiqobo esivaliweyo, abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe ngeqela elithile lezobupolitika abanokuphosa iibhola kumalungu alo mbutho aphambili. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungu amanye amaqela ekuphembeleleni ukhetho lobunyusi lweqela eliphikisanayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi amasuntswana agcina ingqibelelo yeqela lokwenza izigqibo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini ababonisa iinketho zokwenene zamalungu eqela. Abagxeki, noko ke, baphikisa ukuba amasuntswana avala i-primma ngaphandle komvoti ozimeleyo kwaye banokutyhalela abathathisi kumacala agqithisileyo eqela, ekubeni abavoti-phambili bebonakala bengabagratyani nangaphezulu kunee.

Vula Iindawo

I-primpmages ivumela nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo ukuba athathe inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu lomvoti eliphambili. Ngeli xesha le ndlela inyusa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwaye ithintela ukurhoxiswa kwabavoti abazimeleyo nabangenazo iintambo, iphakamisa ubungozi "bokuvota," apho amalungu elinye iqela akhetha kuqala ukukhetha umchasi obuthathaka ngakumbi. Ekuziphatheni, ukuhlasela kunqabile kodwa kuye kwenzeka kwimilo eshushu. I-Primentars isoloko ixhaswe njengendlela yokufumana iindawo ezilungeleleneyo, njengomvotisi omkhulu othanda ukukhetha imithetho yeqela.

Izixhobo ezivaliweyo nezingenamngxuma

Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa inkqubo evaliweyo ka-2, apho abavoti abangakhutshwanga bangakhetha ukuba babe ngaliphi iqela eliphambili ukuze bavote ngomhla wonyulo, ngeli lixa amalungu abhalisiweyo kufuneka avote kukhuphiswano lwamaqela awo. Ingubo yokuqala .esetyenziswa kakhulu "ngoku esetyenziswa kakhulu kwixa elidlulileyo kwaye ngoku ithathe indawo yenkqubo ephezulu-2 ephambili yeqela, enokuthi ivelise ukudibana konyulo phakathi kwamaqela amabini ajongene, kunye nezikhundla eziphezulu zovoti eziqhubela phambili kunyulo jikelele. Ilifoni neWashington isebenzise isixokelelwano esiphezulu-bini sesiseko sombutho neeofisi ze-ongingqi, ezinokuvelisa ukudibana konyulo jikelele phakathi kwabathathi-abatsha abathathi-kanye, ngokunjalo, kunye nezingenisi ezinomdlamvoti-o-o-o-onke abaphambili bemi belungu beqela elikwindawo enye.

ICaucuuses v. Primeries

Ukongeza kwiprimies, amaphondo ambalwa asasebenzisa iicaucus, ezizintlanganiso zamalungu eqela aphikisanayo kwaye zivote (ngokufuthi zisebenzisa umboniso wezandla okanye ngokuhamba ngokoqobo ukuya kwinxalenye ethile yegumbi. IiCucuuses zigxekwe ngokuba lixesha lokuhlanganisa nokungabi lula, njengoko zifuna abangeni ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwixesha elithile kunalo lonke ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, banikela inkqubo eninzi yokukhulula ingca ekwaziyo ukwakha ihlombekozo. Ii-owa zokuqala-ucluse-luqulus zidlale indima engaphandle ekuculeni umhlaba, nangona umlinganiselo wombuso ungabandakanyekileyo.

Isigqibo phakathi kweprimicari kunye ne-kaucuuse senziwa ngamaqela karhulumente, phantsi kwemithetho yeqela lesizwe. Utyekelo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo belukho kwi-primes, njengoko amazwe efuna ukuba nenxaxheba ephezulu kuvoti kunye nolawulo olulula. Namhlanje, zimbalwa kuphela iindawo eziphethe iingxowa-mali zobumongameli, kwaye ezo zihlala zijongene noxinzelelo lokutshintshela kwi-primmary ukunyusa ukufikelela nokulawula.

