Ukuqonda Iinkqubo Zobuchule Nendima Yazo Esisiseko

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zizicwangciso eziguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zabameli. Ezi nkqubo zimisela indlela abemi abakhetha ngayo iinkokeli zabo nendlela amaqela ezobupolitika afumana ngayo umelo. Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yokhetho nozinzo lwezobupolitika luye lwaba yinkxalabo ephambili kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika, abayili bezomgaqo-siseko, nabaenzi benkqubo, ingakumbi ekuvezeni kolawulo-melo kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni.

Uzinzo lwezobupolitika luquka ugcino-gobe lwamaziko olawulo, amandla okulawula iimfazwe zezobupolitika ngaphandle kogonyamelo, kunye namandla okugcina inkqubo engaguqukiyo inqumla imijikelo yemiqathango yonyulo. Ukukhethwa kwemithetho yonyulo kubumba iqela, ukuphembelela impembelelo engqinelanayo, kwaye kuchaphazela indlela abemi abayiqonda ngayo imilinganiselo esemthethweni yeziphumo. Inkqubo emiselwe kakuhle ingakhuthaza ukuvumelana kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo, ngelixesha inkqubo ehambelanayo ingavelisa ulwahluko kunye nokuvelisa ukungasebenzi.

Iintsapho ezikwinkqubo yobuchule

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zidla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezininzi ezibanzi, nganye inendlela eyahlukileyo yokuguqulela amavoti kwizitulo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo kubandakanya ukukhulula phakathi komelo, uxanduva, nozinzo, kwaye akukho nkqubo isebenza kakuhle jikelele kuzo zonke iimeko zezobupolitika nezentlalo.

Inkqubo yokuQala-iPast-iposi

Umthetho wokuqala ophambili yinkqubo elula yobubanzi: umvoti ofumana eyona ivoti kwisithili esinye ufumana isihlalo. Isetyenziswa eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, naseIndiya, phakathi kwamanye amazwe. IFPTP idla ngokuvelisa urhulumente omnye wecandelo kuba icwangcisa ngaphezulu kweqela elikhulu nangaphantsi kwemibutho emincinane nentsebenziswano yengingqi.

Uzinzo lweFPTP lungabaluleka: oorhulumente abaninzi banandipha iingcebiso ezicacileyo zomthetho kunye nokuziphendulela ngqo kubavoti. Noko ke, inkqubo ingenza amakhenkce athe ngqo phakathi kolwahlulo lwevoti kunye nolwabelo lwezihlalo, oku kuphumela ekubeni oorhulumente abangenankxaso ebanzi. Oku kuqhawula-qhawula-qhawula inkqubo yokuzithemba kwabantu ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingakumbi phakathi kwee-intertipeciences ezithe zikhetha izinto ezithe zathotyelwa phantsi.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi

Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo lweprotical zinika izihlalo kwimimandla eninzi ngokulingana nevoti efunyanwa liqela ngalinye. IPR yinkqubo elawulayo kwilizwekazi leYurophu nelaseMzantsi Merika. Ivelisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokusondele ngakumbi ukhetho lomvoti kwaye zixhasa ukumeleka kwamaqela amancinane namaqela amancinane.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-PR nozinzo luntsokothile kakhulu. Ngelixesha iinkqubo zePR zisoloko zivelisa ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lomvoti kunye nolwaphuko, zisoloko zivelisa oorhulumente abamanyeneyo abafuna ukuqhubekeka kokuxoxwa kogcino-lwazi oluyintloko lwemithetho. Kwinkqubo zamaqela ahlukeneyo, iminqoqo-siseko ingahlala ixesha elifutshane, ikhokelela kunyulo oluthe rhoqo kunye nenkqubo ye-STS. Noko ke, kumazwe anamaziko olawulo lwedemokhrasi olunamandla kunye nezithethe zezopolitika, i-PR ingaxhasa ulwamhlala-ntle kunye nommeli.

