Isizathu Sokuba Ootata Abathile Badale Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, wahlula igunya phakathi kwemithetho, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye namasebe agwebayo. Esi sakhiwo sasingesosacingela emva kokucinga. Saba ngumphumo wengxoxo enzulu, iminyaka yofundisiso lwembali, nokungathembani okunzulu kwamandla agqithisiweyo. Abalawuli bakholelwa ukuba eyona ndlela ingcono yokukhusela inkululeko kukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela elinokulawula urhulumente. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba bakhethe eli lungiselelo kufuna ukuba bahlolisise iingxaki abazibone, iingcamango abazifumene ngelifa, kunye nokulalanisa kwabo eFiladelfiya ebudeni behlobo lowe-1787.

Ukoyika Kwabaseki Bokusetyenziswa Kwamandla

Amadoda awayebhala umGaqo-siseko ayehlala phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane. Abaninzi babesebenze kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yamakoloni okanye kwiKontinenti. Babeyibonile indlela ukumkani nepalamente ezazinokulisebenzisa kakubi ngayo igunya. Babekwaphila kwisiphithiphithi samanqaku eeNtlalo, urhulumente wesizwe obuthathaka ongenakunyusa irhafu, onyanzelisa imithetho, okanye ogcina ucwangco. Oku kugqithiseleyo kunokwenza ukuba kubekho iingcinga zabo.

James Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise womGaqo-siseko, waphikisa kumthetho kuNo. 51 ukuba “isikhundla kufuneka sicetyiswe ukulwa namabhongo.” Wayekholelwa ukuba uluntu lunengxaki kwaye nayiphi na inkokeli inokonakala. Ekuphela kwendlela yokukhusela yayikukudala urhulumente apho amandla ahlulwe kwaye isebe ngalinye lalinentshukumisa nendlela yokuxhathisa ezinye.

Imvelaphi Engobuxoki: IMontesquieu Nomoya Womthetho

Abaseki babengabafundi boKhanyiso. Bafunda uJohn Locke, uWilliam Blackstone, kwaye ngokubaluleke kakhulu, uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo ananye. Umoya woMthetho [, uMndululi uphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukwahlulwa komthetho-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye namagunya eejaji. Walumkisa ukuba “xa uwiso-mthetho kunye negunya elilawulayo limanyaniswe kumntu omnye, okanye kwiqumrhu elinye lamajaji, akukho nkululeko. Abaqulunqi banokuthatha le ngcamango bazakhela umGaqo-siseko kufuphi nayo.

UMontesquieu wayeyifunde inkqubo yaseBritane, awayeyithanda, kodwa wayengayiqondanga ezinye iinkcukacha zayo. Sekunjalo, ukuqonda kwakhe okungundoqo kwanamathela: urhulumente okhululekileyo umele athintele naliphi na isebe ekubhaleni, ekuqinisekiseni, nasekugwebeni imithetho yalo. Abasunguli bakujonga oku njengomgaqo wendalo yonke, kungekhona njengeyobuBritane obungaqhelekanga.

Ubuthathaka Bamanqaku Aselubala

Phambi komGaqo-siseko, iUnited States yasebenza phantsi kweZihlomelo zoMgaqo-siseko, ezagunyaziswa ngo-1781. Olo xwebhu lwadala iKhomfa engowe-ini-meyal yaye ingenagunya okanye ijaji. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenakunyanzela amazwe ukuba ahlawule irhafu okanye aphakamise umkhosi. I-United States yashicilela imali yawo kwaye ayityeshela izivumelwano. Imvukelo kaShays ngo-1786.86an Region of famists eMassachusetts. //iiartrings. Baqonda ukuba urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka asebenze kakuhle, kodwa kwanolawulo lwawo.

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia yabizwa ukuba ihlaziye amanqaku. Endaweni yoko, abathunywa bawalahla baza baqalisa tsha. Isicwangciso saseVirginia, esacetywa nguEdmund Randolph kwaye sabhalwa nguMadison, sabiza urhulumente wesizwe onamandla onesebe lahlukeneyo. Oko kwaba yiplani yomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela.

Amasebe Amathathu: Uyilo, Ulawulo Nemida

Isebe ngalinye lanikwa imisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kodwa ngalinye lanikwa izixhobo zokuhlola ezinye. Le ndlela yayingekuko ukuphumelela .(iyingxaki) yayikukhuseleko. Abaseki babekulungele ukwamkela ubuchule obuthile bokutshintshiselana ngenkululeko.

