Ukunyanzelisa yenye yeenkqubo ezibalulekileyo nezingaqondwanga kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Kusebenza njengovavanyo olusisiseko kugunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba, kuvumela iKhomishini ukuba ibeke amagosa aphezulu esizwe amele aphendule ngehambo engafanelekanga enzulu. Ngoxa eli gama lisoloko lijikwa jikelele kwingxoxo yezobupolitika, inkqubo engokoqobo ichazwa ngenyameko yinkqubo echasene nemigaqo-siseko kwaye yenziwe ngeminyaka engaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda indlela ukungakhuthazi kusebenza ngayo njengemvelaphi yayo yesiseko ekusetyenzweni kwayo kwale mihla, `ibalulekile kuye nawuphi na umntu ofunda urhulumente waseMerika, imbali, okanye umthetho. Eli nqaku linikela ingcaciso enzulu, ngenkangeleko, ngenkalo yokungatho, ngembali, umongo wayo, nokuhlala kokubaluleka kwayo njengokhuseleko lwamandla achaseneyo.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokuphembelela

Inkqubo yokungagunyaziswa isekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, ngokukhethekileyo kwiGatya I, iGatya III, neGatya III. Abaququlunqi bomGaqo-siseko, besebenzisa imizekelo yepalamente yamaNgesi namava abo abawafumana kumarhulume-mikhosi yamakoloni, becebe ukupheliswa njengendlela yokususa amagosa aye angcatsha uluntu. Ngokungafaniyo netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukugatya yinkqubo yezopolitiko ejolise ekukhuseleni iRiphabliki, kungekhona ukohlwaya abantu phantsi komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilungiselelo eliyintloko lokunganikezeli libonakala ku icandelo lesi-4, icandelo lesi-4, elithi: "UMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli kunye nabo bonke abaphathi belizwe baseUnited States, baza kususwa e-Ofisini kwi-Impeating forfices, kwaye bakhutshelwe, isiSifumbathiso, okanye ezinye ii-Cribestias kunye neMisderams. Eli binzana limisela amaziko amathathu okungakhuphiswano: ukurhwebela, ukunyoba, kunye nodidi oluthengwayo olungaphezulu----------kakhulu kunye nolunye udidi lwe-midarivel." UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdminko yookanye iNdlks shortle (ucel I, icandelo 2) kunye namandla oL.

Imisebenzi yendlu njengomtshutshisi, ezisa izityholo ezisemthethweni. IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenza njengelungu labachopheli-tyala, liphulaphule ubungqina lize linikele isigqibo. Inkoliso yesithathu kwiNdlu yeeNyanga kufuneka ivalelwe ityala ize isuse igosa. Abafaki-mthetho bamisela ngabom lo mqobo lo myalelo uphakamileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubhalisa iza kugcinwa kwezona tyala zinzima kwaye azizukusetyenziswa ngokulula ngobuninzi bama-dexxx.

Ukuchaza "Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezigwebo ezingalunganga"

Yintoni kanye eyenzekayo "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu okanye olungekho semthethweni" luye lwaphikiswana kangangeenkulungwane. Ibinzana alichazwanga kumGaqo-siseko, kwaye abafaki miyalelo balishiya livulekile. UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala kwi iPulathi yeFederali , ichazwa amatyala angacacisiweyo njenga "amacala abangelwa kukungalungisi kwabantu, okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi okanye ukwaphulwa kokholo lwasekuhlaleni." Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, ukuditya, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nokuziphatha okululaza ukuthembeka kwamaziko karhulumente.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iBhunga kunye neenkundla ziye zaphatha "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nezigwebo ezingalunganga" njengezomthetho zezopolitiko ezikwindalo kunokuba zibe sisongelo. Igosa linganyanzelwa ukuba liphumeze izenzo ezingaphuli mthetho kodwa lisamela ukwaphulwa okunzulu kokholo lwamaqumrhu. Umzekelo, uMongameli Andrew Johnson wayengagunyaziswa ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho we-Ofisi. Ngumthetho kamva ogqalwa njengongasebenziyo kodwa ityala lixhomekeke ekulaleni kwakhe ukuthobela igunya leBhunga. Ngokufanayo, uPresidenti uBill Clinton wagwetywa ngenxa ye-jinga kunye nokungalungisi komthetho, zombini ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa phantsi kwembambano yayingumthetho osetyenziswa kakubi. Inkcazelo engomntu ngamnye engomntu ngamnye engomnye ihlala ingukubanziwa.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela

Inkqubo yokungavumelani ityhilwa kwimigangatho emibini eyahlukeneyo: okokuqala kwiNdlu yabameli, emva koko kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ngeli xesha inkqubo isenokuhluka ngokwenkcukacha zayo kuxhomekeke kumongo wezobupolitika nakwigosa elibandakanyekileyo, isakhiwo jikelele simiselwe kakuhle.