Iinkqubo Ezixutyiweyo Nezencindi

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezidityanisiweyo zidibanisa amalungu obuninzi okanye ubulunga bobuntloko kunye nolwabelo olulungelelanisiweyo. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yinkqubo edityanisiweyo esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, kunye nezinye iidemokhrasi ezininzi. Kwezi nkqubo, amavoti aphosa iibhola ezimbini — enye yabameli besithili kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela — kwaye ulwabiso lwesihlalo sijikeleziswa ukuze kufunyanwe ulungelelwano.

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zizama ukuthatha iinzuzo ezinokuphenduliswa zezithili esinye ngeli xesha zigcina umelo lwe-PR. Amava aseJamani acebisa ukuba i-MMP ingaxhasa urhulumente ozinzileyo onamaqumrhu aneziphakamiso ngeli xesha igcina amaqela angenamdla ekufumaneni impembelelo engathethekiyo. Impumelelo yezi nkqubo ezinjalo ixhomekeke kakhulu kukhetho olukhethekileyo, kuquka umqobo womelo lwepalamente kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwezihlalo ezibini.

Inkqubo yoMsebenzo odluliswayo omnye

Ivoti enye edluliswayo isebenzisa uvotelo olukwizigaba eziphantsi kwimimandla emininzi. Abavoteli bakwisigaba esiphezulu ngokomyalelo wokukhetha, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngenkqubo yomlinganiselo ogqithiseleyo ogqithiseleyo kwaye zikhupha abo bathe bafumana ivoti ababuthathaka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. I-STV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwepalamente yesizwe eIreland naseMalta, kunye nonyulo lwezizwe ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokhetho lwezikonke.

I-STV ivelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo zolungelelwano oluphezulu loxa inika abavoti impembelelo ethe ngqo kubaphi abathathi-nxaxheba abanyuliweyo. Ikhuthaza urhwebo olunqamlezileyo kwaye inganciphisa ezopolitiko ezithandwayo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuxhasa ulawulo oluphakathi, olusekelwe kumanyano, nangona inkqubo yokubala intsonkothile kakhulu kwaye icace kancinci kuneendlela ezilula.

Umatshini Onxulumanisa Inkqubo Ehamba Phambili

Iindlela zomjelo phakathi kwemithetho yokukhetha kunye nozinzo lwezobupolitika zisebenza ngemisebenzi emininzi eyahlukileyo, enye enokuqinisa okanye ithobe ulawulo oluxhomekeke kwimekobume ebanzi yentlalo.

Umthetho weziko kunye nokuthembana

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ezidlulisela iziphumo ezigqalwa njengezifanelekileyo nezimeleyo zikhulisa ukufaneleka kwamaziko alawulayo. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba amavoti abo kunye nenkqubo isingatha iimbono ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika ngokulinganayo, basengozini yokwamkela iziphumo zonyulo kwaye bathobele imithetho. Le misebenzi yokumiselwa komthetho njengecebo lokuzinzisa ngexesha lengxubusho yezopolitiko.

Iinkqubo ezigqwetha umelo, njenge FPTP kuluntu olwahluleke kakhulu, zingazala ukwahlukana kwaye zikhuthaze inyathelo elithe kratya kwezobupolitika. Ingqiqo yokuba inkqubo yokukhetha ixhotyiswe ngokuchasene namaqela athile ithob ’ iliso kumazwe asuka kuMntla Ireland ukuya eKenya.

Ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yeqela kunye nokumiliselwa kukarhulumente

Iinkqubo zobunani ziphembelela ngqo inani nobungakanani bamaqela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Umthetho kaDuverger uxela kwangaphambili ukuba iinkqubo zobuninzi zivelisa ukhuphiswano olunezahluka-zimbini, ngelixesha iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso zikhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi ezizicaka-candla. Ulwalamano phakathi kwesixokelelwano seqela nozinzo alunamgca olandelelanayo: ukwahlulwa-hlulwa okuphakathi kwamaqela amane ukuya kwamaqela amathandathu kusoloko kunika oorhulumente ababumbene abaqinileyo, ngelixa ucaphulo olugqithisileyo namaqela alishumi okanye ngaphezulu epalamente lungenza ukwakhiwa korhulumente kube nzima kakhulu.