Isebe Elinomthetho:

Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko liyila iBhunga leMithetho kwaye lilinika igunya lowiso-mthetho. Abaseki benza iCongress yaba lisebe lokuqala nelona linamandla. Babelindele ukuba ibe yeyona isondeleyo ebantwini. Kodwa kwakhona babesoyika “ingxwabangxwaba yoninzi,” ngoko bahlula iKhonklathi ibe ngamagumbi amabini.

Indlu yabameli yayiyilelwe ukubonakalisa inani labantu. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana aneminyaka emibini kwaye banyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu. Le yayiyeyona nxalenye yedemokhrasi yorhulumente omtsha. IBhunga, ekuqaleni elikhethwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (etshiswe yiSigqibo se 17 seSindululo se1913), limele amaphondo ngokulinganayo. Abameli basebenza iminyaka emithandathu, bebanika imbono ende yaye babagquma kwiinkanuko zikawonke wonke zokwexeshana.

IBhunga linegunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezorhwebo, ukusungula imfazwe, nokuphakamisa imikhosi. Kwakhona linamandla okuququzelela umongameli namanye amagosa karhulumente. Abaseki baqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga alikwazi ukusebenza lodwa. Ityala mali mali malidlule zombini amagumbi landule lize linikelwe kumongameli ukuze livunywe. Ukuba umongameli uvingco ungayilawula, iBhunga lingawususa umjikelo ngemivoti emibini kwindlu nganye. Eli lungiselelo libangela ukuxabana okuzenzekelayo.

Ujongo lweqhosha kwamanye amasebe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuva [ kuvumela iKhomishini ukuba iphande isebe eliphetheyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa kuyafuneka xa kumiswa umongameli kwiiofisi zejaji kunye nemigangatho ephezulu.
  • Amandla engxowa-mali athetha ukuba akukho nkqubo elawulayo enokuthi isebenze ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali yengqungquthela.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukususwa nokususwa kungasebenza kumongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi borhulumente, nangona imigangatho iphezulu.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: UMongameli

Inqaku II linika igunya eliphakamileyo kumongameli omnye. Oku kwaba kukuhamba okukhulu kwiZihloko zeNkqutyana, ezazingenagunya eliphezulu. Abasunguli baphikisana enoba isigqeba esiphezulu sifanele sibe ngumntu omnye okanye ibhunga. Bakhetha umongameli omnye ukuze bamanyane baze baphendule. Kodwa kwakhona bawanciphisa ngobuchule amandla akhe.

Umongameli uyintloko-ntloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, kodwa kuphela iKhomishini enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe. Umongameli angazenza izivumelwano, kodwa afuna ukuba iNtlanganiso ivunywe ngamavoti amabini-sithathu. Umongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe namagosa orhulumente, kodwa iNdlu yeQela mayiwaqinisekise. Umongameli unakho ukugunyazisa umthetho, kodwa iBhunga linokuwuphelisa loo mthetho. Umongameli angaxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, kodwa loo mandla awanwebi kumatyala ahlukeneyo.

Abaseki babexhalabele ukuba umongameli unokuba ngumlawuli. Banika iofisi igama elithatha iminyaka emine bengenawo amagama eligama ekuqaleni (imida yexesha lokuhlaziywa yongezwe kuMphetho-mda wama-22 ngo1951 emva komongameli wexesha lesine). Bakwathi uRosevelt bamenza umcimbi wolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga.”

Ujongo lweqhosha kwamanye amasebe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iveto inika umongameli i-evings ingqwalasela ngqo kwiBhunga.
  • Amandla okumisa avumela umongameli ukuba abumbe amaqumrhu ejaji alawulayo.
  • Imiyalelo ephumezayo ivumela umongameli alathise isebe eliphetheyo, eliphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kunye nokulawulwa kwengqungquthela.
  • Amandla okuxolela luvavanyo kwijaji, uvumela umongameli ukuba atshintshe izigwebo okanye axolele ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: INkundla Ephakamileyo NeeNkundla Zomanyano

IGatya III elimisa isebe lejaji. Abaseki benza isebe lejaji laba lisebe elibuthathaka ngokwegunya phezu kwemali kunye namandla, kodwa kwakhona balenza lizimele. Abagwebi bamaPhondo basebenza ubomi babo bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, kwaye imivuzo yabo ayinakuncitshiswa ngoxa beseofisini. Le nkululeko ijoliswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi banokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela kwamanye amasebe.