Imbali Yokuguquka Kwezinto Zaseburhulumenteni

Inkqubo engundoqo yale mihla yeyokuqala intsha yakutshanje kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane ye-19, abalawuli bakhethwa liqela elincinane leenkokeli kwiindibano zesizwe, "amagumbi azeleyo" apho ulwabo lwabethwa emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Inkqubela-phambili yeminyaka yee1900 yavavanya le nkqubo ephezulu, ixambulisana ngedemokhrasi ethe ngqo kunye nomvoti omkhulu othathela inxaxheba kukhetho lwabaququzeleli.

Isizukulwana Esinenkqubela Nokuvela Kwento Esisiseko

Ukuqala noWisconsin ngo1903, amazwe aqalisa ukwamkela imithetho ecacileyo evumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abalawuli beqela labo kunokuba bashiye isigqibo kubaphathi beqela. Ngo1917, phantse wonke urhulumente wayenohlobo oluthile lwentloko engqalileyo. Noko ke, la magumbi angaphambili ayengasoloko ebotshwa; abathunywa abaninzi beendibano zesizwe babesakhethwa ziikomiti zeqela lamazwe, kwaye amaquarter ayesoloko engahlanganisi "ukhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo" olwanika abaququzeleli benkonzo kawonke-wonke kodwa kungekho bathunywa abaqinisekisiweyo.

Indibano yedemokhrasi yowe - 1968 kunye noHlaziyo lweMcGovern-Fraser

Inkqubo esisiseko ebotshelelwayo yavela emva kweNgqungquthela yesizwe yeDemocratic yowe-1968 eChicago, apho abangezo-mfazwe abathathi-nxaxheba baphulukana notyumbo lwesekela loMongameli uHubert Humphrey nangona baphumelela kakhulu kwivoti ephambili. Abagwebi bangqubana namapolisa, kwaye indibano yajongwa ngokubanzi njengengenamthetho. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kwenani elibotshelelweyo kwi-Mc Govern-Fraser Commission, eyathiyalela ukuba amaqela amazwe akhethe abathunywa ngokweenkqubo ezivulekileyo kunye nefayile yokuvota, kwaye i-injini ye-oswime okanye i-custouse yabasebenzi benkqubo ephambili. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni okuphawulekayo kwinani elibotshelelwayo kwi-Riphabliki, kwalandelana kwi-Riphabliki ye-Skstan, ngokobuninzi bemistrip, abathunywa bemistritan, abathunywa bemistriquququ.

Utshintsho Olulandelayo Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Ukususela ngo-1970, inkqubo engundoqo iqhubeke iguquka. Omabini amaqela atshintshile anika imithetho yokuxhasa abaqhubi okanye ukukhuthaza ulwahlulo. Superdeeleins(ukungakhutshelwa kweendwendwe ezibunjwe zikhokeli zeqela kwaye zinyulwe ngamagosa) athe aziswa nguDemocrats kwii1980 ukunikezela ngovavanyo lwabaququzeleli, nangona bafumana ukugxekwa okukhulu ngo-2016 kwaye ukususela oko banyanzelwa. Unyuko lwangaphambili lwe-posi-in bolotits, kwaye i-in processsss, kunye ne-intanethi yemistice iye yatshintsha indlela abaqalayo abasebenzisana ngayo abavoti-phambili. I-okanye i-okanye i-magnomes brackey yaziwayo ukuba baqhubekele uvavanyo lwangaphambili kwikhalenda, into eyaziwayo njenge "umlayidio-'e-'evation" eshwashwa kancinane, kwaye ithe yancishwane kakhulu kubunzima belizwe abaninzi ngaphambi kokuba i-occotovotoliki.

Indlela Impembelelo Yezaphuli - mthetho Zelizwe

Impembelelo yezikhululo zikarhulumente kubathathi-nxaxheba besizwe ithe ngqo kwaye ijikelele. Ukusukela kwixesha lokungena kogqatso, nasiphi na isigqibo, `ukuthabatha iphulo, yeyiphi imbambano yokugxininisa, indlela yokwabela oovimba(iii) eyakhiwe yikhalenda yokuqala kunye nemithetho elawula ulwabelo.

