Ukwazisa: Isiseko Senyaniso Engokwasemthethweni

Ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwiinkundla kungunobangela ophambili wayo nayiphi na inkqubo esemthethweni esebenzayo. Iinkundla azigwebi amatyala asekelwe kwintelekelelo, iimvakalelo, okanye kwithuku; zigqiba ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezingqinwa ngokusuka kubungqina obungenakukhanyelwa. Umthetho wobungqina umisela oko ijaji okanye ijaji egwebayo inokukuqwalasela xa igqiba ukuba lityala, ityala, okanye amalungelo. Olu khokelo lunikela uhlolisiso oluneenkcukacha ngendlela obusetyenziswa ngayo kwiinkundla, ukugqubuthela iindidi zobungqina, imilinganiselo engqongqo elawula ukuvunywa kwayo, imithwalo yesiqinisekiso sokuba izigqibo zokhokelo, kunye nocelomngeni olusebenzayo xa kunikelwa ubungqina. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kwizifundiswa zezomthetho, iingcaphephe, nabani nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela enikelwa ngayo isigwebo.

Iindidi Zobungqina Kwinkqubela Engokwasemthethweni

Ubungqina bufumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi, nganye inemithetho yayo neenjongo. Imithetho yoManyano yoBufakazi kunye nemithetho karhulumente yokwahlula-hlula imigaqo yombuso ngokweendidi ezibanzi. Ukwazi ezi ntlobo kunceda abachopheli-zicaka bagqibe indlela yokungqina imeko yabo kwaye bancede abachopheli-tyala baqonde oko bakubonileyo okanye abakuvayo.

Ubungqina Obuphathekayo

Ubungqina obuphathekayo, obudla ngokubizwa ngokuba bubungqina bokwenene, bunento eyenzekayo kwiziganeko ezikhoyo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka isixhobo sokubulala, isivumelwano esityikityiweyo, iimpahla zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye iisampuli ze-DNA. Ubungqina bokoqobo bunamandla kuba abachopheli bejaji bayakwazi ukubona nokuchukumisa. Noko ke, kufuneka i-Query ibonise ukuba le nto yile nto ithetha ukuba yiyo. Ubungqina budla ngokuthi kufuneka ubungqina obungaboniyo le nto kwaye bungqinelane umxokelelwano wayo wokugcina umntwana.

Ubungqina Obungqinelanayo

Ubungqina obuvavanya ubuninzi bobungqina obuqhelekileyo. Buquka iintetho ezifungelwe ngamangqina enkundleni. AmaNgqina angangqina ngoko akubonayo, akuvayo, okanye akunamava. Uvavanyo olungqalileyo luvumela iqela ukuba lifumane ubungqina obulungileyo, ngelixa ukuvavanya ukuthembeka nogcino-lwazi. Ukuthembeka kobungqina kusoloko kusemcimbisweni; abalawuli bayalelwa ukuba bavavanye izinto ezinjengembonakalo, ikhethe, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwamangqina.

Ubungqina Obubhaliweyo

Ubungqina obubhaliweyo okanye oburekhodiweyo buquka nayiphi na into ebhaliweyo okanye erekhodiweyo enikezelwa ukungqina inyaniso. Ii-imeyili, ii-ofisi zezentlalo, iingxelo zezezentlalo, iingxelo zezamayeza, kunye namapolisa zonke ziwela kweli candelo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinto eziphathekayo, amaxwebhu afuna ubungqina obungakumbi. Ngokungafaniyo nobokubhaliweyo. Ngokunjalo, uxwebhu lufuna ubungqina obungakumbi njengobungqina bokubhala okanye uxwebhu lwentengiselwano. Umthetho obona bulungileyo ufuna uxwebhu lwantlandlolo, ngaphandle kokuba ikopi igwetyelwe phantsi komahluko.

Ubungqina Obubonisayo

Ubungqina bokubonakalisa bunceda abachopheli-tyala baqonde obunye ubungqina. Buquka iitshati, iimizobo, iimaphu, oopopayi, kunye neemfaniso zekhompyutha. Olu hlobo lobungqina alubo ubungqina obungqina into; kunoko, lubonisa okanye lushwankathelise ubungqina bokwenene okanye ubungqina. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ubungqina obubonisa isalathisi buchanile kwaye hayi obungacaciswanga kakuhle. Umzekelo, ukuboniswa komfanekiso wokungqubana kwenqwelo-mafutha kunamandla kodwa kungalahlekisa ukuba iqulethe iintelekelelo ezingaxhaswanga bubungqina obuboqobo.