Ukungena Nokuphanda

Inkoliso yamatyala aqalisa ngokuphanda. Oku kungabangelwa sisikhalazo esivela kwilungu leBhunga, i-arhente evela kwisiluleko esikhethekileyo okanye umtshutshisi ozimeleyo, okanye izityholo zikawonke-wonke zokungahambi kakuhle. IKomiti yeNdlu Yomdisi isoloko ikhokela ekuqhubeni uphando. Abasebenzi bekomiti baqokelela amaxwebhu, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, kwaye babamba iindlebe ukuze bafumanise ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo kusini na. Kwezinye iimeko, iNdlu yenze ikomiti ekhetha ngokukhethekileyo ukusingatha ukuphengulula okungaqukiyo, njengoko kwenziwa kumbuzo ka-201919 kaMongameli uDonald Trump.

Isigaba sophando sinzima kuba sibumba amanqaku okungagunyaziswayo ngezantsi, oku kumele kuvotelwe yiNdlu. Ikomiti mayimisele ingxelo eyinyaniso kwaye ichaze ukuba ziziphi izenzo ezibubutyala obungathethekiyo. Ngeli thuba, igosa elimangalelweyo linethuba lokuphendula ngesiluleko esisemthethweni nokuvavanya ubungqina obunikelwe ngokuchasene nalo.

Igalelo leNkcubeko neMidlalo yeNdlu yeNtshona Koloni

Ukuba iKomiti yoMququzeleli ifumana ubungqina obaneleyo bokwenza okubi, ilungisa amanqaku elinye okanye ngaphezulu. Inqaku ngalinye lichaza ityala elahlukileyo, elifana "lokusetyenziswa kwamandla" okanye "ukwamkelwa kweBhunga". Ikomiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingawancomela na amanqaku kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Uninzi olulula kwikomiti lwanele ukuhambisela phambili amanqaku.

Indlu epheleleyo yabameli ngoko iphikisana kunye namavoti kwinqaku ngalinye lokungakhuphi. Ukudlula kufuna uninzi olulula lwabo bakhoyo kunye novota. Ukuba iNdlu iyalivumela inqaku elinye, igosa liyagwetywa ngokusemthethweni. Imvume yeNdlu ifana netyala elikhulu labachophele ityala `alo alilishenxisi igosa eliseofisini, kodwa limisela iqonga lokuvavanya kwiBhunga.

Ityala LeNdlu: Ukugwetywa Okuyimbali

Xa iNdlu ithe yatyhola igosa, la manqaku adluliselwa kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, elimele liqhube ityala. IBhunga leNtsimbi linemithetho yalo yokuvavanya ukuchana, eye yaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba iJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBuongameli xa umongameli evavanywa; ukuze ihlolwe ngamagosa athile, uMongameli okanye uMongameli olawula iNdlundlo.

Inkqubela Nobungqina

Ngexesha lokuchophela ityala, iNdlu yeNdlu imisela abaphathi-mikhosi − ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu eKomiti yoLawulo oluNquma--------arhente asebenza njengabatshutshisi kwaye anikele ityala ngenxa yokugwetywa. Igosa elityholwayo, elibizwa ngokuba ligosa, linokumelwa licebiso elingokwasemthethweni. IBhunga lihlala njengejaji, negosa ngalinye elifunekayo ukwenza isifungo sokwenza okusesikweni ngokungakhethi. Ityala liquka ukuchaza iingxelo zokuvula, ukunikelwa kobungqina, ukuvavanywa kwamangqina (ukuba i-State zivota), kwaye ligqibela iimpikiswano. Ngokungafani netyala eliqhelekileyo, iNxati yeeNqila lisenokuvota ukukhupha ityala okanye ukubiza amangqina awongezele.

Imithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo ayingqongqo kangako kuneyokuququzelelwa kwenkundla kuba iinkundla zetyala zikukutyala kwezobupolitika. IBhunga linengqiqo ebanzi yokufumana ubungqina namaxwebhu angavunyelwayo. Kwezinye iimeko zembali, njengokuvavanywa kwetyala likaMongameli Andrew Johnson ngowe-1868, amangqina amaninzi abizelwa.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuhlanganisana Okanye Ukuyeka

Emva kokunikelwa kobungqina, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi zangasese zifuna ubuvoti ngabom. Ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli nakweliphi na inqaku lokungathobeli. Ukubanjwa nokususwa kwegosa, uninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini zabaququzeleli abakhoyo luyafuneka. Kufuneka ukuba ngaba abachongi abali-100, okuthetha ukuba kufuneka ubuncinane amavoti angama-671. Ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli ukufikelela kulo mqobo kulo naliphi na inqaku, igosa elisemthethweni liyakhululwa kwaye lihlale liseofisini. Ukuba libotshwe kwinqaku elinye okanye ngaphezulu, igosaveli lisuswa ngoko nangoko emsebenzini. Indlu yendlu ingavotela isenokuvota ityala eligwetyiweyo ekuphatheni nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi iofisi karhulumente, ukuvota okufuna igosa elula.

Imfuneko yesithathu esibini iphezulu ngabom ukukhusela ukususwa kobuhlanga. Kwimbali yaseMerika, oomongameli abathathu kuphela abacetyiswa yiNdlu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho namnye owagwetywa yiBhunga, nangona uJohnson wasinda ngevoti enye. Amagosa orhulumente kuphela asuswa eofisini yiNdlundyeni angabagwebi (ngokungakumbi, abagwebi abalishumi elinesihlanu abagwebi abagwetyiweyo, kunye noyena mva nje uG. Thomas Portissey Jr. Ngowayi 2010.

Ukungakhuthazi Akulingani Nokutshatyalaliswa

Ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba ukungakhuthazi kuthetha ukuba igosa likhutshwe ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Enyanisweni, ukubekwa ityala yinto esesikweni ebekwe yiNdlu. Ukukhutshwa kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Umongameli angatyunjwa (egwetywa, enyanisweni) kwaye aqhubeke esebenza ngegama elipheleleyo ukuba iBhunga likhohlakele. Lo mahluko usisiseko sokuqonda ii-checks kunye nomlinganiselo owakhelwe kwinkqubo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukugwetywa akukuthinteli ukutshutshiswa kwezaphuli-mthetho ezayo. UmGaqo-siseko uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba iqela eligwetyiweyo "nangona liza kuba nelungelo nokubekwa ityala, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa nokugwetywa, ngokweSigwebo, ngokwemithetho." Ngamanye amazwi, ukunyanzeliswa nokususwa zizinto zezopolitiko ezingathathi indawo yenkqubo yokugweba. Umzekelo, emva kokuba uMongameli Richard Nixon ehlawulwayo ngowe- 1974, wafumana uxolo kuMongameli uGerald Ford, kodwa eso yayisisombululo esahlukeneyo sezobupolitika, kungekhona umphumo wenkqubo yezomthetho ngokwayo.

Imiyalelo Yembali Nempembelelo Yayo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala angokwembali atyhila indlela le nkqubo eye yasetyenziswa ngayo ukutyhubela amaxesha awahlukeneyo kunye nemikhosi yezobupolitika edlalwayo.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Ukungagunyaziswa komongameli wokuqala kwenzeka emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. UMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uDemocrat waseTennessee owalandela uAbraham Lincoln, waxambulisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo neRiphablikian Congress elawulwayo kwimithetho yokuqululisa. IBhunga loMgaqo-siseko ladlulisa iSivumelo se-Texaster soburhulumente, nto leyo eyafuna ukuba ivunywe iBhunga leBhathiwe likarhulumente. Johnson wawuchasa umthetho ngokudubula unobhala wemfazwe u-Edwin Stanton, ekhokela iNdlukwano yokumtyumzalisa kwimicimbi eli-11. Ityala lendlu yazimela ityala lahlala iinyanga ezimbini, kwaye uJohnson wabaleka ngevoti enye etyala le-19 etyala elifunekayo lingenatyala. Ityala elifutshane lalo laveza ukuba umongameli angayichaphaze ahlulele umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wolawulo lukarhulumente.