Ukuzuza Isigidimi

Inkqubo yokuqala isebenza njengenkqubo yokukhetha eyingozi. Abathathi-nxaxheba abangakwaziyo ukufumana intsebenziswano kukhuphiswano lokuqala bakhawuleza baphulukane nothelekelelo lwe-media, ukuqokelela ubuchule, kunye nabasebenzi bephulo. Umfundi ogqiba okwesine okanye okwesihlanu eIowa naseNew Hampshire basenokuzama ukuthethelela ukuhlala elugqatsweni, nokuba banobuchule okanye inkxaso enamandla kwindawo ephambili. Oku kuphembelela isiphumo sesizwe kwiqela elincinane labaphili, ngamnye wabo athi ngoko ufanele afune ukwabelana ngezixhobo ezibonisa ukuba zikho kwilizwe.

Isenzo Nolindelo

Mhlawumbi amandla amakhulu kwixesha lokuqala kukuhambela phambili. Umvotelwa owehlisa ulindelo kukhuphiswano lokuqala . njengoloyiso olumangalisayo lukaBarack Obama eIowa ngo 2008/_uqukumbela unyuso lweminikelo, amatsha - ntliziyo, kunye nentengiso entle. Ngokuchaseneyo, umbangi ongaphantsi kwabenzi bezobugcisa, nokuba baphumelele, angabona amathemba abo ewohloka ukuba umda mngcibi kunokuba kulindelwe. Amanqaku asoloko ebandakanyeka ekulindeleni, ewajongele phantsi ekunciphiseni amathuba awo, aze athi "umdlali" ngokugqiba okwesibini okanye okwesithathu, ukunduluka okulungelelayo okungagcina iphulo labo lihleli lihleli lihleli lide likho ireji yokhetho olulungileyo.

Ubuchule bokukhangela uthunyelelwa

Abathunywa babala ukhuphiswano lwezibalo. Le mithetho inika abathunywa imivuzo ethile, kwaye abatshakazi bafuna uninzi ukukhusela unyuko. Imithetho eyabiweyo iyahluka: ezinye zichaza ukuba abathunywa bafumana i-ethers okanye imigaqo edibeneyo, ngoxa ezinye zisebenzisa uphumeleleyo, imigaqo yemiqathango. Le mithetho inyanzelo ukuba ibala hayi kuphela apho zinokuphumelela khona, kodwa apho zinokukwandisa impumelelo. Umzekelo, kwimo wokuphumelela-meonke, uloyiso oluncinane lunika bonke abathunywa, ngoxa kumbuso wolungelelwaniso, ukulahlekelwa kuka 51% ukuya ku 49% kungavelisa ukhuthumelo oluninzi, ukugcina ukhuphiswano. Ikhanute abathunywa abaqondayo izibalo bangahlala bephila ngokuchasene nomphikisi, abanamandla bekhuphiswano.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Owenzakalisayo Nobuchule Bokwenza

Abaqhubi banyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba banelise isiseko seqela, esibonakala sigqithisele kakhulu kunendlela yokukhetha jikelele. Ukuphumelela ekufakeni unyuso, abatshati-nxaxheba kufuneka bathathe izimo ezinika amandla abaxhasi abangaphakathi/a ngamandla ezisoloko zibatsalela ekunene (kuMaRiphabliki) okanye ekhohlo (kungenxa yeDemocrates). Oku kungenza kube nzima kakhulu kunomngxuma wokunyusa isinyuko ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala lokudubula. Ngoko, abavumi abaphumeleleyo bafunda ukubhadula umyalezo wabo ngaphaya kwendlela yephulo, besebenzisa ixesha lokuqala lokuvavanyanisa kunye nokwandisa umanyano olunokuthi gqolo.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali

I-primparies yelizwe yenza umsinga ozingisileyo weendaba ._debates, uphando, iziphumo , ezigcina abatshayeli bejoni likawonke-wonke. Imisebenzi enamandla ivelisa ingqalelo yamajelo olwazi-lwazi, exabiseke kakhulu kumaphulo oqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo. Imali, kwakhona, ibotshelelwe kwimisebenzi yokuqala; umntu ophumelele kwimigqaba-mali yamandulo ubona unyuko kwimirhumo yemirhumo yemisebe encinane evela kubaxhasi abanamandla. Ngokuphikisana noko, umtya wokulahlekelwa ungakhupha ilahleko enkulu kwaye ukhokelele kwingxaki yokuhamba kwemali. Inkqubo engundoqo enika abatshayo abangayifumaniyo kuphela ivoti kodwa bafumane umsebenzi ophathekayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iintlobano Zocawa Ezaguqula Imicimbi Yesizwe

Ukhuphiswano oluphambili lumbalwa lubonakala njengendawo zokujika kwimbali yezobupolitika yaseMelika, lubonisa amandla onyulo lomgangatho karhulumente ukuguqula ukhuphiswano lwamaphulo onke kwaye kwezinye iimeko, indlela yelizwe.