Ubungqina Obubalulekileyo

Ngelixesha lungelulo udidi olwahlukileyo kwimithetho, ubungqina obudibeneyo bufanelwe kukukhankanya. Bubungqina obufuna umfumane wenyaniso ukuchaza inyaniso kwezinye izibakala eziqinisekisiweyo. Umzekelo, ukufumana iminwe yommangalelwa kwi-will yefestile ayingqini ngqo ukuba bangene esakhiweni, kodwa idityaniswe nobunye ubungqina, i-ftixtifix ingatsalwa. Ubungqina be-Circumstance busoloko bunamandla njengobungqina obuthe ngqo kwaye busetyenziswa phantse kwiimeko zonke.

Imigangatho yokungaguquki: Ukugcinwa kwesango yiNkundla

Asibobo bonke ubungqina obunokunikelwa kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Iinkundla zisebenza njengabagcini-sango, zisebenzisa imigangatho engqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela kunokwenzeka, kufanelekile, kwaye kusemthethweni kufikelelwa kumntu ofumana into. Imilinganiselo ebonakalisa ukugqibelela iyasebenza, iphatheke, ubuchule, kunye nomthetho wolumvo.

Phinda uphakamise

Ubungqina buyimfuneko ukuba kukho naluphi na utyekelo lokwenza isiphumo esingaphezulu okanye esingeyomfuneko kunokuba singabikho. Olu lukrozo olusezantsi "umqobo" alufuni kususwa ngaphaya kwenjongo; kufuneka kuphela ukuba ibe nexabiso elithile lokuzifica. Umzekelo, kumgangatho woqhawulo-mthetho, ubungqina bokuba ummangalelwa ubenempikiswano yangaphambili nomntu ochasayo ngaphaya kwegama elifanayo. Kodwa ke, iinkundla zingabushiya ubungqina obufunekayo ukuba ixabiso lakhe elizizizo likhulu kakhulu xa lithelekiswa nobungozi bekhethe elingafanelekanga, ukudidanisa iimbambano, okanye ukulahlekisa umchopheli (Umthetho oqhelekileyo we-Elidict 403).

Imveliso

Ukwazi izinto eziphathekayo maxa wambi kusetyenziswa ngokuhambelana nokusebenza, kodwa kunentsingiselo eyahlukileyo: ubungqina yinto ukuba busekelwe kwisibakala esichaphazelekayo esikwimeko. Ukuba iqela lizama ukungqina ukuba inyani ayichaphazeli kwizinto ezisemthethweni, ubungqina abunakwenzeka kwaye abuzukukhutshwa. Umzekelo, ubungqina obumalunga nembali yangaphambili yommangalelwa buyinto ekhoyo kuphela ukuba ichaza oko okanye isiqinisekiso (ukungakhathaleli) njengokungahoyi okanye inyani.

Isiseko

Uphando lubhekisela ekubeni ubungqina buqinisekiswe kakuhle kwaye bufikele iimfuno ezisisiseko. Ukuze ubungqina bukwaziswe, kufuneka bukwazi: kufuneka babe nolwazi lobuqu, bakwazi ukuqonda isifungo, kwaye bakwazi ukunxibelelana. Ukuze kubekho ubungqina obuphathekayo okanye obuyinkqubo, iqela kufuneka libeke isiseko esibonisa ukuba le nto yiyo kanye leyo ecingelwa ukuba injalo. Oku kusoloko kufuna ubungqina kumntu onegunya, okanye umntu onolwazi lobuqu. Ukungaphumeleli ukubeka iziphumo zesiseko ngaphandle.

Umthetho Wendlebe Nokwahluka Kwawo

Umthetho wokuva ngomnye weyona ndawo entsonkothileyo yomthetho wobungqina. Ukuphulaphula yingxelo engaphandle kwenkundla enikelwe ukungqina inyaniso yento engqinisiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingxelo ezinjalo azinakuthenjwa kuba umkhuphi akazinakuqinisekiswa kwaye akanakudityaniswa ngexesha lengxelo ekwenziwe ngalo. Ngoko, kukho uninzi lwamacala, nganye esekelwe kwingcamango yokuba iingxelo ezithile ezingaphandle kweqhina zithembekile ngokwemvelo.