Iinkqubo ezinemiqobo esezantsi esebenzayo yokumela, njenge-PR ecocekileyo enezithili ezinkulu, zivumela indawo kunye namaqela aneziqu ezibini esinye ukufumana ubukho bomthetho. Ngeli xesha oku kukhulisa iinguqu zomelo, kungenza amaqela agabadelayo athintele ulawulo aze anciphise imigaqo yedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezininzi ze-PR ezizinzileyo zisebenzisa imiqobo ekhethekileyo — engundoqo 4 ukuya kwisihlanu ekhulwini sovoteko lwesizwe — ukunqanda ukwahlukana nokusebenzisa ulawulo olunengqiqo.

Ulawulo oluchaseneyo kwiinkqubo ezahluleleneyo

Ngokwesizwe, ngokonqulo, okanye ngokweelwimi, uyilo lwenkqubo yonyulo lubalulekile ekulawuleni ungquzulwano. Ukufikelela kwentsebenziswano yePR eneziqithi ezinkulu nemiqobo esezantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela abalulekileyo afumana umelo kurhulumente. Le ndlela, esetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeLebhanon, iBosnia, neSwitzerland, ifuna ukuguqula ukhuphiswano lwe-zero-sum lube yinkqubo edibanisayo yokulawula amandla.

Uphando ngenkqubo zonyulo kunye nemfazwe yobuhlanga lubonisa ukuba abenzi benkqubo ezizininzi zePR banciphisa ubungozi bogonyamelo lwamakhaya. Xa amaqela amancinane ejamelene nokungameleki, izikhalo zingakhula zibe yimfazwe. Noko ke, iPR ngaphandle kolawulo lwamandla olumanyeneyo — njengezikhundla zekhabhathi-bhusayithi okanye amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo — anokuba angonele ukuqulatha inkxwaleko enzulu.

Ukuphendula nokungaguquki koMgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo zoomasipala njenge-FPTP ivelisa imigca ecacileyo yokuziphendulela: abavoti bayazi ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula urhulumente kwaye linokuvuza okanye lisohlwaye ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kucacileyo kuxhasa ukungaguquguquki kwenkqubo kunye nenyathelo eligqibeleleyo, elinokufak ’ isandla kuzinzo lwezoqoqosho nakwintembelo yomnini-mali. Noko ke, iinkqubo zolawulo zikwavumela ukuguqulwa kwemigaqo ngokukhawuleza emva konyulo, kudala ukungaqiniseki malunga nezibophelelo zexesha elide.

Iinkqubo zepropotical, ngokwahlukileyo, zityekele ekuveliseni ulwahlulo, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo edityanisiweyo. Urhulumente wobudlelane kufuneka akhe ukuvumelana ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kucothe ukwenza izigqibo kodwa ikhusela ekujijekeni kwemithetho engqongqo. Kumaqela ajongene nolwahlulo olunzulu okanye utshintsho olunovakalelo, le ndlela yenkululeko ingaxhasa uzinzo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zenkqubo ezinkulu zinandipha ulwamkelo olubanzi.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwezobupolitika Nokuzibandakanya

Iinkqubo zonontlalo-ntle ziphembelela ukuba ngubani ovotayo, indlela eqhutywa ngayo amaphulo, nomgangatho wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezinolwahlulo oluphezulu nokhetho olunentsingiselo zithambekela ekuxhaseni umvoti ophezulu, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abaselula nabacekelwe phantsi. Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba iziphumo zokhetho zimiselwe kwangaphambili okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abafuni ncam naliphi na ithuba lokuphumelela, ukuhluthwa.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba okuphezulu kuqinisa uzinzo ngokuqinisa unxulumano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Iinkqubo zokhetho eziquka zonke zikwaxhasa umgangatho wamabhinqa namaqela amancinane ahlukeneyo, anokunyusa ukusabela ngokwenkqubo kunye nokuthembana koburhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi nzuzo zokwahlula imimandla ziyanqwaba kwaye zomeleze ugcino-lwazi lwedemokhrasi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Oluthelekisa Iimeko Zezobupolitika

Ukuhlolisisa amava athile esizwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yenkqubo yonyulo kutyhila indlela imithetho engokweziko enxulumene ngayo neemeko zasekuhlaleni ukuze kubekho ukuzinza.

