Uphando lophulo lumela enye yezona zixhobo zichuliweyo kwiphulo lezobupolitika langoku, esebenza kungquzulwano lophando lwentengiso kunye nokusebenzisa ingqondo. Ngokungafaniyo nophando loluntu olusemthethweni olulungiselelwe ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olungenazimfante, ukutyhala kusenziwa ngenjongo ecacileyo yokubumba/hayi imiba. Eli nqaku lihlola ubuchule obunyanzelisa uphando lwempembelelo yenkqubo kunye nokuziphatha kokuvota, ukuzoba nophando kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, isazinzulu, kunye nophando lonxibelelwano. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi ibalulekile ibalulekile kumgangatho wokubumba/okulinganisa/ukulinganisa iimeko zedemokhrasi ezifuna ukulondoloza ingqibelelo yesigqibo sokwenza izigqibo sedemokhrasi.

Ukuchaza Ungcoliso Lonxibelelwano: Oko Kuko Nakungekhoyo

Uphando olunyanzelisayo lububuchule bonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika obuzimilise njengohlolisiso olusemthethweni. Umahluko ongundoqo ukwinjongo: uvo-volo lokwenene lufuna ukuthatha oko kucinga uluntu, ngeli lixa uhlolo olunyanzelisayo lufuna ukutshintsha oko kucinga uluntu. Abaqhubi babuza imibuzo yenkcaso esoloko ijoliswe ekucini ulwazi olungalunganga malunga notshaba okanye ukuseka inkqubo kwisikhanyiso esiyingozi. Igama elithi "push" libhekisela ekuzameni kwangasemthethweni "ugxubene" kwisigqibo esimiselwe kwangaphambili.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula ukhuthuzo olucinezelekileyo kweminye imisebenzi yophando:

  • Inte yentelekelelo yoluvo: Sebenzisa imizekelo yenzululwazi, amagama ophakamiso, kwaye ingxelo iziphumo ezicace gca.
  • Iminxeba ye-Advocation: ngokuphandle bazichaza njengonxibelelwano lwephulo (umz., "ihlawulelwa nguSmith weGunya leKomiti").
  • Uphando lwePurce: luzidimaza njengophando, lusoloko lusithi luqhutywa yinkampani yophando yemfundo engondilele okanye yezorhwebo, ngoxa luhambisa okuqulethwe yingcambu.

Uphando locolo lufikelela kwinani elikhulu labavoti (okanye abaninzi abaqhakamshelana) ngemifutshane yemibuzo 2-5. Ngenxa yokuba usukelo asiyongqokelela yogcino-lwazi, iimpendulo ezitsalwayo ezinqabileyo; basuka nje bahambe ngeskripti, batyale imbewu yamathandabuzo okanye baqinise unxulumano oluhle nomntu oxhasayo.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Abantu Ababhenela Ngayo Kwizinto Ezithandwayo

Uphando olucinezelayo lusebenzisa iingcamango eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zengqondo nothungelwano. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kutyhila isizathu sokuba zinokuba luncedo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abangakhange bafumane nkcazelo iphantsi.

Ityala: Ukukhuthaza abahlobo abafanelekileyo

Ulwaphulo-mthetho luyenzeka xa uchanabeke kwimpembelelo evuselelayo kwimpendulo elandelayo. Kwimivo yokunyanzela, imibuzo yenzelwe ukwenza iimpawu ezithile okanye imixholo ifikeleleke ngakumbi ezingqondweni zabavoti. Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelayo lungabuza:

"Ngaba ungakhetha okanye ungafumani qha ukuba u-X uyakwazi ukuba u-X uvotelwe ngokuchasene nenkxaso-mali yamagqala kathathu?

Nokuba umvoti ebengakhange acinge ukuba amagqala emali axhasa ngemali njengeyona nto iphambili, amandla ombuzo asetyenziswayo kuphando. Umvoti ngoko uvavanya u-X ngokusuka kweso silanga, nokuba oko kuthethyobo kuyalahlekisa okanye kuthatyathwe ngaphandle komongo. Uphando luka Iyengar noKinder (1987) lubonise ukuba i-meding echazayo inokuba iguqula ngokuphawulekayo indlela yokukhetha esetyenziswayo ukuvavanya abatsha.