1960 ENtshona Virginia Democratic Primary: John F. Kennedy

Ngo-1960, uMphathi-mikhosi uJohn F. Kennedy wajamelana nembono yokuba umKatolika wayengenako ukuphumelela kumongameli. Iphulo lakhe lahlasela iNtshona Virginia, urhulumente wamaProtestanti onamandla, ukungqina ukuba unyulo lwakhe lufanelekile. Kennedy wafaka iphulo elikhulu kwilizwe, ebhenela kwaye ebhenela kwivoti kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho kunokuba azazi ukuba luluphi na unqulo. Uloyiso olukhulu kwiNtshona Virginia lwaqhawula umqobo kwaye lwaqinisekisa iqela elingaphakathi ukuba angaphumelela kunyulo jikelele. Lona uqobo wasusa ngokunempumelelo intsimi kwaye walungisa indlela yokungaphumi kwayo kunye nolo lwayokuphumelela kuRichard Nixon. Le meko ibonisa indlela ephambili yokuphelisa ityala nokulungisa okuphambili nokulunga kwelungu eliphambili.

2008 Idemokhrasi: I - Obama v. Clinton

IDemocratic ephambili yowama-208 phakathi kwe-Barack Obama no-Clinton yaba yenye yezona zikhuphiswano kwimbali yanamhlanje. Yanwetshwa kunyaka kaFebruwari kunye noMatshi, kunye no-Clinton ophumeleleyo kumaphondo anjengeKlifornia, Ohio, neTexas, ngelixa i-Obama ixhotyiswa iphumelela eIowa, eMzantsi Carolina, kunye nomtya wecaucus. Olu gqatso lwagqitywa ekugqibeleni ngokuthumela izibalo, nolwakhiwo olungenakulinganiswa namali olukhoyo, kunye nomdlalo onamandla owenziwe ngomhlaba kumazwe amancinane. I-Obama enyanzelelwa ukuba ivel'neneneentlupheketho oluntluneyo kunye nomyalezo wethemba notshintsho oluza kumnyulo jikelele. Kwaye kwabonisa ukubaluleka kolwanobo lwengca nonyuso lweminye imo yemibango yeminye imo yemibango yenqanawa.

Undoqo wonyaka ka-2016: UDonald Trump

Uloyiso lukaDonald Trump kunyaka ka-2016 woMzantsi Carolina ophambili olwenziweyo ngobulumko besizwe. Wathembela kakhulu kwisavedisi-mathematika kunye nomyalezo wepopulist owathi wavakala ngomdla wokuvota abasebenzi beklasi abadidekileyo kwiqela. Trump wazuza umtya wamazwe angaphambili, kuquka iNew Hampshire kunye noMzantsi Carolina, ngemida emikhulu, esebenzisa umxube wemeko ye-metanki, ingxube, kunye necebo lokuphumelela ngobuninzi beendawo kwimimandla edityani. Ubuthathaka obubhenswe kwimithetho yeqela ```kwinner'''' ebhaliswe kuyo yonke imimandla, buye bungasayinwa ngaphandle kokuphumelela uninzi lwe-Vhoverse de kube sekupheleni komncindiswano Yakhe. Akukho mbutho yesizwe, nokhetho lwezonyuko lobuzwekazi eliphambili.