IUnited States: Umanyano lwamaOritarian kunye nokunyuka kweKlarasi

Inkqubo ye-FPTP yaseMerika, idityaniswe nolwahlulo lwamandla, ivelise enye yezona nkqubo zizinzileyo ezizinzileyo ezimbini kwimbali yedemokhrasi. Kwinkoliso yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eli lungiselelo lixhasa inkqubo engaguqukiyo kunye nolawulo oluphangaleleyo. Noko ke, amashumi eminyaka akutshanje abonile ukuhla kwencam yemimandla, i-drockck, kwaye ihla intembelo kawonke-wonke kwimibutho yabanyuli.

Abahlalutyi bathi i-FPTP ifak' isandla kule meko ngokwenza ukuba kubekho ubuchule bokulawula, ukukhuthaza izakhiwo ezinika ingcebiso kwiimbono ezigqithisileyo, kwaye phantsi kokungqinela iimbono zabavoti abangaxhasiyo iqela elikhulu. Ngoxa isakhiwo sihlala sicocekile, ukuzinza kwenkqubo kuvavanywa ngokuqhubekayo yimilo enxulumene nolawulo lovotelo, ukufikelela kovotelwa, kunye nokufaneleka kweziphumo.

IJamani: Ukuzinza ngenxa yoyilo oluxutyiweyo lwe-Member Proportion

Inkqubo ye-MMP yaseJamani ithathwa ngokubanzi njengemodeli ephumelelayo yokudibanisa uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni nolungelelwano lobulungisa. Le nkqubo iquka umqobo osisi - 5 ekhulwini wokuthintela uqhezu lwepalamente kwaye ixhase urhulumente ozinzileyo ngokwembali olawulwa ngamaqela aphakathi nasemaphakathi. Ukuvota okunika intembelo — okufuna urhulumente olandelayo abekho phambi kokuba asuse umongameli — kongeza uzinzo oluthe chatha.

Amava aseJamani abonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezixubeneyo zingaxhasa umgangatho ophezulu wedemokhrasi ngeli xesha ukhuphiswano lweqela lusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Inkundla yeQumrhu loMgaqo-siseko eliManyeneyo iphumele indima esebenzayo ekucoceni imithetho yokunyusela, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala ilungelelene kwaye isabela kumaxabiso omgaqo-siseko. Ukumanyana kumo-siseko akuphelelanga, kodwa kunyanzelekile kwaye kuyavisisana.

IIndiya: I-Past-the- Post kuMbutho oNgqongqoshe kakhulu

IIndiya yeyona nkqubo yedemokhrasi inkulu ehlabathini kwaye isebenza inkqubo yokuqala yemiboniso-mva kwibutho elikhulu nelahluke kakhulu. Nangona ithetha ulwimi, unqulo, kunye nolwahlulo olusekelwe kumaqela amaqela, inkqubo yeFPTPP yaseIndiya ixhase ulawulo lwedemokhrasi oluzinzileyo ngaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka. Le nkqubo iye yanceda utshintsho lwamandla phakathi komanyano olubanzi olusekelwe kwingingqi kwaye iqhube amanani abavoti abangenelelayo abangaphaya kwezahlukeneyo ezininzi zedemocracki.

Ityala leIndiya licela ucelomngeni lokuzinziswa okulula malunga ne-FPTP kunye nozinzo. Iziphumo zenkqubo zixhomekeke ngokuphandle kumaqumrhu alungelelanisayo: ulawulo olunamandla, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, urhulumente, kunye nempucuko yezobupolitika eye yaxabisa ubuninzi kunye nendawo yokuhlala ngokwembali. Xa ezi zixhasa ukuba buthathaka, iimpawu zobuntloko zeFPTP zingenza uxanduva lwentlalo.

INew Zealand: Ukusuka kuMajonithi ukuya kuNgqongqo lweNguqulelo

INew Zealand yatshintshwa ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 ilandela isalathisi sikawonke-wonke esiqhutywa kukunganeliseki ziziphumo zokhetho ezigqwethekileyo. Phantsi kwe-FPTP, oorhulumente basoloko befumana iziphumo eziphambili ezingaphezulu nge-40 ekhulwini levoti yesizwe, bevelisa iimbono ezisasazekileyo zokungalungisi. Ukufuduka okuya kwi-MMP kuvelise iziphumo ezithe chatha, ulawulo oluthe lwanda, kunye nomelo olusembutho wamabhinqa kunye noluntu lwe-Māori.