  • Iingxelo ezixhotyisiweyo: phantsi koxinezeleko lwesiganeko esothusayo zithathwa njengezithembekileyo kuba umkhuphi-zinyo akanaxesha lokuyila.
  • Iziphumo zoluvo eziPhakathi: Iingxelo ezichaza okanye ezichaza isiganeko esenziwe ngeli lixa umgcini-sango wayeqonda isiganeko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxelo zomsebenzi oQinisekileyo: iingxelo zeshishini ezigcinwe kwindlela eqhelekileyo, eziqinisekiswe ngumgcini weerekhodi.
  • Imithetho yezonyango: Iingxelo ezenziwe ngenjongo yokufumana unyango lwezamayeza zinokusetyenziswa naxa zisiya kwiziganeko ezidlulileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izindululo ezichasene nenzala: iingxelo ezingaphantsi kwetyala loluntu okanye lolwaphulo-mthetho zithathwa njengezinokuthenjwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uphazamiso ngokwenza okuphosakeleyo: Ukuba iqela libangela ukuba ubungqina bungabikho ngokuphosakeleyo, eloqela alinakukuchasa ukuva indlebe kwelo ngqina.

Umthetho wokuva ugqugqisa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi, yaye amagqwetha amele alawule indlela akhetha ngayo ukuze anikele ubungqina obubalulekileyo.

Ubunzima Obubonisa Ubungqina: Ngubani Othwala Ubunzima

Ukungaguquguquki kukodwa akuyi kuphumelela ityala. Umxhasi wento ethethwayo kufuneka anelise umthwalo wobungqina.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: Angenamathandabuzo Asengqiqweni

Kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Oku kungumgangatho ophezulu kumthetho. Akufuni kuqiniseki ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ubungqina bumele buqine kangangokuba akukho mntu unengqondo onokuthi athandabuze ukuthatha inyathelo ngokusekelwe kulo. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa, kwaye naliphi na ithandabuzo elisengqiqweni limele ligqitywe ukuze afumane intelelo yommangalelwa.

Amatyala Abemi: Ukuqwalasela Ubungqina

Ukuququzelelwa kwesivumelwano sombutho wabemi, ukonakala komntu, ukuxambulisana kwempahla − sebenzisa imilinganiselo yempahla. I-plattiff mayibonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba inguqulelo yabo yezibakala iyinyaniso, --awekho amanye amagama, asenokuba makhulu ngaphezu kwama-50%. Oku kudla ngokuchazwa ngokuba “ngumlinganiselo wemilinganiselo”.

Ubungqina Obucacileyo Nobuqinisekisayo

Ezinye imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, njengeyobuqhetseba, ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali, okanye izibhengezo ezithile zokohlwaya, zifuna umgangatho ophezulu: ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo. Oku kubangelwa phakathi koluvo oluphambili nokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Indlela Obubonakala Ngayo Ubungqina Ekuvavanyweni

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba ubungqina buvunywe yaye obunye abunabungqina.

Uhlolo oluthe ngqo kunye nesiseko

Xa kuhlolisiswa ngqo, itheko elibiza ingqina libuza imibuzo ephenduliweyo ukuze lifumane ubungqina obufanelekileyo. Igqwetha kufuneka libeke isiseko sobungqina obukhoyo. Kwimiboniso, igqwetha “libonisa” ubungqina obubobobo bunokungqinwa lingqina elibungqina. Emva kokuba umboniso uvunyiwe, igqwetha lingayipapasha kubagwebi.

Ungqubano- Olunqamlezayo: Uvavanyo lokubonakala

Ukuxilongwa komGaqo-siseko kunelungelo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesixhobo esisisiseko ekuvavanyweni kwabemi. Igqwetha elichasayo lingabuza imibuzo ekhokelayo lize lizame ukugatya ubungqina. Ukuyekelela kusekelwe kwiingxelo eziphikisanayo zangaphambili, ikhethe, uphawu lokunganyaniseki, okanye ukungazi. Ukuhlola okunempumelelo ukunqamleza okungundoqo kusoloko kugqiba enoba inkundla egwebayo iyakholelwa kusini na.

Ubungqina Nobungozi Bokugcina Ityala

Ngaphambi kokuba ubungqina obuphathekayo buvunywe, umxhasi kufuneka abonise ukuba buyinyaniso. Kwizinto ezifana nemipu okanye iziyobisi, itsheyina lelungelo lokugcina umntwana kufuneka libhalwe: ngubani oliqokelelayo, apho laligcinwa khona, nendlela elaphathwa ngayo. Iimida ezikwitsheyina zingakhokelela ekususweni okanye ekuncitshisweni kobunzima. Ukuqinisekiswa kobunzima bamanani, kungafuna uhlalutyo lwemida okanye ubungqina obungochwepheshe.

