Ubume bezobupolitika eUnited States bubunjwe ngokusisiseko yinkqubo ephambili yonyulo, inkqubo emisela ukuba ngoobani abaza kumela amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika kunyulo jikelele. Ngelixesha unyulo ngokubanzi lubamba ingqalelo yohlanga, amagumbi okulawula asoloko egqiba ezona zibalulekileyo zibalulekileyo: ukuba ngubani ofumana ibhaso. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ipromodeli, indaleko yawo, kunye neziphumo zawo ezifikelela kude ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukufikelela kwimpembelelo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Imvelaphi Nenkqubo Esisiseko Yenkqubo Yenkqubo Yenkqubo

Inkqubo engundoqo yeziko lenjongo zale mihla ayizange ivele ngethuba elinye. Kwinkulungwane ye-19, iinkokeli zeqela, zidla ngokudibana kwi "amagumbi agcwalisiweyo," abanyulwa kwiindibano kunye nezinyusi. Le nkqubo yayiyingqindilili kwaye ilawulwa ngoomatshini bezobupolitika. INkathi ehamba phambili yazisa iimfuno zobumi obukhulu, ezikhokelela ekuqaliseni kwe-pritary ngqo. IBhunga lokuqala elisemgqeba liqulukileyo lamiswa eWisconsin ngo1903, lixhaswa yiRhuluneli uRobert Follette. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka engamashumi amaninzi, amaphondo amkelekileyo, nangona aye asetyenziswa kakhulu de kube ngo-1970 inkqubo yenkqubo yamazwe yaziwayo. I-Genver-Fraser, eyasungulwa emva kweNgqungqungqu ye-DemocrayoMganozwezwelo-1968, iqhutyelwa yinkqubo ye-demo-om, ekhumpyusa iziphumo eziphambili zenkqubo yale mihla yanamhlanje.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Ekuguquleni

  • 1903: Wisconsin imisela umthetho wokuqala ojoliswe ngqo kumazwe.
  • 1910s-1920s: Uninzi lwamazwe lwamkela uhlobo oluthile lweziqalelo zelizwe nee-ofisi zobulali.
  • [[FLT: 0] 1972: Iqela ledemokhrasi lisebenzisa iMicGavern-Fraser Commission, ukwandisa inani leprimens ngaphezulu kwecucuses.
  • 2000s:[ Iimeko ezininzi zishukuma kwi Primpories yangaphambili (umthwalo wangaphambili) ukwandisa impembelelo.
  • 2020:[ uvavanyo lwaseUnited States ngeposi ephumayo kwaye yandisa ukuvota kwangoko ngenxa yesifo esingubhubhani.

Ezi nguqulelo ziye zabangela ukuba iindawo eziphambili zifumaneke ngakumbi kodwa kwakhona zavelisa iindidi ezintsha ezintsonkothileyo, ezinjengokubakho kwexesha elibalulekileyo lokhuphiswano nendima yeedelegens.

Ubuchule Bokhetho Oluphambili

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubanjwe phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha oovimba bokunyulwa jikelele. Noko ke, imithetho yahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokorhulumente, idala inkqubo edityanisiweyo enokudida abavoti neziphumo zokuma. Ukuqonda aba bakhandi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolisiseni indlela ipropati eziphembelela ngayo imekobume yezobupolitika ebanzi.

Iintlobo Zeecawa: Ukuwohloka Okunenkcukacha

Ukwahlulwa koonobumba abaphezulu kuxhomekeka kakhulu kubani ovunyelwayo ukuvota. Uhlobo ngalunye luthwala iziphumo ezicacileyo ezicwangcisiweyo zabathathi-nxaxheba namaqela.