Richard Nixon noWatergate (1974)

UMongameli Richard Nixon wajamelana nokunganconywa ngenxa yendima yakhe kwihlazo leWatergate. IKomiti yendlu Yomdivi yavuma amanqaku amathathu okungagunyaziswayo: ukuthintelwa kokusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokudelelwa kweBhunga. Ngaphambi kokuba iNkundla epheleleyo ivote, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uNixon ukuba akhuphe iiteyiphu ezingqine ukuba ubandakanyeke ekugqibeni kwakhe. Ukujongwa kwento ethile esenokuba ayifuni nokungaqiniseki, uNixon warhoxa ngoAgushongo ngoAga 8, 1974, kwaye umongameli kuphela ukuba arhoxe. Le meko ibonisa indlela isisongelo sokungachongi sikamongameli esinokuthi sinyanze ngayo ukuba akhuphe ite itepitile ngaphandle kwetyala. Kwawo naloo mthetho uqikelelo ukuba umgaqo womgaqo womthetho umongameli ungayidlulisele ngaphezulu komthetho.

Bill Clinton (1998-19999)

UMongameli uBill Clinton wacetyiswa ukuba agwetyelwe ukubotshwa kwetyala kunye nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni okunxulumene nolwalamano lwakhe noWhite Housennn Monican Lewinsky. Indlu yavota kakhulu kwimigca yeqela, lanoko omabini amanqaku adlulayo ngoDisemba 19, 1998. Ityala leNdlu yeNtsimbi lahlala iiveki ezintlanu laza laphela ngokugwetywa kuzo zombini izityholo; inqaku le-pheya-jury lafumana iivota ezinetyala ezingama-45 kwaye alizange libe natyala, lo gama inqaku lenqobo lalibotshelelwe 50-12-50. Ityala laphakanyiswa imibuzo engokungatho kwezenzo zobuqu, njengoko kuchasene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikawonke. Abaphengululi abaninzi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi ezityholo azinakuhlanganiswanga kukwa "umthetho omkhulu kwaye abenzi-mthetho ombini".

Donald Trump (Uncedo lokuqala, 2019-2020)

Ngo-2019, uMongameli uDonald Trump wacetyiswa kwimiba emibini: ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga. Izityholo zavela kunxulumano locingo noMongameli wase-Ukraine uVolodyr Zelenskyy apho uTrump wacinezela khona uphando kuJoe Biden owayengomnye wobupolitika ngoxa wayengalufumani uncedo lwengingqi olugunyazisiweyo lomkhosi. Indlu yovota ukuthoba imigca yeqela. Inkundla yeNdlulo yaphela ngomnxeba owenziwe ngoFebruware 2020, phantse ukuba zonke iiRepublican ze-senant zarhoxisa ivota ingenatyala. Lo mzekelo wabala ink'umbnal'imper arrentients sy sy sy sy sy internant internant internant with will.

UDonald Trump (Inkcubeko yeSecond, 2021)

Emva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol yase-U.S., uMongameli uTrump wacetyiswa okwesibini ```lo mzuzu omnye wokuphembelela ukuvukelwa. Indlu yavota 232-1997, kunye ne 10 Republicans zidibene zonke iDemocrates. Yayiyeyona i-bipartarian congationmental embalini. Ityala leNdlu yenzeka emva kokuba uTrump sele eshiyile iofisi, iphakamisa imibuzo engokomgaqo-siseko nokuba umongameli wangaphambili ungayirhoxiswa na. Indlu yeRhovisi i-Rhoxa iphinde idi esulelwe ngevoti enecala elinotyala elingu-57 (kuquka 7 Republicans) lisifice i- 67. Ityala eligxininiswe nzululo malunga nomgangatho wehambo olungangeni-mthetho nemiqatha.

Ukunyanzelisa Kwamanye Amagunya Omanyano

Ngeli xesha ukunyanzeliswa komongameli kufumana eyona ngqwalasela iphambili, umGaqo-siseko ukwavumela ukutyunjwa kwabanye amagosa e-"United States". Olu didi luquka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala bekhabhinethi, kunye namagosa athile esebe aphezulu ahamba phezulu. Kwimbali, uninzi lwabangaqhubiswanga luye lwajolise kubagwebi besizwe, abanokumiselwa ubomi bonke kwaye abangenakushenxiswa ngokulula.

Abagwebi baye bacetyiswa ngenxa yezono ezinjengokunyoba, ukubhatala irhafu, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko ejongene negalelo xa behleli. Umzekelo, Judge John Fitelering (1803) wanyanzelwa waza wasuswa ngenxa yokungaguquguquki kwengqondo nokunxila kwibhedrin; Ijaji Alec Hastings (19989) yacetyiswa yaza yasuswa kwityala lokunyoba elinxulumene netyala lokunyoba (emva koko wanyulelwa kwindlu yabameli). Inkqubela yamasebe aphetheyo ngaphandle komongameli ayiqhelekanga kodwa iye yenzeka, njengokungathethiswa kukaNobhala wemfazwe uWilliam Belknap ngo1866. UBelp warhoxa eendye kwindlu, kodwa ingundye yarhoxiwa, kodwa emva koko wagwetywa yiNxokiswa emva kweBhobethi.