Uhlolo olubaluleke kakhulu lweNkundla ePhakamileyo ``INkundla'' ePhakamileyo'] lwabhalwa ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko. Yasekwa ngo-1803 Madison v. Ngelo xesha, iJaji ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yabhala ukuba “ngokunjalo liphondo lesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho.” Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zingawisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.

Abaseki babelindele ukuba ijaji ibe ngumxhasi wobundilele. Bayinika igunya lokuva amatyala avela phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwanegunya eligunyazisa amatyala amaninzi avela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo nakwinkundla zikarhulumente xa zibandakanya imbambano karhulumente.

Ujongo lweqhosha kwamanye amasebe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial luvumela iinkundla ukuba ziphelise imimiselo engekho mgaqweni kunye nezenzo zolawulo.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho [[FLT:] kumisela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imimiselo yeBhunga.
  • Ubomi bukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kodwa banganyanzeleka ngenxa yehambo engalunganga.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imigangatho yenkqubo kwiinkundla zephondo ibekwe yijaji, exhomekeke kulungiso lwengqungquthela.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Inkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso asilolwahlulo oluqinileyo. Ifana nenkqubo yamandla angenanayo apho isebe ngalinye linophawu kumsebenzi wamanye. Oku kwenza ulwalamano olunamandla, olusoloko lusebenza kancinane nolucothayo kwintshukumo karhulumente. Abaseki bakubona oku njengophawu, hayi isiphene.

Nantsi eminye imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini:

  • Imposiso ephambili kunye nengqungquthela: uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wise Umthetho we-Rwenue ka- 1943[, kodwa iBhunga ligqithe kakhulu iveto' yakhe.
  • Ukurhoxa ekulahlweni kweNkundla ePhakamileyo: Ngonyaka ka 1987, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yakwala ukutyunjwa kukaMongameli Reagan kuRobert Bork kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo emva kokuchotshelwa nokuphicothwa kakhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungagunyaziswa kwemithetho yesizwe: Kwi National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ugunyaziso lwe-Afford Care Act njengomthetho womntu ngamnye kodwa yawisa phantsi ilungiselelo elithi linyanzelwe ukunganyusi Mdecaid.
  • Uphando oluqukunjelweyo lomphathi: Indlu yeNdlu yeKomiti yoKhuphiso kuMongameli Richard Nixon yakhokelela ekurhoxeni kwakhe ngo1956.

Inkqubo ayisoloko isebenza kakuhle. Ingakhokelela kwiqhina elinqabileyo, ingakumbi xa iqela elahlukeneyo lilawula amasebe ahlukeneyo. Kodwa elo lixabiso likarhulumente elenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko ngokwenza kube nzima ukwenza izinto ngokungxama.

Impembelelo Kuluntu LwaseMerika

Inkqubo yeqela lenqanawa elinamacala amathathu ilolonga phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ivumele urhulumente ukuba andise kwaye alungelelanise ngexesha logcino lwenkululeko esisiseko. Ikwadala uxinzelelo olunyanzelisa ilizwe ukuba lixubushe amaxabiso alo ngokukhululekileyo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukhusela abantu ngabanye ngokwenza kube nzima nayiphina into enye ukulawula zonke izixhaso zikarhulumente. Ukuba iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho ocinezelayo, umongameli angawubetha okanye iinkundla zingawubetha. Ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linokuphamba, iBhunga linokuyinciphisa inkxaso-mali okanye lihlole. Ukuba iinkundla zihamba kude kakhulu, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuphinda libhale imimiselo okanye licebise iziphelo zomgaqo-siseko. Oku kubuya emva-kanye kunika abemi amathuba amaninzi okuvavanya inyathelo likarhulumente.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ngenxa yokuba isebe ngalinye linokuvelela ezinye, urhulumente uyakwazi ukubeka iliso elicace ngakumbi. Iindlebe zeBhunga, iimbono zomthetho neengxelo zesebe ezilawulayo zithe thaa. Amaphephandaba achaza iingxabano phakathi kwamasebe. Abahlali bayakwazi ukubona oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente wabo baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendulwe kwibhokisi yokuvota.

