Isakhiwo soorhulumente besizwe eUnited States silungiselelwe ukubonakalisa inkqubo karhulumente karhulumente omiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Oku kufana kuvumela isakhiwo esilungelelanisiweyo kunqamleze imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukuqonda amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko zabo kungakhathaliseki igunya legunya. Siza kusuka kumgaqo-siseko worhulumente wesizwe.

Isiseko Sembali: Isizathu Sokuba Amazwana Afane Norhulumente

Abaxhasi boMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. basebenzisa kakhulu amava obuthanga kunye nokusilela kweeNkcukacha. Bafuna inkqubo apho oorhulumente besizwe beza kuhlala khona bezimele ngendlela ephawulekayo kodwa besebenza phantsi korhulumente wesizwe omanyeneyo. UMthetho-mendo-siseko weshumi othe ngqo awugunyaziswanga kumagunya amiselweyo eUnited States okanye abantu, ukuqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba oorhulumente bangamagunya aphezulu kwimimandla yabo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka nokuqhekeka kwemithetho-siseko yorhulumente, ukwakhiwa kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe, okuye kwafakwa emva kweMvukelo-Revolunt, kwaye ebudeni bendibano yomgaqo-siseko ezalandelayo, kwamkeleka ngokuphandle isakhiwo esifanayo soburhulumente. Lo msebenzi wawungakhuthanga ngengozi; ukukhusela ukudityaniswa kwegunya, nokuvunyelwa kwabemi belizwe ukuba bangenelele kwiinkqubo ezininzi zezomthetho-ogractivein, kwaye umgaqo-ognegrac, kunye neemisebenzi ezingonogqeqesho ezingo zasekuhlaleni ezingo zasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni zasekuhlaleni.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: IRhuluneli njengeSigqeba esiPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo kumgangatho karhulumente linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho, efana nesebe eliphetheyo lesizwe elikhokelwa nguMongameli. Urhulumente ngamnye unerhuluneli yakhe ekhonza njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, ejonge amasebe nesebe ahlukeneyo. Indima yerhuluneli yeyopolitiko neyolawulo, efuna ukuba balawule uqingqo-mali, bamisele amagosa, kwaye bamisele imithetho ephambili.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko ZeRhuluneli

Ngeli xesha uMongameli eyalela urhulumente wequmrhu, irhuluneli ikhokela umatshini olawulayo karhulumente. Amandla aqhelekileyo aquka:

  • [ Irhuluneli iqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo yesizwe iphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo, ngokufuthi ngemiyalelo kumthetho onyanzeliswayo kunye namaqumrhu omthetho.
  • Amandla: NjengoMongameli, abalawuli bangawunika umthetho. Amazwe amaninzi anika ityala lomgca wento iveto yesixhobo sokunikezela, evumela irhuluneli ukuba ibethe inkcitho ethile yempahla `a amandla uMongameli akanawo kumgangatho wezwe.
  • Igunya lokuMisela: Abalawuli bamisela iintloko zabameli, iibhodi, kunye noothunywa, nakumaphondo amaninzi, abagwebi. La madinga asoloko ephantsi koqinisekiso lowiso-mthetho.
  • Ukugutyungelwa: Irhuluneli inikezela ngesicelo soqingqo-mali sonyaka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, iphembelela indlela imali karhulumente eyabelwe ngayo.
  • uMyaleli-kwintloko: Irhuluneli iyalela urhulumente woKhuselo lwesizwe (ongalawulwa) kwaye ingayibiza xa kungxamisekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imikhosi kunye nonyamezelo: Inkoliso yabalawuli inamandla okuxolela, ukuxolela, kunye nokubuyisela umva, ngokufanayo negunya loMongameli elinamandla.

Abanye abaphathi abanolawulo oluphezulu kunye neZicwangciso

Amasebe alawulayo esizwe asoloko equka amagosa anyulwe ngokuzimeleyo anjenge-lentinant, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala wephondo, umgcini-mali, kunye nonobumba. Oku kwahlulwa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ngokufana nomzekelo woorhulumente apho kunyulwa kuphela uMongameli noMongameli wesizwe, unyulwa ngokubhekiselele kwigunya lombuso. Umzekelo, eTexas, irhuluneli inika igunya elikhethekileyo negosa-omsi. Amaziko karhulumente, njengesebe lemfundo, impilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwezipili, amasebe esebe esebe esebe lebhunga. umzekelo, i-FLT. [FLT]] uGenegarveraveraliant [[FLT]] unika oovimba abazimele kumazwe azimeleyo aqeqeqethiweyo.