2020 I-Democratic Price: I-South Carolina kaJoe Biden's Ibuya

Ngonyaka wama-2020, iphulo likaJoe Biden labonakala lisekudilikeni emva kokugqiba kwamahlwempu eIowa, New Hampshire, naseNevada. Kodwa, uloyiso lwakhe kwi-South Carolina eyintloko, luxhotyiswe yinkxaso enkulu evela kumntu wase-Afrika, yavuselela ubunyani bakhe. Kwientsuku ezimbalwa, iimbambano eziphakathi zi Pete Buttigieg kunye noAmy Klobuchar zalahlela ngaphandle kwaye zaxhasa iBiden, nto leyo eyamkhokelela kwiliza lokufunxela elamka ehamba ngoLwesibini oluphezulu nakurhoxina. Le meko ibonisa indlela engathi intloko engundoqo ingabuguqula ngayo utshintsho lwezikhundla lonyulo, ingakumbi xa ibonisa isibheno esikhulu kwiqela elibalulekileyo kunyulo jikelele.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Ephambili

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo ephambili kunyulo lwaseMerika, inkqubo ephambili yeli lizwe ijamelana nokugxekwa ngokuzingisileyo ngabaphengululi, abaxhasi, nabahlalutyi bezobupolitika.

Ukudideka Kwezinto Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Abavoti abazimelanga abavalelweyo bakhupha izigidi zabavoti abazimeleyo nababezicaka zesithathu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ekukhetheni inxenye enkulu. Oku kungunobangela okhethekileyo onikwe ukuba malunga nabathathu kwabalishumi abavoti-vote baphawule njengabazimeleyo. Kumaphondo aphezulu avaliweyo, abavoti abanakuthetha nto kubavoti abaza kuvela kwiqela labo jikelele abaza kukhetha, abakhokelela ekuthobeni kwesivumelwano kunye nengqiqo yokungakhutshwa kwemiqathango. Ngaphezu koko, amanani aqikelelwa kwimithetho ye-ID eshwankani, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, okanye iindawo zokuvota eziphazamisayo azinako ukucinezela inxaxheba phakathi kwabambalwa nabangenayo abantu abambalwa, ukutsala umvoti-phambili, abaphezulu, abatyebileyo, nabaninzi abavotiweyo.

Impembelelo yokulayishwa kwangaphambili kunye nokudilika

Inkqubo yangoku inika impembelelo enikezelweyo kwinani elincinane lamazwe angaphambili, ingakumbi iIowa kunye neNew Hampshire. La maphondo amhlophe kakhulu, asemaphandleni, kwaye angameliyo ngokobuninzi besizwe. Amarhamente kufuneka achithe iinyanga ezithandanayo nabavoti kula mazwe, ngokufuthi amkela imigaqo-nkqubo okanye izikhundla ezilungiselelwe ukutshintsha kwemeko-bume enokuba zingavakali ngokwesizwe. Oku kubekwa phambili kwekhalenda kuthetha ukuba abaninzi abavoti kwilizwe kamva bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo, kuquka namazwe amaninzi afana neKhalifoniya neTexas. Iingxoxo zotshintsho, ezifana nenkqubo yengingqi yelizwe elihamba phambili okanye eyokuqala, zizimisele ukufikelela kwincoko yamazwe akhoyo kodwa zizuze itrato encinane ngenxa yezopolitiko kunye nezithakazeko.

Ukuhlahlela nokukhupha

Ngenxa yokuba abanyuli abaphambili bagqithisele kakhulu ngokweengcamango kunendlela yokukhetha jikelele, abatshayeli ababhenela kwisiseko abafumana izikhundla ezikufutshane novoti. Oku kungakhokelela ekufunyanisweni kwabathathi-nxaxheba abangekho enyatheloni nolukhulu, ukuphazamisa amathuba eqela kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Le ngxaki ibhengezwa ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo nakumazwe apho unyulo olungundoqo luphela kokhuphiswano. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba ukuvula amabala okanye ukuvota okubekwa ngamanani aphantsi komdla ngokukhuthaza abangeni ekubhexeleni kwisikhululo, kodwa aba bantu bajongenezo ezi inguqulelo zisuka kwimibutho ekhetha unyulo olukhethe unyusodwa ngokungaqhelekanga.

