Indima Ebalulekileyo Yokhetho Oluphambili Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza njengendlela yokungena kwigunya lezobupolitika eUnited States. Ngelinye ixesha lugqiba ukuba ngubani ophethe isikhundla, kuphakathi kokhuphiswano oluphambili apho ummandla wabathathi-nxaxheba uvavanywa, amaqonga eqela, kwaye ukhetho lomvoti luboniswa okokuqala. Ukuqonda indlela olubumba ngayo abavotisi abaphambili kunye nokhetho lwabavoti kubalulekile nabani na ofunda inzululwazi yezobupolitika, ukubhikica, okanye ukunyathela ingiselwano yesizwe. Eli nqaku lihlola abalungisi, iimfuno, kunye neziphelo ezingundoqo zokhetho, ukuzobachola ngomo lwembali, ugcino-data, kunye nohlalutyo olunolwazi olukhoyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Unyulo Lubaluleke Ngokuyintloko

Unyulo lokuqala lungaphezulu kakhulu kunenyathelo lokuqala. Bagqiba ukuba ngoobani abaza kumela iqela lezobupolitika kunyulo jikelele, bemisela ngokunempumelelo ukhetho olukhoyo kunyulo olubanzi. Ukubaluleka kwe-primetics kunwebela kwimimandla emininzi engundoqo:

  • Grassroots inxaxheba: iiPrigrim zinika amandla amalungu eqela elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kunye nefayile ukubumba indlela yeqela lazo, zisoloko zikhulisa amazwi asekuhlaleni ngaphezu kokhokelo lweqela lesizwe.
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Uhluzo olunemingeni: Yinkqubo engundoqo yokhula olukhupha abatshakazi abangakwaziyo ukwakha inkxaso eyaneleyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba oonyulo ngokubanzi sele bebonise umgangatho othile wesibheno sezobupolitika.
  • Iziphumo eziphambili zithumela imiqondiso ecacileyo kwinkokeli zeqela malunga neemfuno neengcamango ezivakalayo kwisiseko, ziphembelela imimiselo yemithetho kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kweqela.

Njengokuba kuphawulwe Brookings Institution, unyulo oluphambili lungaguqula isiziko lengqiqo yeqela, ingakumbi xa ugqatso lulawulwa kukubotshwa kakhulu, ngokufuthi abavoti abagqithisileyo.

Iintlobo Zokhetho Oluphambili Neziphumo Zalo

Imithetho elawula unyulo oluphambili iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokorhulumente, kwaye le mahluko itshintsha kakhulu indlela yokuziphatha komvoti kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ukuqonda iindidi ezingundoqo kusekelwe kuko nakuphi na uhlalutyo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kwiziphakamiso ezivaliweyo, kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe neqela abanokuvota kwiqela eliphambili. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukunyaniseka kweqela kwaye ithintela ukuvota, apho amalungu elinye iqela angavota kwiqela eliyintloko ukuphembelela ukukhetha inkcaso ebuthathaka. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukuvalwa kwemihlathi kukhuthaza ukucoceka kwengqiqo nokungavoti ngokukhululekileyo. Malunga namaphondo ali-15, kuquka iNew York neFlorida, asebenzisa iinkqubo eziphambili ezivaliweyo.

Vula Iindawo

Umthetho ovulekileyo uvumela nabani na obhalisiweyo ukuba akhethe ukuba yeyiphi eyona iphambili yeqela ukuba lithathe inxaxheba kusuku lonyulo. Le nkqubo iquka okungakumbi, kodwa inyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuvota okubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, umvoti ongaguqukiyo angavota kwiDemocratic ephambili yokuxhasa umvoti olungeleleneyo, onokuthi angonakalise itikiti le Democraticus jikelele. Amazwe anjengeMichigan neVirginia asebenzisa iprinamaval.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Amasuntswana angenaziko avumela abavoti abangakhutshwanga ukuba bakhethe ukuba yeyiphi eyona iphambili yeqela ukuba livote, ngeli lixa amalungu abhalisiweyo enokuvota kuphela kukhuphiswano lweqela lawo. Olu mlinganiselo uquka ukuthembeka kweqela. Amazwe anjengoMntla Carolina neConnecticut asebenzisa le mizekelo.

