Isiseko Samandla Karhulumente Aqhwabel ’ Izandla

Kulwakhiwo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo, lowiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe ejaji kungumgaqo wembombo. Kodwa ke olu lwahlulo alunakuphelela. Abalahli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngabom badala inkqubo apho amasebe abelana kwaye asebenzisana namandla alinganayo, evelisa ukuxinezeleka okunamandla okubumba indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, enyanzeliswa ngayo, kwaye etolikwa. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa amandla ezalana eyimfuneko kubafundi, kubafundisi, nakubemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela enyanisweni esebenza ngayo urhulumente.

Ingcamango isukela emva kwiMontesquieu's Spirit of the Laws, eyathi amandla okunikela ingqalelo nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo imema ugonyamelo. Abaseki baseMelika basithatha nzulu esi silumkiso, bayila isakhiwo apho isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kodwa likwanezixhobo zokuphembelela/ukukhangela ezinye. Le yenza inkqubo apho ukungquzulana kungelo yibugciphene kodwa uphawu, kanti ke leyo ibangela ungquzulwano, i-PNUPU, kunye nexesha lamanqam.

Amagunya okuqhwaba agqithisileyo abonakala kwintsebenziswano ezininzi zemihla ngemihla: umongameli ubonakalisa umyalelo olawulayo othi kamva iKhomishini ithintele ngokusikelwe ziimali; iinkundla ziwisa imimiselo yowiso-mthetho; abameli bachaza imithetho ngendlela eguqula injongo yabo yokuqala. Oku kudibanisa oku kwenza kubekho ukuzinza nokungalawuleki kwedemokhrasi.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Ukunyanzeliswa Ngomvuzo Ophezulu

Igunya lomGaqo-siseko nemida esebenzisekayo

Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli, linomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko "wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembeka". Le ndima yokunyanzelisa ivakala ilula kodwa ivula umnyango wokudibana namanye amasebe abalulekileyo. Igunya lomongameli ukukhokela amaqumrhu karhulumente, ukukhupha imiyalelo yegunya, ukulawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuyalela umkhosi ukuba ubambe imithetho kunye neendawo zokugweba rhoqo.

Imiyalelo yabalawuli ingumzekelo ocacileyo wokusebenzisana. Ngelixesha le miyalelo isebenza ngokulula. Ngelixesha imigaqo isebenza ngoku, ayifuni ukuvunyelwa ngumthetho. Abameli abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kweli xesha baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukufikelela iinjongo ezithile xa kuphunyezwa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, iBhunga linokuwulawula umthetho olawulayo ngokudlulisa umthetho, kwaye iinkundla zingabetha izenzo zolawulo ezigqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko. [FLT] Umgaqo-mthetho olawulayo (9981 [[FLT]][FLTY:2]]][FLT]][58]] [ult:48]), uMongameli uThombolo, uGhombolo oluphezulu lwezigosayonga lokulawula intlalo-ntle, ukuphucula inkqubela-mali, inkqubela yemithetho ekwayidluliselweyo, inkqubela phambili yemithetho, i-yo.

IVeto njengesixhobo soMthetho

Ngokucacileyo, umongameli ungoyena udibana ngqo phakathi kwamandla olawulo kunye nawowiso-mthetho. ICandelo lsi-7 loMgaqo-siseko linika umongameli igunya lokugatya amatyala adluliselwe yiKhomishini. Oku kusisenzo sowiso-mthetho esisetyenziswa lisebe elilawulayo. IBhunga linokuyidlulisa i-veto kunye ne-i-32 yenkomfa kumagumbi omabini, kodwa olo mnyango kunzima ukufikelela, ukwenza ukuba iveto i-ccup enamandla edibangxele.