Umgaqo-nkqubo: Ukutolika ngokusebenzisa ingcaciso yombuzo

Ingcamango yokufaka ingcamango icebisa ukuba indlela inkcazelo enikezelwa ngayo inempembelelo kwindlela echazwa ngayo. Uphando olungumqhubi lusebenzisa ukufomata ukubeka inkupho okanye umchasi ngendlela engalunganga. Qwalasela iindlela ezimbini zokubuza malunga nenkqubo enye:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isakhelo esingathathi cala: "Uyaxhasa okanye uxhathise ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci?
  • Isakhelo sophatho lwePut: "Ngaba uyayixhasa okanye uyayichasa inkqubo ethi izazi ngezoqoqosho zinokuthi iza kubangela amashishini amancinane akhuphe abasebenzi anyuse amaxabiso abathengi?

Umbuzo wesibini uphahla lomvuzo omncinci onyukayo ngokweziphumo ezingalindelekanga zezoqoqosho, ijongeke kwimpendulo. Nokuba umvoti ufunda uphindo, isakhelo sokuqala singaqhubeka/a into eyaziwa ngokuba yiziphumo zengxaki.

Inyaniso Yokutyhilwa Nje Nenyaniso Engobuxoki

Ukuchanabeka okuphindaphindiweyo kwintengo kwandisa amathuba okuba kucingelwe ukuba kuyinyaniso, ingakumbi xa imvelaphi yento ilityelwe. Uphando lompululo lubhenca imiyalezo echaphazelekayo amaxesha amaninzi kwizindlu ezahlukeneyo okanye imijikelezo. Kwanokuba umvoti akalukhumbuli uvavanyo lokutyhalela phambili, unxulumano phakathi kotshaba kunye neempawu ezingalunganga lungaqiniswa. Oku kuhambelana nesiphumo senyaniso ecacileyo. .

Ukuxhalaba Nokubhiyozela Okungakhiyo

Uphando olucinezelayo lusoloko luxhomekeke kulwimi oluchukumis ’ intloko nezityholo. Umsindo, uloyiko, kunye nexhala zingabaqhubi abanamandla abasebenzisa iingcamango ezidibeneyo zezobupolitika. Xa abavoti bevuswe ngokweemvakalelo, badla ngokusebenzisa inkcazelo edibeneyo ngokugqithisileyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba baxhomekeke kwiimvakalelo ezingaphakathi kunokuba bahlolisise ngenyameko. Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo oluthi umntu abandakanyeke kwihlazo lungaxhobisa iingcinga ezinzulu. Xa iingcinga ezingathandekiyo zidityaniswa nomntu ochanabileyo, kunokuba nzima ukumelana nokulungisa okuchanileyo.

Impembelelo ekwenzeni izigqibo zogcino-mali: Ubungqina

Uphando olusuka kuvavanyo luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba ukutyhalela phambili kungaguqula iinjongo zokuvota, ingakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukudityaniswa kweziphumo zephulo elingalunganga (lau et al., 2007) kwafumanisa ukuba nangona isiphumo sonke sezibhengezo ezingalunganga sithoba, sityhalela phambili iziphumo zoqhatho kuba zifihlakele kwaye zinikezelwa kumongo obonisa ukungathathi cala kwenzululwazi.