I-Primery

Ngaphantsi kwendlela ephezulu-2, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwiofisi enikiweyo bavela kwibhombu yokuqala enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba badityaniswe naliphi iqela. Abavoti- baphambili ababini baqhubela phambili kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, nokuba bangamalungu elinye. Le nkqubo ijolise ekunciphiseni i-gridlock kwaye ikhuthaze abatshayeli abaphakathi. IKhalifoniya neWashington zisebenzisa uphando oluphezulu-2 primeripories. Uphando olusuka ku [[FLT: 0]. Lucebisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphezulu-zimbini zinokunyusa ukhetho lwevota kodwa lunganciphisa ukumeleka kwabambalwa.

IiMpahla eziPhezulu-

I-Alaska kutshanje yamkela unyulo oluphezulu-mane oluphambili oludityaniswe novoto oluphezulu kunyulo jikelele. Kwesi sixokelelwano, abavoti abane abaphezulu, kungakhathaliseki iqela, baqhubela phambili kunyulo lwezikhundla eziphezulu. Olu tshintsho lwenzelwe ukukhuthaza umelo olubanzi nokunciphisa ukwenziwa kwencam yomhlaba.

Indlela OkuyiNkqubela Ngayo Ukukhetha

Inkqubo yokuqala inamandla anamandla kwabo bafuna ukutyunjwa kweqela. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bahambe beqeqeshiwe apho uvolo luncinane, luneengcamango ezigqithisileyo kunabemi ngokubanzi.

Ukubekwa kwendlela yokuzimela

Ukuphumelela kwisiseko seqela eliphambili, abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba badla ngokuthatha izikhundla ezibhenela kwisiseko somxhasi wengingqi. Oku kungakhokelela “kukunyuso olugqithisileyo,” apho abatshateli bekhuphisana ukuze babonwe njengoyena mkhuseli oyinyaniso wemigaqo yeqela eliphambili. Kwisigxina esivaliweyo, abathathi-nxaxheba banokufumana imithetho ekude kuvoti-ndaba, kuphela ukuthatha isantya esithe ngqo ngexesha lephulo lonyulo jikelele. Le ngxaki, eyaziwa ngokuba “ngunomphumela ophambili,” ibhalwe kakuhle kuncwadi lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika.

Ukubonelela ngemali

Impumelelo ephambili iphenjelelwa kakhulu kukubonelela ngezimali kunye nokuncomela okuphezulu. Imali yangaphambili evela kwabanikeli abancinane kunye namalungu akwiqela i-PACs ingabonakalisa ukusebenziseka. Izixhobo ezivela kumanani anempembelelo, njengangaphambili oomongameli okanye izihlalo zamaqela, zingaqinisa inkxaso kunye nokunqanda ukuvavanya. Unyuko lwengingqi ye-intanethi yemali encinane exhasa iplatfomu efana nomthetho noWin Red, luye lwaguqula umhlaba, luvumela abaqhubi ukuba bavavanye iintanda.

Uphazamiso lwe Grassroot

Abathathi-nxaxheba abaphumeleleyo badla ngokwakha imisebenzi yentsimi eyomeleleyo, ixhomekeke ekunkqonkqozeni iminyango, kwiminxeba, nakwiziganeko zasekuhlaleni. Le ntlangano inamandla angaqhubekeka kunyulo jikelele, inika intloko yokuqala. Noko ke, ukugxininisa kakhulu kwimincili yokuqala kungakhupha nakuovimba abaphambili, okwenza abaza kucela ukuba babe ngamaxhoba jikelele.