Ngokwembali, oomongameli baye basebenzisa izisongelo zokubumba umthetho phambi kokuba ufike kwidesika yabo. Le "shadow wheader" iphembelela iingxoxo zeekomiti, iivoti zemigangatho, kunye neziphumo zekomiti yengqungquthela. I-veto inyanzela iBhunga lamandla ukuba liqwalasele izikhethelo eziphezulu, lityhalele umongameli kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho nangaphambi kokuba kumiselwe inkqubo esesikweni.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

Umongameli umisela abagwebi bequmrhu, oonobhala bamaqumrhu kunye neentloko zeziko-mbutho (*; kodwa kuphela ngecebiso nangemvume yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Oku kugunyazisa kubangela ukudibana phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nawamagunya alawulayo abumba ulawulo lwejaji kunye nolawulo oluphezulu kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukuvavanywa kweNdlu yezomthetho kuba ziindawo zikawonke wonke apho kungaqhutyekwa kuzo iingxoxo, kwaye abaququzeleli-zimrhu banokuvala ii-mfa abazibona bezibone zizizinto ezingaphezulu okanye zingafanelekanga.

Amandla okususa athe aphikiswa kakhulu. Ngelixesha umongameli jikelele enokuthi asuse amagosa aphezulu esebe ngoko kuthanda, iBhunga lidale abameli abazimeleyo abakhokeli banokususwa ngenxa yesizathu. INkundla ePhakamileyo ilinganiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, njengakwi SAILA LAY LLC v. Consumer Inficial Protection Bureaunior [[FLLT:2]] [2020], eqinisekisa imidalo yenjongo yokususa iinkonzo zomqobo zabameli abameli abazimele abazimeleyo. Ezi meko zibonisa ulawulo lwezi jajidiary olusebenza ngezorhwebo lomphathi-gnivertial trative.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Ukwenza Imithetho Ngokusebenzisa Igunya Elibi

Ingqungquthela Njengohlolisiso Kumandla Alawulayo

Ingqungquthela inezixhobo ezininzi ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yolawulo. Igunya lesipaji serhafu, ukuboleka, nokusebenzisa, linika impembelelo enkulu kwiNgqungquthela ngendlela ezixhaswa ngayo iindleko eziphambili. Ngokuhlawula iindleko zenkcazo, abakhweli, kunye noqingqo-mali, iBhunga liyakwazi ukubumba, ukulibazisa, okanye ukuvala amanyathelo omongameli ngaphandle kokudlula umthetho owiswe phantsi.

Ukuqinisekisa ngamandla yenye indlela ebalulekileyo. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekuvumeleleni umongameli wejaji, ikhabhathi, kunye namasebe azimeleyo adala uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lwemithetho kwizigqibo zabasebenzi abaphetheyo. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaqhubekeka ngokuhambelana, kunye nabaququzeleli besebenzisa iindlebe ukukhupha izibophelelo, ukulibazisela, okanye ukufumana iingongoma zezobupolitika. Isiphumo sibangela ukucotha, ukuvuselelwa okunelisa ingxabano okunyanzelisa umlawuli ukuba anxibelelane neenkokeli zemithetho.

I-Impeating imela eyona ndawo ihamba phambili. Ingqungquthela inegunya lokususa umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi borhulumente. Indlu iqalisa izicelo zokungatyunjwa, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela iqhuba ityala. Eli gunya lihlola ngqo umlawuli kunye negunya lokulawula, libeka isebe lemithetho kwindima yolawulo. Inkqubela yoomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump ngamnye uvavanya imidalo yalo, ebonisa amandla ayo kunye nemiqathango yayo.

Ulawulo lomthetho nophando

Ulawulo lweKhomishini yeNkqutyana yenye imisebenzi engenayo. Ngokweenkcukacha zekomiti, ii-athopona, uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente, kunye neengxelo zomhloli jikelele, ukujonga ukuphunyezwa kwesebe eliphetheyo lemithetho. Olu khathalelo aluchazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa luye lwagqalwa njengegunya elingokwemvelo lemithetho ukususela kwiiBhunga zokuqala.