Izixhobo ezingaphicothi-gobe neziphantsi zolwazi

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukunyanzelwa kweminxeba kuluncedo kakhulu kumaqela amabini:

  1. Aba bavoti abangagqibekanga: Aba bantu bafuna ngokukhutheleyo ukuba bafanele baxhase baphi umvotelwa. Uvotelo olunyanzelayo olunika isakhelo esididayo esinamandla lungasongamela umlinganiselo, ingakumbi ukuba umvoti akanalwazi lokuphikisa.
  2. Abavoti-lwazi-beluphantsi: Abantu abangenalwazi luninzi lwezobupolitika bachanabeke kakhulu ekungeniseni nasekufakeni iziphumo ezibukhali. Ngaphandle kwenkcazelo eqinileyo yengqondo yokuhlola iimfuno zobupolitika, bangakwamkela ukucinezelwa kokucinezelwa kobugocinezelelo kwixabiso lobuso.

Olunye uhlolisiso lukaGranberg noHolmberg (1996) lwafumanisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kumbuzo omnye wophando onyanzelisayo malunga nehambo engafanelekanga yomntu oza kubhaptizwa yatshintsha ukhetho lokuvota ngo 5-8 amanqaku epesenti phakathi kwabavoti abangakhange bakhethe. Kunyulo olusondeleyo, lo mda ungasifumana isiphumo.

Iziphumo zexesha elide: Ulwenzo lolwenzo kunye nolwenziwe

Uphando lophulo lukwanceda ekuqiniseni isimo sengqondo esikhoyo phakathi kwabaququzeleli. Xa umxhasi ozinikeleyo kaCandidate A efumana uhlaselo lokutyhalela ucando lweCandidate B, luqinisekisa kwaye lunyusa ikhethe labo elikhoyo. Oku kuncedisa ekuchaphazeleni imimandla engaphandle.

Imizekelo Ebalaseleyo Yembali Yokutyhala

Ukuqonda amatyala athile kusinceda sibone amaqhinga nemiphumo yawo.

Unyulo loMongameli wase-U.S.

Ngexesha lerepublican primpory yowama 2000, uphando olunyathelwe ngokuchasene noSenator John McCain nguMphathi weRhuluneli uGeorge W. Bush. Voters eMzantsi Carolina wafumana iminxeba ebuzayo, "Ngaba ubunokuba maninzi okanye ungenamathuba okuvota uJohn McKainine ukuba wayazi ukuba ungumntwana omnyama? Umbuzo obhekiswemnikazi kaMcKains waseBangladesh ubunganyani, kodwa umonakalo wenziwe. Kamva wachaza amava njengo "uhlobo olusezantsi lwezobupolitika" ukunyanzela kwanegalelo ekulahlekelweni kwakhe kwibala elingundoqo, elathi ngokufanelekileyo laphela kwephulo lakhe.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ngeli xesha iBreatertendem yonyulo, u2016 yabona ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kobuchule bokutyhala ungcoliso ngamaphulo omabini. Abasebenzi bafumana izibongozo ezibuza imibuzo efana nothi: "Ukuba bewazi ukuba i-European Union ithumela $350-zigidi ngeveki kwi-UK, kwaye le mali ingachithwa kwi-National Health Service endaweni yoko, ungavota ukuba ufumana unxulumano olunjalo? Inani elingu-$350-zigidi zezigidi lathi kamva lagxekwa ngokubanziswa kakhulu, kodwa ukutyhala i-fam-mfama ephambili ye-fram ephambili ye-Foffaice icinga nge-EUM njengomthombo wogcino-otam waseBritane. UKmetal Com yafumanisa ukuba 38% yabavoti belufumene unxulumano olunjalo, kwaye wacalula izikhazo njengesitshixo semali ngenxa yevoti yabo.

Unyulo loMongameli wase-U.S.

Uphando locotho lwabasebenzi lwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kunyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. omabini amaphulo amakhulu namaqela angaphandle awawasebenzisayo ukusasaza ulwazi oluchaphazelekayo. Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo obandakanyekileyo oye wafaka uthotho lwemiboniso ephambili efuna ukuvotelwa malunga neemeko ezibandakanya impilo kaHillary Clinton. Iminxeba ibinokubuza, "Ngaba ngaba wena uxhalabisa ukuba uHillary Clinton unemeko enzulu yezonyango emthintela ukuphumelela? Oku kwakusekelwe kukuva amarhebende angenakuphikiswa, kwaye ukubuza ngokuphindaphindiwe okuncinanolwazi lwempilo njengoluhlu lokuvota.