Izinto Ezinamandla Zokusebenza

Ulwaphulo-mthetho yindawo yokulwa yamaqela angaphakathi. Kwiqela ledemocratic Party, amaphiko aqhubekekayo naphakathi asoloko engqubana kwiingxaki ezifana nezonyango lwempilo, inkqubo yemozulu, kunye nokulungisa isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. KwiRiphabliki yeQela, ulwahlulo phakathi koziko olungathabathi nzulu kunye noopopuli okanye abahlolo-nkqubo abachaseneyo nophuhliso luye lwaba luphawu oluchaza imijikelezo yakutshanje. Ezi mfazwe zemfazwe zingqinela kungekuphela kwemingxube kodwa kwaneziqumrhu ezitheneyo ezindeneyo kunye nomanyano.

Ukhetho lwevota kwizinto ezikhethiweyo eziphambili

Abavoti bokuqala batyekele ekukhetheni ngokwahlukileyo kubavoti abaqhelekileyo. Babandakanyeke kakhulu kwezobupolitika, bangabahlaseli, yaye basoloko bebadala. Ukuqonda into ebangela ukuba ukhetho lwabo lube ngoyena ndoqo ekuchazeni iziphumo eziphambili.

Ulwazi kunye nenkqubo ye-media

Abavoti bokuqala baxhomekeke kakhulu kulwazi olucacileyo: izikhundla zenkqubo, iingxubusho, kunye nokuxhasa. Ingxelo yamajelo, yesithethe kunye nentlalo, idlala indima enkulu. Abavelisa ixesha lentsholongwane okanye abafumana ingxubevange entle evela kumanani anempembelelo banokufumana unyuko olukhawulezileyo. Noko ke, ukugqwethwa nokuchanabeka okukhethiweyo kunokukwahlukanisa iinkokeli eziphambili.

Ukwahlula iQela kunye neMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Kwizipringi, uphawu lweqela lunikwe, ngoko ke abavoti basebenzisa iingcamango ukusungula abanyulwa. Umvoti ochaza “njengomntu otyekele kakhulu” ukhetha umvoti ogxininisa ukusikwa kwerhafu, amalungelo emipu, kunye namaxabiso angokwesithethe. “ovoti abakhululekileyo kakhulu” bangabamisela abaxhasi abaxhasa ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yendalo okanye irhafu eqhubekayo. Ukuchongwa kwengqiqo ekhulayo yevoti ye-Melika yenze abavoti abatshati abaphambili basebenzisana, kodwa kwakhona bamelana ngakumbi nokulalanisa.

Izinto Ezichaphazela Iimvakalelo Neempembelelo

Charismsa, ubunyani, kunye nokuvotelwa okucingelwayo kuphembelela ngamandla ukujika okuphambili. Abavoter badla ngokubuza: “Lo mvotelwa angaluphumelela unyulo oluqhelekileyo?" Ngenxa yoko, abathathi-nxaxheba ababonwa njengabagqithisileyo okanye abangakufanelekanga bangalahlwa kwanokuba banembono efana neyomvoti. Ngaphezu koko, abavoti bangabohlwaya abantu abathathi-nxaxheba ngenxa yokungalungi kakuhle okanye iimpikiswano zexesha elidlulileyo, nangona ukunyaniseka kwesizwe kungayiphelisa inkxalabo enjalo.

Ukunduluka Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ujikelezo oluphambili ludume ngokusezantsi − izihlandlo ezininzi i-20-40% yabavoti abafanelekileyo kumaphondo ngaphandle kokhuphiswano lomongameli. Oku kuthoba kunyusa amandla amaqela enzala, abaxhasi, kunye nabavoti abavunyiweyo. Imigudu yokwandisa inxaxheba, njengobhaliso olufanayo, uvotelo lwangaphambili, kunye nee-posi-ivoloti, ziboniswe ukukhuthaza ukurhoxa komjiko oyintloko, kodwa isiphumo sithoba xa sithelekiswa nonyulo jikelele. Iziko lophando olunezelelwe ngamandla kakhulu.

Impembelelo Yokhetho Oluphambili Kukhetho Oluqhelekileyo

Imiphumo yezindlu zabefundisi ingena kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, luchaphazela yonke into ukususela ekuguqukeni ukusa kwiingxoxo zenkqubo.