Uphando lwe- lwaseWatergate lubonisa uphando lwezomthetho kwiziphumo zalo. Indlu yemibutho Yokukhetha kwiMithetho Yombutho Womongameli Yombutho yafumana ngokwendlela ekhutshelweyo yesizwe ukuva okutyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, okukhokelela kuMongameli Nixon's's. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ulawulo lomthetho kwi [FLT] United States v. Nixon[FLT][12] [19974]), imyalela umongameli ukuba avelise ukushicilela ushicilelo, iqinisekisa indima ye-Diadiary kulawulo-mathematiselo-manyeneyo.

Ulawulo lwale mihla luye lwahlukana kakhulu, lusoloko lusenziwa uphando njengezixhobo zokulwa nabaphathi beqela abachasayo. Kodwa ukujonga kuseyinto ebalulekileyo yokubonakalisa amandla angenayo, nto leyo enyanzelisa ukuba kubonakale yaye kumele kuphendulwe kwimisebenzi yempangelo.

Ingqungquthela Nendlu Yomculo

IBhunga lisebenzisana nesebe lejaji ngeendlela ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo. Lidala iinkundla zephondo (ngaphandle kweNkundla Ephakamileyo), limisela igunya lalo, limisela inani labagwebi, lize liqinisekise ukuba ii-commentinees zikho. IBhunga likwanamandla okungathobeli abagwebi lize lisuse abagwebi, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa. Ngomthetho, iBhunga linokuguqula ngokunempumelelo ukuchazwa kwemigaqo-mthetho ngokugweba umthetho, nangona lingakwazi ukuguqula imithetho yesiseko ngaphandle kokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko.

Amandla alawulayo athanda ukuphikiswana. Inqaku III linika iKhomishini igunya lokwenza "iii-asease" kulawulo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo. Oku kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokucotha, kodwa izicelo zokususa igunya lenkundla kwimibandela ethile. Ngokufana nokuqhomfa, ukulingana, okanye inkululeko yonqulo rhoqo, ukuphakamisa iingxoxo zokuba iBhunga linokumisela umgaqo-siseko uphengululo lwezomthetho.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Ukutolika Njengengqiniwa Nokulungelelana

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Nokufikelela Kwalo

Amandla okuhlola okugweba . . "Ugunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingangqubaniyo ```````i-FLT''''''','isi singumsebenzi obalulekileyo wecawa negcisa elinye. Eyokuqala yagxininiswa ku [FLT] [1] Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [183] [183], uhlolo lwezomthetho lunika abagwebi abangamiselwanga igama lokugqibela kwintsingiselo yesiseko, iqinisekisa ngqo zombini iKhomishini kunye nomongameli.

Xa iinkundla ziwisa umthetho, zisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo inyathelo lokulawula iNgqungquthela. Xa zisenza inyathelo lolawulo libe buthathaka, zinyanzela umongameli. Oku kwenza ukuba ijaji ibe ngumchola-nxaxheba onamandla kwiimpikiswano zemigaqo, nangona abagwebi bengenawo amandla okusebenza kwaye bexhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yabo. Uxinezeleko luxhomekeke: iinkundla zinegunya kodwa azinamandla; umlawuli unegunya elilinganiselweyo lokuphikisa iingcamango zomthetho.

Inkcazo yemithetho kunye neNkqutyana

Iinkundla zichitha ixesha elininzi zichaza imimiselo kunokuhlola imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukucaciswa kwemithetho kudala ukudibana okungabonakaliyo kodwa okusasazekileyo. Xa iNgqungquthela ikhupha imithetho engaqondakaliyo, iinkundla kufuneka zimisele iinjongo zowiso-mthetho, ziphumeze ngokunempumelelo iimpazamo zeBhunga elishiywe yimiqathango evulekileyo. Oku kunokubangela iziphumo ezothusayo okanye ezothusayo, ezikhokelela kwiBhunga elilungisa ukuphelisa imimiselo okanye ukumisela imithetho emitsha ukucacisa injongo yayo.