  • I-Primediedie evaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kwintloko-phambili yeqela lawo. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukunyaniseka kweqela kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ngabalawuli ababodwa kuphela ababotshelelweyo bakhetha i-amunee. Abagxeki bayiphikisa ukuba ayifuni buqu kwaye yenza buthathaka isibheno seqela ekungangeni kwivoti.
  • Ivula iiPRIST: Ivoters zingakhetha ukuba yeyiphi eyona iphambili yeqela ukuba nenxaxheba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngababhalisayo. Oku kunokukhokelela "kuvota," apho amalungu elinye iqela aphembelela ngokucwangcisiweyo omnye umbutho. Abaxhasi bathi inyusa inxaxheba kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abaphakathi.
  • Semi-Valed Primeries: Amalungu eqela abhalisweyo kunye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangathabatha inxaxheba, kodwa amalungu amanye amaqela ayasuswa. Olu lungelelaniso lulawula iqela ngokulula ukuya ngokukhululekileyo kwinkululeko.
  • Amacala amabini Aphezulu (okanye Phezulu-Mountain): Bonke abavotelwa bakhuphisana kwivoti enye, kwaye isibini esiphezulu se-vote siphumele phambili kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Isetyenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, nase Alaska, le nkqubo ijolise ukunciphisa i-R39 ocantium ngokunyanzelisa abaqhubi ukuba babhenele kunyulo olubanzi. I-"jungle" udidi olusetyenziswa eLouisiana.
  • Blanket Primitary (Icandelo Elingamiselwanga):[ ngaphambili elisetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe, lavumela abavoti ukuba bavote nabani na umvotelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphi na umbutho, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabagweba ngokungavumelaniyo namalungelo eqela iCalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones[ [2000]) njengokwaphula amalungelo ombutho.

Iindlela Zokwahlula Indawo

Ngapha koko bavota, indlela abavota ngayo abathunywa bacetyiswa. Abanye bathi abameli abafumana imvume ngokulinganayo ngokubhekiselele kulwahlulo lwevoti, ngelixesha abanye besebenzisa umvuzo- zonke iinkqubo. Umzekelo, kwiRiphabliki, amazwe amaninzi anikezela abathunywa ngomlinganiselo, ngelixa uDemocrats enenkqubo efunekayo yolungelelwaniso ngomqobo omncinane. Le mithetho ichaphazela indlela umphambili oziqokelela ngokukhawuleza ngayo izininzi kwaye ukuba zide kangakanani iinja eziphantsi kwempumlo ezinokuhlala ziphila.

Indima Yamatyala Ekudibaniseni Ukuba Ngumntu Othile

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho azibhekisi nje ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba; ziinqanaba apho amaqela amaqela eqela akhuphisana khona ukuze alawule iingcamango. Inkqubo yokuqala inokutsalela iqela kwisiseko salo okanye kwisiko, kuxhomekeka kwimithetho nakunyulo.

Ukukhetha Okuthe ngqo Nokubeka Indawo

Kwizilawuli ezivaliweyo, abavoti badla ngokugqithisa ngokweengcamango kunabo bonke abavoti . Ngokufuthi babizwa ngokuba yingxaki "yokhetho oluqhelekileyo". Abanyuli bangamkela iindawo eziqinileyo ukuze bafumane inkxaso yabaxhasi abaphambili. Oku kungaphumela ekubeni ii-minenes ezingahambelaniyo nonyulo olubanzi, into eyaziwa ngokuba "lunyulo ngentloko" umzekelo, kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo, intloko yeendawo ezisoloko ingunyulo oluphela lunyulo olukhuphiswano, olukhokelela kwabaququzeleli abalungiselela isiseko sonyulo kunesiko esiphakathi.

Umanyano Lwamaqela Nengozi Yokufa

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zinokuba ngamanyanisayo okanye zahlulayo. Ilixa lokuqala linokunika isiseko amandla lize libangele ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, kodwa kwakhona lisenokubhenca iintanda ezinzulu. Emva koko, inyani ebuhlungu isenokungakuthandi ukuxhasa umtyunjwa, ichaphazela ukuqokelela nokuvula intlawulo. Iintlabathi zizama ukumelana noku ngokunconywa, iziganeko zomanyano, kunye nokuvunywa kweqonga. Uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika njengoJohn Sidens noLynn Vavreck lubonisa ukuba icandelo elikhulu alisoloko liyonakalisa unyulo jikelele, kodwa linokuvelisa izinto ezinokuchaphaza xa ukuqhekeka kungaphiliswa.