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Ngomlinganiselo Ofanelekileyo Nokuzihlaziya

Xa amaziko evelisa iingcamango ezigqithisileyo, abanyulwa ngokubanzi basenokuzama ukubhenela kwi-odoli eziphakathi nezizimeleyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abatshatiswayo abakwiziprime ezivaliweyo badla ngokusuka bangabi nasuntswana kunabo bafakwe kwimiqathango evulekileyo okanye ephezulu-emibini. Noko ke, isiphumo siyacaciswa. Kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo, iingcinezelo eziphambili zilawula; kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo, abatshatezi banezisusa ezinamandla zokusebenzisana.

IVoter Turrout neNjongo

I-arhente ephezulu nephezulu ekwi-propati-Primite inganyusa ukubolekisana kwabavoti. I-2016 kunye ne-2020 Democratic Primerial Primeriers zabona irekhodi ebhaliweyo, ixhotyiswe nomdla omkhulu kubo bobabini abatshatileyo kunye nemibandela. Ngokuchaseneyo, iintloko-ntloko ezingephi ezithe zacinezelwa okanye iisitshixo eziphantsi zingacinezelwa, ezinokuthi zithwale phezu komntu jikelele. Xa iqela libamba ilungu elinokwahlula, abanye abaxhasi bomvoti-nxaxheba abaphulukani nenkonzo banokuhlala ngaphandle konyulo okanye bevotela iqela lesithathu.

Umanyano Lweqela

Iingxabano zinokushiya ingqumbo engapheliyo, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ngomntu ohlala ekho, ukumanyanisa elo qela. Unyaka ka-2016 weRiphabliki ephambili, umzekelo, wabonakalisa iimfazwe ezikrakra phakathi koDonald Trump nabaphikisi bakhe, ukanti inkoliso yamaRiphabliki ekugqibeleni yahlanganisana emva komtyunjwa. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, njengabanye abantu abangenamsebenzi, abahluli abaphambili nabaxhasi babo basenokungakuxhasi okanye bade bancomele umxhasi weqela eliphikisayo, bede bathobe amathemba onyulo jikelele.

Ukubonelela ngemali kunye nokuhlala kwezibonelelo

Abaqhubi abajongene nemikhosi enzima ephambili basoloko bekhupha ingxowa-mali yephulo, beyishiya ingekho mgangathweni kubachasi bonyulo jikelele abaphakanyisiweyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, abaphumeleleyo abangenisi-mthetho ngenkxaso ebanzi bangafumana isixhaso esiqhubela phambili kumsebenzi onamandla. Iikomiti zeqela lesizwe ziyakwazi ukwabela ubuncwane obusekelwe ekukhuphisaneni okuphambili, okuthe nako ukulungisa iziphumo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwezinto Eziphambili

Phezu kwalo nje idinga labo lolawulo - melo, unyulo oluyintloko lujongene nokugxekwa okunzulu okuye kwabangela ukuba kufuneke utshintsho.

Igophe elisezantsi nelingangqinelanga

Eyona nto ingapheliyo ukugxekwa kukuba abavoti abaphambili abameleli babemi ababanzi. Bamhlophe, badala, kwaye batyebile ngakumbi kunabo bonke abakhethi ngokubanzi kunye nelizwe liphela. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abavoti abaphambili bagqithisele kakhulu ngokweengcamango kwaye basenokuba neembono ezinamandla zabavoti, ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekungangeni nxaxheba kwabo batshati ekunyanzeleni abantu ngokubanzi.

Ukwehla koMngcipheko noKususwa

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lungabhenela ekuhlaziyweni kwezobupolitika ngokuvuzwa kwabantu ababhenela kweyona ndawo ithembekileyo, ngokufuthi egqithisileyo, amalungu. Le ntshukumo idibene nonyuko lwabahlaziyi bepopuli kumacala omabini, nangona isiphumo sibalaseliswa kakhulu kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo apho unyulo ngokubanzi lungangeneleli.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokudideka

Umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho eyintloko ngaphaya kwamazwana ubangela ukudideka kubavoti. Umntu osuka kwimo evulekileyo ukuya kwimo evaliweyo asenokungayazi imiqathango yexesha lokubhalisa okanye iimfuno zeqela lonxulumano. Oku kuntsonkotha ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela abancinane, abafunyanisi abancinane, nabangenamfundo ingakumbi, abathathi-nxaxheba.