Unyulo lwamaFederal aseKhanada

EKhanada, uphando olunyanzelekileyo luye lwaphantsi kwemingeni esemthethweni. Ngexesha lonyulo lukarhulumente ngo-2015, iConservative Party yatyholwa ngokusebenzisa uthotho lokunyathela ukuhlasela inkokeli yeLiberal uJustin Trudeau. Voters wanikela ingxelo yokufumana unxulumano oluqala nge "Siqhuba uphando malunga neembono zakho ngeLiberal Party" kwaye emva koko wabuza enoba ziya kuba nokwenzeka okanye zinokuba zinokuvota iLiberal okanye zinokuba ziyalifumana i-"Trudeau irhafuthezo zekhabhostayi" okanye "imele irhafu yekharbon" okanye ezo ngxelo zaziyinyanisile, iplani yerhafu kaTrudeaul deaul ediyo kamva yaziwayifaniswa nenkomishiniyo ukuze ixokise inkampani exokisayo.

Inkxalabo Yenzululwazi: Isizathu Sokuba Abantu Batyhalele Ulawulo - melo Oluphantsi Kwedemokrasi

Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo luphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemeko yonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika nokuthembeka konyulo.

Ubuxoki Nokuvumelana Nolwazi

Ukwaphulwa kwesiseko somthetho kukukukhohlisa. Abaxhasi bakholelwa ukuba banenxaxheba kwisifundo sophando olusemthethweni. Abaxelelwanga ukuba ubizo luyiphulo lonxibelelwano, okanye abaziwa ngomntu ofowunelwayo. Oku kuchasene nomgaqo wemvume elawula uphando lwendlela yokuziphatha. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) igwetye ngokuphandle ukunyanzela, ichaza ukuba "ayiyilelwanga ukufumana ulwazi olungachananga" nokuba isebenzisa "uphando lwamaqumrhu)

Usasazo lolwazi oluphosakeleyo

Uvolo olufotayo lusisixhobo sokufumana ulwazi oluphosakeleyo. Kuba azikho phantsi kwezibakala ezifanayo ezikhangela okanye ezilayishelayo njengezibhengezo, zingasasaza iintelekelelo zobuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo ngaphandle kokubuyisela. Uyilo oluchuliweyo lwefomati luthetha ukuba ulwazi lobuxoki lunikezelwa hayi njengesiqinisekiso kodwa njengombuzo, uyenza ibe nzima ukubeka ikhowudi. Xa iintatheli okanye abakhangeli-nyaniso bezama ukulahla uhlolo olunyanzelayo, abakwazi ukuphawula ukuba ngubani oluxhasileyo, njengoko abafowuceli besebenzisa amanani ocingo kunye nemibutho yeqokobhe.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kuhlolisiso

Xa abavoti beqonda ukuba ezinye "iindlela zokuphengulula" zingamaphulo okwenyaniso, ziyayeka ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphando olusemthethweni. Amaqondo okuphendula kovotelo lokwenene anciphile ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Ngokutsho kophando lwePew, amanani okuphendula uphando lwemfono-mfono aye ehla ukusuka kuma-36% ngo191818 ukuya kwi 6% kuphela ngo-2018. Uhlolo lonyuso lunye olunikela koku kuncitshiswa kwe-"vovey" ekhohlisayo" alula ukuphendula unxulumano oluchazwe kwixesha elizayo oluchazwa njengophando.

Umhlaba ophantsi kolawulo: Imigudu yokuphelisa ukungquzulana

Ukuphendula ngokusemthethweni kuphando olunyanzelwayo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe nangamandla. Ukusebenza kwemigaqo kuthintelwa kukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunye nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko kwentetho yezobupolitika.