Ukunyanzelisa Koorhulumente Bakarhulumente

Ukubhalisa akuyoyoyodwa kurhulumente wezwe. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uquka iinkqubo zawo zokuzigqibelela kubalawuli, abagwebi besizwe, namanye amagosa karhulumente. Iinkqubo zohluka-hluka kakhulu. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna ivoti ezimbini-sithathu kwiphondo ukuze afumane isiqinisekiso, njengemodeli karhulumente, ngoxa amanye esebenzisa uninzi olulula. Amanye amazwe avumela ukususwa kwamagosa ngethuba lokukhumbula unyulo, ukunikela enye indlela yokuziphendulela. Okubalulekileyo kokungaquki mithetho kubandakanya ukungagunyazi kweRod Blagovich ka-2009 yeRod yeRod Blagojech ye-ok, kunye ne-2015 yeRongey ye-Amagentsbey ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali nentlawulo oluphezulu lwemali. Urhulumente-ophumo-othelelana ulawulo oluphezulu lwabaphathi-mal

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nempembelelo Yeepolitiki

Ukungaququzeli kubangelwa yimeko yezobupolitika ngokwemvelo, kwaye uluvo lukawonke wonke lunendima enamandla ekulungiseni iziphumo zalo. Abaququzeleli banenjongo yokungaceli ukuba babe luvavanyo lwezopolitiko, kodwa imekobume yezosasazo yeli xesha iye yakwenza kwalula ngakumbi ukuhlahlela umva. Isigqibo sokuqalisa uphando olusoloko luxhomekeke ekubeni liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlu; isigqibo sokufumana ityala sixhomekeke ekubeni liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlukwano nokuvuma kwamaqumrhu ukuqhekeza amaqela.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwetyala okanye ubumsulwa begosa lungasusa igalelo lezobupolitika kumalungu ngamanye eBhunga. Imibhiyozo exhobisayo, amaphulo engca, kunye nentelekelelo yamajelo eendaba zinganyusa uxinzelelo kubenzi bomthetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, unyuso olunamandla lunganciphisa intsebenziswano enqamlezayo, lwenza intelekelelo ephantse ibe yesithathu esingenokwenzeka xa iqela legosasi elithe sangenelwa libamba ngaphezu kwesithathu esinye sezihlalo zeNtsibo. I-20202020 kunye no-201 eziyimizekelo ecacileyo yokuvavanywa kweMongameli u-Trump esebenzayo.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bayaqhubeka bephikisana enoba imeko-bume echaseneyo ngoku iye yaphelelwa yinjongo yokuba netyala okanye ihlala iluncedo kusini na. Okucacileyo kukuba ukunyanzeleka kuseyimbonakaliso enamandla yegunya leBhunga kunye nento egxekayo yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulingana.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Ukungaququzeli kungaphezulu kakhulu kunesixhobo sezobupolitika okanye icebo lokufuna ukwazi ngezopolitiko. Kuyindawo ephezulu elungiselelwe ukugcina ingqibelelo yeli phecana ngokususa amagosa aye angcatsha isifungo sawo sobupolisa. Le nkqubo idibanisa ukuma okusemthethweni nomgwebo wezopolitiko, ifuna ukuba iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ePhakathi ePhakamileyo isebenze njengesithinteli sokunganyaniseki kwembali, urhulumente, nomthetho, ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwemithetho yetyala. Ngoxa ukuchana kwemiqathango ephezulu yokunyanzeleka kwezobupolitika zaseMelika kubangele ukususwa okungaqhelekanga kwiimeko zomongameli, ukungazithobeki kwemithetho engekho mthethweni, ukusetyenziswa nje kokuzibamba ngobuchule, ukumelana nokuzinziswa kwengqiqo nokuzinziswa kwemeko ngegunya.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uhlolo lwe- Intengiso ebhaliweyo kwicebo lokufundisa , iNdlu yoovaleli beNdlu yoshwankathelo lwembali yempiliso yeNkqutyana, kunye nesikhokelo soburhulumente kwiinkqubo zokungagqibeki