Ixabiso kunye nexesha

Amaphulo aphambili anokudlula iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, asebenzisa ubuncwane obukhulu. Amaphulo kufuneka anyuse imali yokukhuphisana kumaphondo amaninzi, ngokufuthi phambi kokuba kujulwe amavoti okuqala. Ixesha eliphambili elibanzi lingakhokelela ekudinweni kovoti lize linciphise ingqalelo kwiingxoxo ezibalulekileyo zemigaqo.

Ucwangciso

Kwiziphakamiso ezivulekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha amaqela ajongene nomngcipheko “wokuvota ngokunyulwa,” apho abaxhasi beqela elichaseneyo banqumla ngabom ukukhetha umntu obuthathaka ngakumbi. Ngoxa ubungqina obukhuthazayo bokuhlasela iziphumo zovotelo budityanisiwe, impikiswano enokuba namandla yokuthetha ngengqibelelo yokuqala.

Utshintsho Nekamva Lokhetho Oluphambili

Ngenxa yezi ngxaki, iingcebiso ezininzi zotshintsho ziye zafunyanwa.

  • Phezulu-2 kunye nangaphezulu-kuphezulu-ku---ne primerives: Icelwe ukunciphisa ukonakalisa nokunyusa ukhuphiswano ngokuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi abasuka kwiqela elinye ukuba baqhube phambili.
  • ukuvota okunendawo eqinileyo kwiprimes: Ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abajolise ekuqeleni, ikhuthaza ukuvumelana kokungqubana nokucutha iziphumo zophango zabathathi-nxaxheba besithathu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ivula amagumbi aphezulu abhalisiweyo ngosuku olunye: Ijolise ekunyukeni komjikelo kwaye yenza unyulo lube ngummeli ongakumbi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokuphandle inkxaso-mali yezindlu ezincinci: Ukunciphisa impembelelo yabaniki abazizityebi kunye neePaCs ezinkulu, ezinako ukucutha indawo yokudlala.
  • [[NTL: 0] Nonpartans primiaris: Kwezinye iindawo, iprimite zisuswa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yonyulo olungelulo iparatis, ivumela bonke abavoti ukuba bakhethe kubo bonke abathathi nxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Ezi nguqulelo ziyavavanywa kumgangatho wesizwe nowengingqi. Umzekelo, indlela ye-Alaska ephezulu-okanye enemiqathango emine yakhutshwa ngo2022 kwaye yatsala ingqalelo yesizwe njengemodeli enokwenzeka ekucutheni kwencam yomhlaba. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lucebisa ukuba inkqubo ikhuthaza isakhiwo seqela elinqamlezileyo kwaye ivumela abathathi-nxaxheba abalungeleleneyo ukuba baqhube phambili.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lokuqala lusisiseko kodwa ludla ngokuqondwa kakubi kwe-demokhrasi yaseMerika. Babumba abathathi-nxaxheba abafuna igunya, banika izwi kumalungu eqela, kwaye baphembelela ukuphembelela kwengqiqo yesizwe. Kodwa bakwajamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo, kuquka ukujika-jika okuphantsi, ukwenziwa kwemimandla ebanzi, kunye nokungabikho kobuchule. Ukuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo abalawuli bedemokhrasi baseMelika. Bangatshintsha ngayo yaye banokutshintsha njani kumntu ofuna ukungenela inkqubo yezopolitiko. Njengoko ummandla uyaqhubeka usanda kuvela, abafundisi kunye novotimentiya kufuneka baqhubeke benolwazi ngemisebenzi emisela ukhetho lwabo. Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika ixhomekeke kwicandelo, ngokwenxalenye, kwimpilo yonyulo-okhiwo-ntle.