I-United States

EUnited States, uphando olunyanzelisayo alukho semthethweni ngokwe-se kodwa lungaphula imithetho ethile yokutyhilwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo idla ngokukhusela intetho yezopolitiko, kuquka ukutyhala imingxuma phantsi koMphetho-mda Wokuqala. Noko ke, amanye amazwe aye amisela imiqathango ekhethekileyo:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Idaho: Ifuna uvo olutyhalelayo luquka ukutyhilwa kwenkcazelo ethi "Olubizo luhlawulelwa [igama lomxhasi] kwaye lusetyenziswa ukuphembelela ivoti yakho." Ukuvukela kungaphumela kwityala eliphosakeleyo.
  • I-New Jersey i-[FLT] i- i-Bat ibiza i "mfono-mfono" okanye ingaphumeleli ukuchaza ukuba ngubani umbutho oxhasa umnxeba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Florida: Ifuna naluphi na uhlolo lwemfonomfono olunxulumene nephulo lezobupolitika luquka igama lenkxaso-mali nedilesi.

Kumgangatho wengingqi karhulumente, uMthetho weTelefone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) uthintela unxulumano oluzenzekelayo kodwa ukhulula iminxeba yezopolitiko. IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loMbutho ayikhange ithethe ngokungqalileyo ngokuchanekileyo.

CanadaName

IKhanada inemimiselo eyomeleleyo. Ngo-2018, iKhomishini ye-Radio-televhiyo neTeMEtransfer ifuna ukuba zonke ii-processials zezobupolitika ziquke igama lomxhasi kunye nenani lokubuyela emva. Uphando lorhuqo olusilela ukuchaza ubunjani bazo bokukhetha lungaphengululwa phantsi koMthetho weKhanada we-Ecomtions. Ngo-2018, inkampani ebizwa ngokuba yiRacknine yahlawulwa ngexabiso elingu-R3 lezigidi ze-R3 ze-RCocellalls ezayalela izikhululo zokurhoxisa izikhululo zokurhoxisa.

I-United Kingdom

KwiUK, uphando lokunyanzela luye phantsi kwe- puraview ye-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wenkcazelo (ICO) ukuba zibandakanya iminxeba ezenzekelayo. I-ICO ihlawulele imibutho yokwenza unxulumano olungekho mthethweni lorhwebo oluzingqina luluhlolisiso. Noko ke, kunzima ukulawula uphando olunyanzelekileyo olunyanzelekileyo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwengcaciso ecacileyo esemthethweni. I-UKElectoral Commission icele ukuba kucace ngakumbi kwiphulo lwezopolitiko kodwa ayikhuphanga migaqo ecacileyo kwimibhiyo yokuzingela.

I-Australia

I-Australia’s Ancy Act ne-Spam Act ngokungangqalanga ilawula uphando olunyanzelwayo, kodwa akukho mthetho onikezelweyo. IKhomishini ye-Australian icebisa ukuba abavoti balujonge ngeliso elibukhali uhlolo olungacetyiswanga, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kulinganiselwe.

Indlela Abasebenzi Bemibhobho Abanokuzikhusela Ngayo

Ngoxa ulawulo lubalulekile, imfundo yovoti ngamnye ingekakhuseli. Nawa amaqhinga anokusetyenziswa ekuchazeni nasekuxhathiseni ukunyanzelwa kovoti:

  • Buza imibuzo yokwahlula: Ukuba umfonokazi uthi uqhuba uhlolo, cela igama elipheleleyo lefektha yophando, umxhasi, nenjongo yesifundo. Abavoteli abasemthethweni bazakunika olu lwazi; abafuni bazakuxhoma okanye banike iimpendulo ezibhadulayo.
  • Jonga ulwimi olukhokelayo: [ukuba imibuzo iquka ulwazi olungalunganga malunga nomvo okanye inkqubo, ingakumbi ulwazi olubonakala luncedwa okanye luxanduva, lusenokuba luvavanyo olunyanzelisayo. Tshela ithuku lakho.
  • Musa ukuthelekisa ngokweemvakalelo: Abavoti abaqhubi baqeqeshelwa ukuvuselela intsabelo enamandla. Ukuba uziva ucaphukile okanye wothukile ngumbuzo, nqumama uze uzikhumbuze ukuba unxulumano lusenokuba yinzame yokusebenzisa kakubi.
  • Ingxelo ibiza ukrokra: kwi-US, faka isikhalazo kwiKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (FTC) okanye igqwetha-gosa lesizwe sakho. ECanada, dibana ne-CRTC. Kwi-UK, xela kwi-ICO. Nokuba ngaba ukunyanzelisa kuthatha ixesha, izikhalazo zinceda ukwakha ingxelo enokukhokelela kwisenzo.
  • Sebenzisa izixhobo zokufowna-blocking :[[FT:1] Iinkonzo ezinjenge Nomorobo (US) okanye i-Huya inganceda isihluzi ngaphandle kolawulo olwaziwayo. Noko ke, ezisebenzayo-ivontiweyo ezintywilisiweyo ukusuka kumanani angaziwayo kunzima ukuvala.

Ikamva Lokwanda Kooncwadi Ngexesha Eliqhelekileyo

Njengokuba uthotho lomgca wesikhala kunye namaphulo ezobupolitika ehamba kwi-intanethi, uphando olunyanzelayo lujikeleza. Uphando lokutyhalela ngamanani ngoku lubonakala njengezikhuphiso zentlalo, izibhengezo zeWe Tube, okanye uhlolisiso lomyalezo wokubhaliweyo. Iindlela ezifanayo zengqondo(ukulinika, ukuphindwa, ukuphindwa, ukuphindwa, kodwa ukufikelela kunakho kakhulu ngokufaka imiqathango emincinane. Amaqela angasebenzisa iisiseko sokhetho ukuchola abantu abanokukhutshelwa nokuhambisa isiko siqhutywa nge-Facebook okanye nge-imeyili.

Ubukrelekrele obuyenzeka bungene nalo umfanekiso. Amalizwi ajijekileyo angakwazi ukuqhuba amawaka eefowuni ezityhalela phezulu ngexesha elinye, alungisa iskripti esisekelwe kwimpendulo yangaphambili yomvoti okanye kwinkangeleko yabemi. Oku kwenza ukuba ukufunyanwa kube nzima ngakumbi kwaye kuphakamise imibuzo malunga nemvume kunye nemfihlelo yogcino-lwazi.

Abalawuli bazama ukugcina isantya. Ummiselo wogcino-lwazi jikelele lwaseYurophu (GDPR) ubeka imithetho engqongqo ekusetyenzisweni kogcino-lwazi lobuqu lokukhuthaza imicimbi yezobupolitika, enokulinganisela ezinye iindlela zokutyhala umgqomo wento engekho mthethweni. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa imida kuhlala kubuthathaka. Ucelomngeni lolawulo-melo kukukhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwezobupolitika ngoxa kuthintelwa ukuqhatha. Njengoko ukuphengulula kuya kuba nzulu ngakumbi, imfuneko yolwazi lukawonke wonke, ugcino-ndaba oluqinileyo, kunye nomgaqo olungelelanisayo awukaze ube mkhulu.

Isiphelo: Isithule Esingunobangela Wokhetho Oluyindalo

Uphando locweyo oluphengululayo aluyonkathazo ephantsi kwezobupolitika; luyiqhinga elisekelwe kubungqina lokubhukuqa uvolo. Ngokusebenzisa iingcamango ezigqwethekileyo zolwazi nokususa iingcamango zobuqhetseba njengophando, luthoba ubunjani bentetho kawonke-wonke kwaye lugqwetha iziphumo zokukhetha. Ngoxa imigaqo ekwiminye imiqathango inika amayeza ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo, ukhuseleko lokuqala kufuneka lube lukhetho lolwazi. Abaqondisi bendlela yokunyanzela uphatho lokuphembelela abaluvo abanakuphenjelelwa ngabo.

[[UMTL_E] ukufunda ngokuphinda-phindeneyo:[[UMTLL:1]