Indima Yemali

I-Primential primes zibiza kakhulu, kwaye abatshayeli abangakwaziyo ukunyusa iimali ezininzi kwangoko badla ngokunyanzeliswa ngaphambi kokuba kujulwe amavoti okuqala. Impembelelo yabanikeli abazizityebi kunye nee-PACs ezinkulu ingayivala inkqubo yokufikelela kumaqumrhu afakelwe imali, kunokuba ibe yileyo enenkxaso ebanzi. Ukunyuka kwemali encinane ye-i-inthanethi ye-intanethi eqokelela imali etshintshayo (njengoko kubonwa noBernie Sanders ngo-2016 nango-2020) kusenemali yenkxaso yezehlolo, kodwa uncedo lusekho nabaphindiweyo abanokuvelisa ixesha elineentsholongwane negama elidumileyo kwasekuqaleni komjikelezo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukugxininisa kwintlawulo lwemali ephambili kunye nezikhuthazwe phantsi kwe-ookanye abafanele ukungena kulo mntlalo.

Imithetho Entsonkothileyo Netshintsha-tshintshayo

Udityaniso lwemithetho karhulumente kunye nemithetho yeqela ekufuneka isetyenziswe yi-byrinth. Ukwabiwa kwabathunywa kuyahluka kwiimeko ezingaphaya, njengokuba kunjalo ngemiqathango yokuvota, iiyure zokuvota, kunye neemfuno zokuthabatha inxaxheba. Oku kuntsonkotha kungadida abavoti kwaye kubangele amathuba okusebenzisa iqhinga. Umzekelo, iphulo lingakhuthaza abaxhasi ukuba babhalise neqela kwingingqi yezo zelizwe elivaliweyo kwiinyanga eziphambili ezingaphambili, ngoxa kumazwe avulekileyo, bangakhuthaza ukunqumla uvota. Ukungabi nako komvoti omnye, ivoti kwaye bangakhokelela ekubonakaliseni iziphumo ezibonisa ukuthanda kweqela elipheleleyo.

Izindululo Zotshintsho: Ngakwinkqubo elungileyo neyomntu

Ngenxa yokugxekwa okudala kusenziwa, abaphengululi, amagosa onyulo namaqela okulawula amaqela asekuhlaleni aye aphucula indlela enziwe ngayo le nkqubo.

Imini yentsusa yesiZwe

Enye ingcamango kukuthatha indawo yekhalenda yesizwe ngenkangeleko yelizwe elinye, apho onke amaphondo azakuthatha ukhuphiswano lwawo ngaxeshanye. Oku kungaphelisa ukulayisha phambili kwaye kunike wonke umvoti ilizwi elilinganayo kunyuso. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ingaba luncedo kubaqhubi abambalwa abangenazo izibonelelo zokulwa qhothoza ngaxesha linye kulo lonke ilizwe, befuna ngokunempumelelo imali eninzi ukukhuphisana. Oku kunganciphisa amathuba okukhuphiswa kweengca zephulo zengca nolu "Retaltial jolity jolity jolise" okuthiwayo ngoku.

Ukutshintsha Iindawo Zonxibelelwano

Phantsi kwenkqubo engundoqo yengingqi, ilizwe liya kwahlulwa libe yimimandla emininzi yelizwe, kwaye ummandla ngamnye uzakuvota ngolungelelwano olujikelezayo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine. Oku kungaqinisekisa ukuba akukho mmandla okanye qela lamazwe elilawula ngokungaguqukiyo. Imibutho yesizwe ingacwangcisa imimandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanani ahlukeneyo kunye nemibandela kwisigaba ngasinye senkqubo. Esi sicelo sivunywe ngamaqela omabini kumaxesha ahlukeneyo kodwa asiphumelelanga ukufumana uqhubelo lwemithetho ngenxa yokuchasana namazwe akhoyo ngoku.

Vula iiPristars kunye neeNkqubo ezimbini eziPhezulu

Ukwandisa ama-primries avulekileyo okanye ukwamkela iinkqubo eziphambili ezimbini eziphezulu kuzo zonke iindawo zinokunyusa inxaxheba ngezizimeleyo kwaye zinokubonakalisa ukuziphatha okuthelekelelwayo. Kuphezulu-kabili, bonke abavoti bavela kukhetho olunye, kwaye abatshayeli aphezulu ababini baqhubekele phambili kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banxulumene namaqela. Le nkqubo ifumene ukhuphiswano kunyulo oluthe lwandiswa kwiKhalifoniya naseWashington kwaye ikhokelele kunyulo jikelele olunokhuphiswano kwaye inciphisa ukwenziwa kwe-petrolication kwezinye ii-pali. Kodwa, ijongene nokugxekwa kolawulo lweqela kwaye inciphisa ukhetho oluqhelekileyo kunyulo oluqhelekileyo ukuba omabini amaqela ogqibelela amaqela asuka kwiqela amaqela amaqela anjalo.