Ulungelelwano lwegunya namandla exesha likaxakeka

Irhuluneli zisoloko zisebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukulathisa imisebenzi karhulumente, ingakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko. Ngelixesha imiyalelo yoMongameli elawulayo ilinganiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente, imiyalelo yamarhuluneli ingathetha ngemibandela ecacileyo enjengempendulo yentlekele, iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke (umz., i-COVID-19), kunye notshintsho lomthetho. Umlinganiselo wale miyalelo uyahluka ngokomgaqo-siseko nomthetho, kodwa yisixhobo esinamandla sokwenza into engeyomfuneko.

Isebe Lomthetho: Amazwe Asebenza Kulawulo - melo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho kumgangatho wesizwe lijongene nokwenza imithetho. Amazwana amaninzi anendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral, efana ne-U.S. Congress, enezindlu ezimbini: Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Noko ke, iNebraska ima yodwa neuncameral, indlu yowiso-mthetho engathanga-mthetho − ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo kwimodeli karhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zecawa zahluka kakhulu ngobude, ubude beseshoni, kunye nembuyiselo, kodwa imisebenzi yazo engundoqo ihlala ithenjiwe.

Ukuzimela Ngamabala Neentlobo Zako

Kumaphondo e-bidamaral, indlu esezantsi (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli, iNdibano, okanye iNdlu yabathunywa) iqhele ukuba namalungu angakumbi amele isithili esincinane, ngeli xesha indlu ephezulu (isixeko) inamalungu amancinane amele isithili esikhulu. Le mbonakalo i-Indlu neBhunga lengingqi. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya inamalungu angamashumi asibhozo kunye nama-40 e-Senator. ngelinye icala, i-Alaska, inemiqathango encinane emalunga angama-40 kunye nelungu le-20 leNdlukwano. Imidatha ekho kwamanye amazwe (umz. iKhalifoni, iMichigan) kodwa ayiveli amanye, kodwa yenza ukungavisisani kwicandelo lomthetho.

Imisebenzi yeMithetho yeSizwe

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yenza imisebenzi emininzi engundoqo yegunya kwiNgqungquthela:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwenza umthetho: Ukudrafti, ukuphikisana, nokuvota kumatyala aba yimithetho karhulumente. Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni bangazisa amawaka emali yetyala kwintlanganiso nganye.
  • Imvume yendlu yowiso-mthetho ihlola kwaye iqinisa uqingqo-mali lwerhuluneli, idla ngokuba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo enzulu malunga nemali ephambili.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ikomiti: iqulathe amatyala ukuze iphande amasebe neenkqubo zikarhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuphendula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umelo olubalulekileyo: Abameli baxhasa iimfuno zesithili, umsebenzi wokujongana noluntu.
  • Ukucacisa:[ Yonke iminyaka elishumi, iintlanga zowiso-mthetho ziphinda zirhuqe iintlanganiso kunye nezintlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezisekelwe kugcino-lwazi lobalo, inkqubo esoloko iphantsi kwempikiswano yezobupolitika.

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo kuMthetho kaRhulumente

Ngokungafaniyo nomgangatho karhulumente, amazwana amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba bagqithe umthetho-siseko ngenyathelo kunye nee-arhente. Esi sixhobo solawulo-lwazi oluthe ngqo esivela kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.(iii-ofisi) ezinokuvotelwa ukunikela imimiselo okanye izilungisi zomGaqo-siseko ngokwazo. Amashumi amabini anesithandathu amaziko anenyathelo okanye iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zolwamkelo-mthetho. Umzekelo, inkqubo yenkqubo yokulungisa iKhalifoniyani iveze iinkqubo zenkcitho, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. [[FLT.0] Ingqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yezomthetho yesizwe ilandela ezi nkqubo zomthetho kunye nezicwangciso zemithetho.

Iintsuku zomthetho kunye noProfethi

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zidibana ngexesha elipheleleyo (kwiprofestical) okanye ngexesha lenxalenye (kwindawo ebanzi) yeentlanganiso. I-United States njenge New York, California, kunye nePennsylvania ineentlanganiso zonyaka jikelele, ngelixa ezinye ezifana neWyoming neMontana zidibana nje neenyanga ezimbalwa ngokweminyaka. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho ihlawula imivuzo ephezulu kwaye iqeshe abasebenzi abangakumbi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ekwenzeni umthetho. Ingqungquthela ye-U.S.