Ubungqina nokubuya

Oombayimbayi ngokwembali ngokwembali banonyulo oluphantsi kunyulo oluqhelekileyo qho phantse malunga nama-20-30% abavoti abafanelekileyo kwi-presidential Primes. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba ephantsi kunika impembelelo engathethekiyo kwimpembelelo exhokonxiweyo, ngokufuthi eqhutywa ngengqiqo. Imigudu yokwandisa ukurhoxa okuphambili, njengokubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukuvota, kunye nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo, kungakwandisa unyuso oluzikhethelo kwaye luvelise ii-mineno-ethetho ezithe kratya. Impembelelo yokujika kwiziphumo yingxoxo eqhubekayo, kodwa abaxhasi abaninzi ababhexekileyo baphikisa ukuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba kolawulo oluphezulu kolawulo-demokhrasi.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Amandulo Neyokushumayela

Ikhalenda yeprimetics yenza ukhuphiswano olunamandla apho ukhuphiswano lokuqala — ingakumbi iIowa, iNew Hampshire, iNevada, kunye noMzantsi Carolina(wield impembelelo esusiweyo. Abasebenzi abasebenza kakuhle kula mazwe badla ngokufumana amandla aqhubela phambili kukhuphiswano lwamva.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Phambi kokuba kuvotelwe umnye, abatshati-nxaxheba bakhuphisana "ngegama elingabonakaliyo elingundoqo" ```abalawuli'''." ulwamkelo lwegama lokwakha, ukukhusela ukuxhasa, nokunyusa imali. Ukukhutshwa kwamajelo oqhagamshelwano kunye namanani okuvota kumaphondo amandulo kuchaphazela ukuvuma ukunikela. I-FEC inikela ngengxelo yokuba amaphulo aphambili adla ngokunyusa amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi, ngesabelo esikhulu esichithwa kumazwe angaphambili kwizibhengezo, abasebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yasemhlabeni. Ukungaphumeleli ukudibana nengxowa yebhedreji ebhanki kunokunyanzela abatshati baphume phambi kokuba abavoci boovoti abakhulu bafumane ithuba.

Ukulayishwa kwangaphambili nokuSuper Ulwesibini

Ukunyusa impembelelo yazo, uninzi lwamazwe lushukumise amabala awo akwimihla yangaphambili, utyekelo olwaziwayo njengomthwalo ophambili. Oku kuxinzelela ikhalenda kwaye kungenza "indawo yokulayisha iwayini-inyani" esebenzayo kusemgceni. Isibini, uLwesibini ekuqaleni kweMatshi xa imimandla emininzi ifaka i-listraries, ngoku iquka i-Texas, kunye nezinye ezininzi, zigqibe ngoku ngokuphumelelayo ukucingela umtyunjwa ophambili kwimijikelo emininzi. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukula phambili kunciphisa amathuba okuba bangenisi ababazi abancinane ukwakha unyuso kwaye banika uncedo olukhulu kunonolwazi oluphambili oluphambili.

IMiba eBalulekileyo kunye neMaphu ye-Electoral

Izaphuli-mthetho azikho kwindawo engenamntu; zibunjwa zizithethe zezobupolitika zengingqi, amanani abantu nezinto eziza kuqala.

KwiMidwest, ukhuphiswano lokuqala eIowa naseMichigan lugxininisa inkqubo yokulima, urhwebo, kunye nemisebenzi yokwenza. KuMzantsi, kuMzantsi Carolina nase Georgia kugxininisa abavoti abangamaKristu kunye nemisebenzi yobuhlanga. ENtshona, kujoliswe kumsebenzi onzima, wokufuduka, kunye namazwe kawonke-wonke. Olu tshintsho lwengingqi lugxininisa ekuveliseni izikhundla ezingafaniyo kwaye lungatyhila ubuthathaka. Umzekelo, umntu osebenza ngokungekho mgangathweni eMzantsi Carolina angazama ukubhenela kwi-bhentso elungelela kwisizwe, ngoxa umxhasi ongayihoyiyo iNtshona engayifumani imbono entle.