Olu tshintsho lwalungahlawulwanga ngexabiso: unyulo lwangaphambili lweMMP oluvezwe iipalamente ezahlukeneyo kunye namathuba okwenziwa kukarhulumente onyuliweyo. Kodwa, ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkqubo yeqela laseNew Zealand yaqina, kwaye ulawulo olumanyeneyo lwathunyelwa. Amava abonisa ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo yokunyulwa lungazamkela ngabom, ngokwedemokhrasi olusemthethweni kwiintsilelo zozinzo, kwaye iindleko zokuqala zokulungisa zingalandelwa zingeniso ezihlala ixesha elide ekuthembeni kwequmrhu.

Izinto zorhwebo kunye nokhetho loyilo kwinkqubo yobunjineli

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho yanelisa zonke iinjongo ngexesha elinye. Abayili kufuneka benze urhwebo olunzima phakathi komelo olusesikweni, ukuphendula kolawulo lukarhulumente, ugcino-lwazi, ugcino-lwazi oluqinileyo, kunye nolawulo lwemfazwe. Olu rhwebo alungobuchule obuqhelekileyo: bachaza izibophelelo eziqhelekileyo malunga nohlobo lwedemokhrasi abantu abafuna ukulwakha.

Iinkqubo ezibeka izinzo phambili ngemithetho emikhulu zinganikezela ngokufakwa nokusemthethweni kwamaqela athile. Iinkqubo ezigxininisa ulwahlulo zingakwamkela uthethwano oluthe rhoqo nokwenza izigqibo ezithe xhaxhe. Iinkqubo ze-grid zizama ukuvala ezi ngxaki kodwa zizisa ubunkimbini bazo, kuquka ukukwazi ukuvota ngokunempumelelo kunye nokuphathwa ngokungafaniyo kweentsapho zeqela.

Ezona nkqubo zonyulo zomeleleyo zezo zilungelelanisa imithetho yamaziko kunye nomgaqo-siseko obanzi, intlalo, kunye nenkcubeko. Inkqubo esebenza kakuhle kwibutho labantu elinobudlelane, elinobukhuseli obuphezulu ingangqinelana nokungathembani okuphezulu kokusingqongileyo okwahlukeneyo, okusezantsi. Uvelwano lomxholo, kunokuba lungaqondakali, kufuneka lukhokele uvavanyo olucacileyo kunye notshintsho.

Isiphumo: Uyilo lweziko njengenkqubo ehambayo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo zovolontiya nozinzo lwezobupolitika alunakuthintelwa okanye lungaguquguquki. Imithetho ye-Elector yobume obubalulekileyo bolawulo, kodwa iziphumo zayo zixhomekeke kwimpucuko yezobupolitika, izakhiwo ezimanyeneyo, ukhokelo, kunye nomongo wembali. Iinkqubo ezixhasa uzinzo ekuqaleni zinokuba yimithombo yoxinezeleko njengoko ibutho litshintsha, kwaye utshintsho lusoloko luyimfuneko ukubuyisela umlinganiselo.

Imikhosi exhase uzinzo olungaphezulu kwexesha elide elidityaniswe kakuhle nemithetho ecwangcisiweyo nemithetho yonyulo eqinileyo ezimeleyo, ulawulo olukhululekileyo, ibutho labantu abakhutheleyo, kunye nempucuko yezobupolitika eyamkela ukufaneleka kwenkcaso. Isixokelelwano sobuchule sozinzo sodwa asinakuqinisekisa uzinzo, kodwa imithetho ephosakeleyo ingaphazamisa nakwezona meko zilungileyo.

Kumaqela acinga ngokuhlaziywa komgaqo - siseko okanye ukutshintshelwa kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwenkqubo yokukhetha — oluziswa ngamava okuthelekisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni — lumela utyalo olubalulekileyo kuxolo oluhlala luhleli nolawulo lobuqu olunempumelelo.

Iimbekiselo Nokufunda Okungakumbi