Isebe lezeejaji: IiNkundla zikaRhulumente nengcaciso yomGaqo-siseko

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba kukho okusesikweni. Ngokufanayo nejaji yephondo, iinkundla zikarhulumente zinezikhundla eziquka iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Noko ke, iinkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe zinkulu kakhulu.

Inkundla yeRhulumente

  • [[NKQUBO:0] IiNkundla zoMkhosi: Umgangatho wokuqala apho kuboniswa khona ubungqina kunye neejaji ngabom. Ezi zisenokuba ziinkundla zolawulo jikelele (umz., iinkundla eziphezulu) okanye iinkundla zegunya elisikelwe umda (umz., umasipala, iitrato, iimfuno ezincinci).
  • Izikhongozelo eziphakathi: ngamazwe amalunga nama-40 aneenkundla ezihlola izigqibo zenkundla evavanya phambi kokuba zifike kwinkundla ephakamileyo.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeState: Inkundla yesigqibo sokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho karhulumente. Amanye amazwe, njengeTexas neOklahoma, aneenkundla ezahlukeneyo zamatyala karhulumente nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhetho lwaBagwebi Belizwe

Ngoxa abagwebi bezwelonke bemiselwe ubomi, abagwebi besizwe bakhethwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezibonakalisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo: partisan unyulo (umz., Alabama, Texas), an unyulo[ [umz., Wisconsin, Washington], [[FLT:]]] unyulo (isicwangciso se-Missouri, esisetyenziswa kumaphondo amaninzi), kunye [[FLT] ne-'ucrect:bernator okanye i-projectial[FLT] (ug., Virginia, South Carolina). Oku kuphawu lokuzimela, nokuzimisela ngolungelelwano olunolwano olunolwano olunolwayo, nokuzinzisa.

Amandla Nentsingiselo Yencwadi Yesizwe

Iinkundla zezorhulumente zichaza umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, odla ngokunikela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umzekelo, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente ziye zalawula kwinkxaso-mali yemfundo, umtshato ofanayo wobunyani (ngaphambi ko-Obergefell), namalungelo obuqu. Zingavakalisa imithetho karhulumente engavumelaniyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, nokuba zinokuba ziya kuba semthethweni phantsi komthetho wesizwe. [[FLT:] Iziko lombuso wesizwe lweNkuQumrhu [ linikela ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kwimicimbiso yenkundla.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano Phakathi Kwamasebe

Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linamandla nembopheleleko ezithile, lidala inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa ebonakalisa imodeli karhulumente. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni amandla agqithisileyo.

  • Irhuluneli ingawukhupha umthetho, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawudlulisa lo mgaqo ngobuninzi obaneleyo (udla ngokuba zii-3 ezimbini kwigumbi ngalinye). Kwamanye amazwe, uninzi olulula luyafuneka kwimiqathango ethile.
  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa kwerhuluneli, kuquka abagwebi neentloko zesebe.
  • Ijaji ingalawula imithetho engekho mgaqweni, ihlole amandla esebe elilawulayo nelowiso-mthetho. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zinenkcazelo yokugqibela kwimibuzo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente.
  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingamgxotha umlawuli, irhuluneli, namanye amagosa aphezulu. Le nkqubo ifuna uninzi lwevoti endlwini esezantsi kunye novoti e-2/3 kwi-sentenet.
  • Isebe elilawulayo lisenokubiza iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zowiso-mthetho, kodwa indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula imithetho yayo yaye isenokungavumi ukuthatyathwa.

Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla apheliswa yaye akukho sebe linokulawula. Kodwa ke, umlinganiselo uyahluka kwiimeko ezithile.

Umahluko osuka kwimodeli yomanyano

Ngoxa oorhulumente belizwe bebonakalisa isakhiwo sorhulumente, kukho umahluko ongundoqo:

  • UbuUnicamarim: indlu yowiso-mthetho yeNebraska enye yechamber kukushiya okuphawulekayo ukusuka kwi-bidaralism.
  • Isigqeba esiphezulu: Amatyala amaninzi akhetha amagosa amaninzi aphezulu ngaphandle kwerhuluneli, ngokungafaniyo nekhabhinethi karhulumente emiselwe nguMongameli.
  • I-demokhrasi edibeneyo: izinyathelo, i-astendendums, kunye nokukhumbula unyulo lunika abemi amandla angaphaya kobuchule bolawulo lwesizwe.
  • unyulo olusemthethweni: Uninzi lwamazwe abagwebi abanyuliweyo, edala iingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo zokuphendula kuneejaji zikarhulumente ezimiselwe.
  • Imida yexesha elifutshane: Ibamba elinikwe igama (amabinzana amabini kumaphondo amaninzi) nemida yegama lowiso-mthetho ikhona, lo gama uMongameli elinganiselwe kwimiqathango emibini kunye neBhunga alinamida yexesha.