Impembelelo kwiqhinga lokhetho jikelele

Imaphu eyintloko ikwazisa ubuchule bonyulo jikelele. Inkamkelo yakha ugcino-lwazi kwizinto ezikhethwa ngumvoti, uvavanyo lokuthumela imiyalezo, kunye nokwazi imimandla ejinga-jinga. Umzekelo, umbhexeshi ophumelele ngokufaka isicelo kubavoti basemakhaya eIowa angalithwala elo cebo kunyulo jikelele kwimimandla yedabi njengePennsylvania okanye iWisconsin. Ngokuchasene noko, umvotesi oxhomekeke kwigosa lasedolophini eKhalifonini kungafuneka alungelelanise imimandla eyahlukileyo yabavoti abakhethiweyo ngoNovemba.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Ephambili

Nangona ifuna ulawulo - melo, inkqubo ephambili ijongene nokugxekwa okuphawulekayo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuhloleni izicelo zotshintsho.

Ujikelezo olusezantsi nolungaguquguqukiyo

Ujikelezo oluphambili lusoloko lujongwa kumntu omdala, otyebileyo, ofundileyo, nokhetha kakhulu. Ngokwe Iziko lophando lomongameli , igophe eliphambili lomongameli liphuphume phantse ngama-30% abavoti abafanelekileyo kwiminyaka yokhuphiswano, ephantsi kakhulu kunonyulo-wonke-wonke 60-6%. Oku kungavelisa ii-mineengamela iqela elibanzi, ingasaphathwanga ngomkhethe jikelele.

Imali Kwizinto Eziphathekayo

Ixabiso lokuqhuba iphulo lokuqala liqhushumbisiwe. Ngokuphela kwenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kunye nokunyuka kwe-PACs eziphezulu, abatshate basoloko bexhomekeke kwizityebi nakumaqela angaphandle. IKhomishini yoPhuhliso yeFomatil inkcazo], kodwa impembelelo yeminikelo engenamiqathango inyusa inkxalabo yokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba banoxanduva kusini na kwimiba enciphilekileyo kunokuba bavoti. Ngo-202020, ixesha eliphambili lomongameli labona ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingamawaka ezingamawaka amahlanu [iizigidi zezigidi zemali, kunye neqaqonga elilawula iminikelo.

Iipolitiki Ezidala Uqheko Nephulo Elibi

Ngenxa yokuba amaprimite avuza iiyantlukwano ezibukhali, abatshate basoloko behlaselana ngamandla, beshiya umonakalo ohlala uhleli. Izibhengezo ezingalunganga ezinomoya obhudlayo ngexesha lokusebenza kwabantwana zingachaza abachasi ngeendlela ezibenzakalayo kunyulo ngokubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, intshukumisa yokulungiselela isiseko inganyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba kwizithuba ezigqithisileyo ekunzima ukuzibuyisa. Ukuba umbhexeshi uthatha inyathelo eliqinileyo kwimbambano ```ekukufuduka okanye ukuhlawulwa kwerhafuthelo'.)

Ingxaki "yeeSeats" neMidlalo eNgaphikiswanga

Kwizithili ezininzi zombutho, elinye iqela lilawula kangangokuba unyulo jikelele luyisiphelo esithe ngqo. Kwezi meko, eyona iphambili lunyulo lokwenene( kwaye rhoqo, lincinane kakhulu igazu levoti elinenxaxheba. iBallopedia data [[[FLT: 1]] ibonisa ukuba kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-indawo yemithetho elawulayo ayivavanywanga, intsingiselo yentlalo akukho mngeni kwaye iphumele kwimijaho esebenzayo ngaphandle kwegalelo naliphi na igalelo lomvoti. Oku kukhuphi na ukhuphi na ukhuphi na ukhuphi na.