Ukuzinza Ngokucotha Okuzenzekelayo

Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ithobe. IBhameralism, i-veto, isiqinisekiso seBhunga, kunye nohlolo lokugweba konke oku kudala imiqobo kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo. Oku maxa wambi kuye kwaphazamisa abaguquli, kodwa kwakhona kuye kwathintela imithetho ephosakeleyo, engaqwalaselwanga kakuhle. Urhulumente waseMerika uye wasinda kwiimfazwe, ukudandatheka, ukuqhushumbisa kwamakhaya, kunye namahlazo ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuba uxilongo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamandla okuziphatha.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokwahlukana Kwamandla

Umseki ujongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwinkulungwane yama-21. Ukuvela kwemeko yolawulo kuye kwafiphaza imigca phakathi kwamasebe. Abameli abalawulayo ngoku babhala imithetho enamandla omthetho (ucalucalulo-lusulo), inyanzelisa loo mithetho (umsebenzi wokubulala), kunye neempikiswano (umsebenzi wolawulo). Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku kuchasene nolwahlulo lokuqala lwamandla. Abaxhasi bathi iyimfuneko kulawulo lwangoku.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukwanda kwamandla alawulayo ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe. Oomongameli baye babiza igunya eliphangaleleyo lokuthatha inyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume equlunqweni kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, imfazwe, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye ngamanye amaxesha yarhoxa, njengakwi ulutsha oluselula sheep & Tube. Co. v. Sawyer[[FLT] [195], eyakugatya ukuxhatsha kukaMongameli uTruman izigamshelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea. Kodwa imidanganiso isele ikhuphisana.

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle komhlaba kudibene nenkqubo. Xa umongameli kunye nengqungquthela zisuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo, iqhina lemigca eliyalela iziphumo. Abanye baye babiza utshintsho olufana noluhlu lwe-veto, imida yegama ukwenzela abagwebi, okanye imigaqo yokulungisa elula. Abaseki basenokungakhutshelwa. /=Indlela yokudala ingxabano. Kodwa babethemba ukuba amasebe ekugqibeleni azakufumana indlela yokulawula.

Isizathu Sokuba Le nkqubo Inyamezele

Inkqubo yebranch entlu - ntathu ngoku ineminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230 ikhona. Ilungisiwe izihlandlo ezingama-77, kodwa isiseko sayo asitshintshanga. Abaseki baphumelela ekudaleni urhulumente owomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba asebenze kwaye alinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela inkululeko. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuye kwaba ngumzekelo wolawulo-melo oluninzi ehlabathini jikelele.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile nakuwuphi na ummi. Ichaza isizathu sokuba kulwelwe amadabi ezobupolitika kumabala amaninzi: kwiBhunga, kwiNdlu emhlophe, kwiinkundla, nakwinkundla yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Abaseki abazange badale umatshini ogqibeleleyo. Bayila isakhiwo solawulo lwabo siqu esixhomekeke ekuphaphathweni kwabantu. Njengoko uJames Madison ebhalile ku ku-FEDArislist No. 51, “abantu bangowona mthombo osemthethweni wamandla. Amasebe amathathu akhoyo ukuqhuba loo mandla ngobulumko nokuwakhusela.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Nemithombo

  • [[UMGOQO-MTHETHO][UMGaqo-siseko weUnited States – Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe (umbhalo opheleleyo nengcaciso).
  • Dec noManyano kwiNdlu yeQela yase-U.S. – Imbali yeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela yase-U.S. (ukujonga indima yesebe lowiso-mthetho).
  • [[UMTL:0][UMGONDO Ophakamileyo] neSebe lezeeJaji[[FLT]] – Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States (ingcaciso yequmrhu lecandelo).
  • Uluhlu lwe-Federalist No. 51[FLT] – alumin.law.yale.edu (isiphumezi-miyalelo esiqhelekileyo sikaMadison samandla okwahlula).

Ezi mithombo zinikela imvelaphi enegunya kwixesha lokusekwa, umbhalo womgaqo-siseko, kunye nokusebenza kwamasebe amathathu namhlanje. Zinokufumaneka kumfundi jikelele kwaye zinika amakhonkco kumaxwebhu aphambili ukuze kuhanjiswe uphando oluqhubekayo.