Umanyano noManyano phakathi kweSizwe noorhulumente boManyano

Ukuqonda amalungiselelo karhulumente karhulumente akuphelelanga ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa ulwalamano lwawo norhulumente wesizwe. UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela ulawulo olubini apho urhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente ngamnye ngamnye unegunya elikhethekileyo nelilungelelanisiweyo. Umzekelo, umisela imithetho yolawulo lwezorhwebo lwesizwe, isikhokelo sonyulo, kunye nemfundo, ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe elawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ezorhwebo, kunye nomkhosi. Noko ke, iindawo ezibekwe phandle zinjengomthetho wokusingqongileyo, ulawulo lwempilo, kunye namalungelo abantu.

USinyuko luka-Claus uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe uyaqhubeka xa ungquzulwano lwemithetho karhulumente neyamarhulumente, kodwa urhulumente ugcina inkululeko engundoqo. U.S. umGaqo-siseko [ ngokwawo, ngokusebenzisa uLawulo lweshumi leSimiliselo, imida yamandla karhulumente. Urhulumente ukwathatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ngezivumelwano ezinika imvume kunye nentsebenziswano, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba “yi-curreculism."

Umahluko Phakathi Kwamazwe: Ibala Elibukekayo

Phezu kwayo nje isiseko esiqhelekileyo, urhulumente ngamnye usebenza ngemithetho-siseko yakhe, (enye ende nenenkcukacha (iAlalama ineenguquko ezingaphezu kwama-900), eminye i-lifere (iVermont yenye yezimfutshane). Amandla eGubernator asuka kwiqela elinamandla (New York, Maryland) abuthathaka (iTexas, apho umphathi-mikhosi nendlu yowiso-mthetho ibambe khona amandla amaninzi). Imithetho yobuchule yobuchule bobuchule iyahluka: indlu yowiso-mthetho yeKhalifoni iphakathi kweyona igcuntswana elinguwodwa, ngelixa elinguMphathi weNkulwano imbalwa ehlawulwayo. Izakhiwo zeNkundla i-Gwathi ye-om, ezinye iziko zithetha ukuba zisebenze njengeekhomputhatho ye-demo-demo-othoricractiotey. Ezi zivumela ukuba zisebenze njengeminye yeenkqubo zesizwe, iinkqubo zovavanyo zesizwe ezisetyenziswa ngobuchule ze-Genegalelo zeJam.

Ukuba Ngummi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Oorhulumente bezorhulumente balula ngakumbi kubemi kunakurhulumente wesizwe. Unyulo lwe-voter kunyulo lukarhulumente ludla ngokuba phantsi, kodwa impembelelo ithe ngqo: abamisi-mthetho bakarhulumente bamela isithili esincinane, kwaye iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ziqhelekile. Izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuya kwiiseshoni zowiso-mthetho, zinikele ubungqina ekuchongeni, ziqhagamshelane nabameli bazo ngokulula. Kwakhona amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho karhulumente efuna ukuba kubekho ucalucalulo olucacileyo kwimicimbi yezolawulo neyomthetho. Ukuqonda amasebe karhulumente anika abemi amandla okuxhasa ngokunempumelelo kwiingxaki zasekuhlaleni, kwiinkonzo zesikolo ezixhasa utshintsho lwamapolisa.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente belizwe abalubonisa ngayo ulwakhiwo lwesizwe kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ubunkimbinkimbi bolawulo lwamaMelika. Urhulumente ngamnye usebenza ngomgaqo-siseko wakhe owahlukileyo kunye nemithetho, kodwa isiseko sesiseko (`amasebe amathathu alinganayo, uvavanyo kunye nolwahlulo, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya-ahlala luzinzisa uhlanga. Oku kufana akulwenzi lukwazi ukulawula kuphela kodwa kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka norhulumente wabo kwimigangatho emininzi. Ngokufunda ngemithetho yegunya, i-grona, ne-ogractive, sifumana ukuqonda kwimigaqo exhasa lonke ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, oorhulumente abahlala bekho, oorhulumente bayaqhubeka bebonakalisa iimfuno kunye namaxabiso abo abahlukeneyo ngoxa bebambelele kucwangciso lwexesha lokuvavanya lwexesha elide.