Izindululo Zotshintsho Nekamva Labamangali

Ngenxa yezi ngcebiso, abaphengululi nabaxhasi baye bacebisa ukuba kubekho utshintsho olwahlukahlukeneyo.

Iindleko Ezingathathi Nto

Inkqubo ephambili eneziqalelo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa eKhalifoniya nase Washington lunye utshintsho oluphelisa amaqela acacileyo. Endaweni yoko, bonke abatshayeli bavela kwibhola enye, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesibini inkqubela phambili. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku bakhuthaza ubungcathu, ekubeni abavumi kufuneka babhenele ngaphaya kwemigca yonyulo jikelele. Uvavanyo lwe Brennan Center yeJaji [ ibonisa ukuba unyulo oluphezulu-2-Primprammals lunganyusa unyulo jikelele olukhuphisanayo, nangona abagxeki benokubona ukuba bangaba neziphumo zokukhupha izithuba ezidityaniswe kwiqela elincinane.

I-Rankice-Choice Voing (RCV) kwi-Primers

I-Alaska neMaine ziye zaqalisa i-RCV ye-princillaries, apho abavoti bafumana abathathi-nxaxheba ngokokhetho. Ukuba akukho mvoti wamkela uninzi, abatshatiweyo abaphantsi barhoxisiwe, kwaye amavoti athe athenjiswa. Abaxhasi bakholelwa ukuba i-RCV inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga kwaye abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso ebanzi. Ngo-20222, i-Alaska isebenzise unyulo oluphezulu-4 olulandelwa lunyulo-RCV jikelele, ivelisa iziphumo ezingaphezulu ze-pesentilisi.

Usuku lwentsusa yesizwe okanye ukujikeleziswa kwengingqi

Ukuthetha ngamandla angenakulinganiswa nanto karhulumente wamandulo, abanye bacebisa usuku oluyintloko apho onke amatyala evota ngexesha elinye. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kujijekezwe indlela yolawulo ngalunye ukwenzela ukuba imimandla eyahlukeneyo ibe nethuba lokukhokela. Utshintsho olunjalo lufuna inyathelo lombutho, elinzima kwezobupolitika elinikwayo elingenelwayo kwinkqubo yangoku.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Ekwandileyo

Utshintsho olufana nokubhaliswa kovoti ngokuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, nokubamba amagumbi okuvota ngeempelaveki okanye njengokuba iiholide zinokunyusa ukurhoxa. Amazwe afana noColorado no-Oregon aye abona ukunyuka komphambili wokuvota ngeposi. Noko ke, ukujika akulingani kakhulu ngeqela labemi, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba utshintsho lokwakha lodwa lunganelanga.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Koocaka

Iinguqu zale nkqubo zingaphezulu kakhulu kunenyathelo lobugcisa kwinkqubo yokukhetha . zizinto ezisetyenziswa njengeqela eliphucukileyo, abatshakazi abavavanywayo, kwaye ucwangciso lwezopolitiko lubunjwe. Ukusuka kwiXesha leNkqubela ukuya kwingxoxo yangoku ephezulu-iiprimiaries, indaleko yale nkqubo ibonakalisa inkxwaleko eqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lweqela kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi lwengca. Ngelixesha ukugxekwa kokurhoxa-bhabha okusezantsi, impembelelo yemali, kunye nokurhoxabela kusebenza, inkqubo yokuqala ihlala ikho ngezixhobo ezingundoqo ezinokuphenjelelwa ngazo i-Riphabliki. Njengoko iUnited States iqhubeka izama ukumelana nolwahlulo oluphezulu nolwelwe yidemo-demokhrasi, ukuqonda nokuphuculwamayela i-demokhrasi kuyimfuneko kwimpilo ye-Riphabliki.