Ulawulo

Ngexesha lokuvavanywa, amagqwetha kufuneka alwe ngokukhawuleza kubungqina obungafanelekanga. Ukuchasa okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ulundi, ukuswela isiseko, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nelungelo. Umgwebi umisela imithetho ephikisayo; ukuba uxhathisiwe, ubungqina abuqukwa. Ukuba ulawulo luye lwavunywa, ubungqina buvumelekile. Ii-Attorney kufuneka zigcine ingxelo ukuze zibhenele ekuchazeni isizathu esichase kuko.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Ubungqina

Kwanaxa kukho imithetho ecacileyo, ukusebenzisa ubungqina enkundleni kubangela iingxaki ezininzi. Abalawuli nabagwebi kufuneka basebenzise ezi ngxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lifanelekile.

Ityala Leengxaki Zokugcina Ityala

Ubungqina obuphathekayo bungangcoliswa lula, bulahlekile, okanye buphazanyiswe nge. Amasebe amapolisa kunye neelaboratori kufuneka zilandele imithetho engqongqo yokuqokelela, yokubhala, nokugcina ubungqina. Ukuba ulwaphuko kwitsheyina lokugcina umntwana luboniswe, ubungqina bungakhutshwa okanye bunikwe ubunzima obungaphantsi. Iimeko eziphezulu ze-profile njenge-O.J. Simpson zibalaselisa indlela ukurhoxa kwetsheyina lokukhupha intsimbi eqinileyo okungabunciphisa ngayo ubungqina obungokwenzululwazi.

AmaNgqina Ayachanabeka

Ingqina ngalinye lineembono ezigqwethekileyo, enoba liyaziphaphele okanye aziqondi. Ii-attorney zihlola ezi zinto xa zinqumla. Ingqina elinomdla wemali kwiziphumo, ulwalamano lwangaphambili neqela, okanye imbali yokunganyaniseki ingagxekwa. Amangqina ajongene nohlalutyo olongezelelekileyo: iimfaneleko zawo, inkqubo yolwazi, kunye nembuyekezo yokungqinela yonke imidlalo elungileyo.

Ubungqina benzululwazi nobezobugcisa (Umgangatho ophakamileyo)

Kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ezininzi, ubungqina obunengcaphephe bumele buhlangatyezwane nomgangatho we-Daubert. Ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-sango ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingqiqo okanye indlela yobugcisa iyasebenza ngokwenzululwazi kwaye isebenza kakuhle kwizibakala zetyala. Izinto ziquka ukuba ingcamango ivavanyiwe, nokuba iye yasinda kuphicotho-magama oontanga, isantya esiziwayo sempazamo, kunye nokumkelwa ngokubanzi kwezenzululwazi ezinxulumene nayo.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Nemithetho Engathatyathi Ntweni

Iindidi ezithile zobungqina zikhuselwe ekutyhilweni ngelungelo. Ilungelo lobungcathu, ilungelo lobutsha, ilungelo lomhlaza, ilungelo lonyango lwengqondo, nelungelo lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho oluzikhuselayo lonke ukhuseleko lokunganikwa. Umthetho wokuzikhulula kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho uthintela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphandwa okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokuxhuzula. Ngelixesha le mithetho ikhusela amaxabiso abalulekileyo, kwakhona ingakhusela iijaji kwiingonalo ezinxulumene nokuva.

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Inyaniso Ngobungqina

Ubungqina buyi-injini eqhuba umatshini wokusesikweni. Ngaphandle kobungqina obuthembekileyo, obungathenjwayo, iinkundla azinakuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo izibakala nokunika iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ukusuka kwisiseko sobungqina obuziindidi zemithetho enzima yomava nemithwalo enzima yobungqina, zonke iinkalo zobungqina zijolise ekulinganiseni ukuphanda nyaniso ngokusesikweni. Ngexa imingeni efana netsheyina yetyala, inkcaso, kunye nempikiswano yenzululwazi iyaqhubeka, imithetho inika isiseko sokuzicombulula. Ukuqonda indlela obusetyenziswa ngayo kwiinkundla ezinika amandla, amagqwethagqgwebezeli, kunye nabantu ukuba bazixabise ngayo iingqiqo ezisekelwe ngenyameko kwisigqibo ngasinye.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga imithetho ebanzi yobungqina [[FLT:] ukusuka kwiCornell Law School, okanye jonga i inikeza ushwankathelo olusebenzisekayo lwenkqubo yokuvavanya. Ukunyukela okunzulu kwinkqubo ecacileyo, . Ubungqina obuse-U.[FLT] obungaphezulu [[FLT]] iZikhombisi zeMelika Bar , iKhokelo yeKLATINA , inika inkcazo esebenzayo yendlela yokuvavanya.