Ukujija okuzinzileyo

Uvota olunechokosi elikhutshiwe (RCV) luvumela abavoti ukuba banciphise imfuneko yabanyulwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokokhetho. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala yechoce, umvoti wokugqibela ucinywa, kwaye amavoti asasazwa kwinkokhelo elandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umvoti-nxaxheba afikelele kuninzi lwabachongi. RCV iyakwazi ukunciphisa imfuneko yonyulo olwahlukileyo (njengoko kuMaine nase Alaska, apho lusetyenziswa khona kwimivote yombini nenkomfazelo jikelele) kwaye lungakhuthaza abavoti ukuba bakhe imidibaniso ebanzi. Abachani baphikisayo ukuba iRCV iyadida i-vocity yento ephambili yokuphanga, kodwa izifundo zicebisa ukuba ukuqonda nokusetyenziswa kokhetho.

Izixhobo Ezisetyenziswayo

Ibone igalelo elisezantsi lenani kunye nemiqobo enxulumene ne-caucuses, abaxhasi abaninzi botshintsho bacela ukuba bathatyathelwe indawo ngokupheleleyo zii-run-run primies. Amazwe amaninzi sele eyenzile le nguqu, ecaphula imfuneko yokufumaneka okungakumbi nokungavakali. Umzekelo, i-Iowa Democratic Partition, itshintshiwe ukusuka kwi-caucus kwi-i-equatriages ephambili yo-2024, ilandela iingxaki zobugcisa nokugxeka ngo-202020. Ukukhupha i-kauccus kungenza inkqubo ibe ngumlinganiso kwaye kunciphenezele impembelelo yabaxhasi abakwazi ukuchitha iiyure kwintlanganiso, kodwa kwakhona izakunciphisa i-delibaratic, ukwakhiwa kwelungu loluntu, ukukhuthaza ezinye iimpahla zobucus.

Isiphelo

Unyulo oluphambili lwemeko lungaphezulu kakhulu kunolwandulela lokhuphiswano lobungangamsha. Ziyinkqubo enamandla nedla ngokuphixana esetyenziswa ngabahluzi, ukumila, kwaye zinyusa abatshayeli ngeendlela zokuvala unyulo jikelele nangaphaya. Ukusuka kuhlobo lweziqu (ezivaliweyo, ezivulekileyo, eziphezulu, eziphezulu-eziphezulu) ukuya kunika izithuba zemithetho, zonke iimpembelelo ezikhoyo abathathi nxaxheba abayamkelayo ezilawulayo, ezithi zilawule, eziphi na ezo zivoti ziviweyo. Ukuqonda iingcinga-nkqubo kunye nendaleko yembali yabalawuli abaxhobi bezifundo kunye nabafundi ngezixhobo zokuhlalutya ubuchule kunye neziphumo zonyulo.

Inkqubo esisiseko ihlala ingumsebenzi oqhubekayo, ucetyiswa yimiba yokusesikweni, inxaxheba, kunye nomelo. Njengoko ilizwe likhula lahluka-hlukene kwaye abanyuli besanda kwaye uxinzelelo lotshintsho luza kwanda. Nokuba ngokhetho olukwiziko eliphantsi, ngokujikeleza kwemida, okanye ngokuvula iiplagi, iinguqu kwinkqubo yangoku zinokuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-unminees/ kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoomongameli. Ngoku indlela eya kwiNdlu-White isehamba ngamazwe angamashumi amahlanu, nganye ngemithetho yayo, uvota-wodwa, nobuchule bayo bokubumba ikamva lekamva laseMelika. Ukuqhubana kule nkqubo, zombini njengo-Rokita nooFravice kunye nanga abanolwazi, kuyimfuneko kwimpilo yommeli we-demodekhrasi.

Imithombo yokufundwa okuqhubekayo: [[FLT]] Iziko lophando – unyulo; Brooking Information – Equalitions; [FLT][FLT]]... FURENT Evolution [; Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeGagislatures – EProsolutions zezwe