Iimfundiso ze IChebron bendyebo [ [iinkundla ezichasayo] ukuthobela iinkcazelo ezifanelekileyo zomasebe emigaqo engaqondakaliyo) kunye ne-Auer bekence[ (ukungavumelani nokucaciswa kwesebe lokuzimisela imimiselo yalo) okuthelekelelwayo. Ezi mfundiso zanika amaziko azimeleyo abalulekileyo ekuphumezeni izindululo zemithetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaziqwalasela kwakhona zombini iimfundiso kumabinzana akutshanje, inciphisa ukuvalwa kwendima ye-judia kwimimiselo. Oku kubonisa indlela ulwalamano oluphakathi nolawulo oludityanisiweyo olusuka kwiimeko eziseluxokisiweyo kodwa olusuka kwiintshukumo zemithetho yemithetho.

Amandla agunyazisayo kunye nonyanzelo lolawulo

Imiyalelo yeenkundla zomanyano `iodonga ezifuna okanye ezithintela izenzo ezithile .] Imiqathango elawulayo elawula ilizwe lonke, ethintela iinkqubo zikarhulumente kulo lonke ilizwe, iye yabangela impikiswano engakumbi. Ijaji enye yesithili ingalumisa ulawulo oluphezulu okanye umbutho, ivelise uvavanyo olunamandla kwigunya lomongameli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise ukungaqiniseki ngobubanzi bemithetho yelizwe lonke kodwa ayiyiphelisanga, ishiya omnye ummandla wemilo ekhuphikiswayo.

Ijaji ikwadibana nesebe lowiso-mthetho ngamandla okudelela. IKhomishini ingabajongela phantsi abantu ngabanye ngenxa yokungavumi ukuthobela amapona, kodwa ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kufuna ukubandakanywa kwekomiti elawulayo. Iinkundla zigqiba enoba iinkundla ezingaphantsi kwequmrhu ziyasebenza kusini na, nokuba ilungelo eliyintloko liyasebenza, kwaye yiyiphi imiphumo elandela ukungagqibeleli. Le ngxoxo yenkcazo engolwazini kukufikelela okuziphindaphindayo kwimibango ephakathi kwe-branch.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kumandla Agqithiseleyo

Imithetho yokuLangulwa eBalulekileyo: Ishumi leminyaka lokuLwiswa kweNkxaso

UMthetho wesiChokoxo (ACA) ubonisa amagunya angenayo kulawulo oluninzi kunye neeKhonkxa. IBhunga ladlula iACA ngo-2010 ngemiqathango yeqela. Isebe eliphetheyo layisebenzisa ngamakhulu emimiselo. Ijaji yayibumba kumatyala amathathu amakhulu eNkundla Ephakamileyo.

IFOUNICER of Independent Business v. Sebelius [[FLT]] (2011], iNkundla yaxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa elithintelweyo kodwa iMedicaid, iphinda ijonge ulwando lomthetho olungundoqo. [[[FLT:][5]] uKinggll [FLT]][FLT]] [2010], iNkunyuko egciniweyo kwintengiso yomthetho nangaphi nako. Emva kokufumana inkcaso yomthetho. Emva kokwenza inkqumkelo yomthetho ecacileyo ku-2017, Texas, Texas icelkn.[9][9][10][3]

Isebe ngalinye layila iACA ngendlela ezinye ezingenakuyixela kwangaphambili okanye ezingenakuyilawula ngokupheleleyo. IiKhomishini zanika umlawuli igunya lokusebenzisa igunya; umphathi ophetheyo wachaza ingqiqo yalo ngokubanzi; iinkundla zamisela imida yomGaqo-siseko. Umphumo ngumthetho osindayo kwizisongelo ezininzi ezikhoyo ngenxa yokuzinzisa okubangelwa ngamandla angenawo.

Ilungelo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kunye neeNgqungquthela

Impi-mfazwe phezu kolungelo eliphezulu ````Ilishwa lomongameli lokufihla imfihlo' kweminye imilo yothungelwano--. Yimfazwe ephindaphindwayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo eyamkela ilungelo eliphezulu kwi- United States v. Nixon[ kodwa iwubambe kufuneka ube nesiphumo kwiimfuno ezisemthethweni zezomthetho nezomthetho. Esi siseko sishiye imida engacacanga, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxube-ngquthela eziphinda-phindiweyo.

Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iBhunga lakhupha intengiso ezininzi ezincinci ezifuna ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu aphuma kumagosa esebe aphetheyo. Abalawuli abazange bavume ukuthobela, baqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu kunye nokhuseleko olupheleleyo lwabacebisi abaphezulu. Isiphumo savavanya imida yobuveleli bombutho kunye nokuchasa kwegunya. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zakwala okona kuthethwa kuphangaleleyo kokuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo kodwa zamkela imimandla ethile yokufihla imfihlo. Iingxoxo zasombulula ngokuquka indawo zokuhlala, ezinye ngokutshintshana kwezobupolitika emva konyulo lwama-202020 .

Amandla Emfazwe Nenyathelo Lomkhosi

Amagunya emfazwe amela enye yezona mfazwe zidityanisiweyo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko umisela iBhunga njengegunya lokubhengeza imfazwe kodwa wenza uMphathi ongumongameli kwiNtloko. Eli candelo liye lavelisa iimfazwe eziphindaphindiweyo kumsebenzi womkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho.

Isigqibo seIradi Amandla eMpahla se-79, igqithe phezu koMongameli Nixon's trato, izama ukudibanisa ulwalamano ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise iKhomishini kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokuthumela imikhosi kunye nokurhoxa kwintsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini igunyaziwe. Umongameli ngamnye ukususela oko ebengabuzanga ngesigqibo somgaqo-siseko, kwaye akukho mongameli oye wavumelana ngokupheleleyo nomgaqo wakhe wokurhoxa. Imisebenzi yomkhosi eLibya, eSiriya, eYemen, kunye ne-ISSIS iqhubeke ngaphandle kogunya lokuqulungela okusemthethweni, kunye nogunya-Propolurvent, iisigqibo sokhuseleko, okanye igunya lomgaqo-siseko somGcimbini.

Le mfazwe iqhubekayo ibonisa indlela ukuhlahlelana kwamandla emfazwe okuvelisa ngayo ukungaqondakali okuxhatshazwa ngamasebe omabini. IBhunga alifane lifune ukuvota ngokucacileyo kwisenzo somkhosi, kwaye oomongameli bakhetha ububhetyebhetye bokusebenza. Isiphumo sokwahlulwa komGaqo-siseko sishiya ulwahlulo lomthetho lungalungiswanga, ngokumathidala okusesikweni ukungenelela ngokubhekele phambili ekuncedeni abalawuli.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano njengenkqubo enamandla

Ukukhuselwa Kwezakhiwo

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano isebenza ngamandla angenanayo adala ukuxhomekeka kunye nokunyanzelisana. Abaxhasi baqonda ukuba isebe ngalinye liya kukhusela amalungelo alo, kudala amabhongo okulwa namabhongo. UJames Madison wabhala kuFederalist No. 51 ukuba isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka sinikezele ngemiba echaseneyo neyoxanduva, isiphene seentshukumisa ezingcono.

Le nkqubo ivelise inkqubo ehlala iqinileyo, kodwa hayi engenakuxabana. Amandla okuqhwaba adala zona kanye iimfazwe ezo zifunwa ngabachasi borhulumente onamandla ombindi wokoyika. Kodwa ezi ngxabano zikwavelisa ukuphendula koxanduva. Xa amasebe ekhuphisana, abhenca ukudelelana nokunyanzela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Imfuneko yentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-branch `abalawuli kufuneka iBhungane ukuze iqokelele izinto eziza kuqala, iBhunga lifuna umongameli ukumisela imithetho, iinkundla zifuna ukuba zombini zinyanzele imiqathango yemiso-yo, kunokwenza ingxubeno.

Iqhina lokutyhalela igrid njengempawu, Asiyosiphene

Abahlalutyi borhulumente owahlulekileyo badla ngokukhomba kwi-roop bregists njengesilela sokwahlula amagunya. Kodwa ukuvala igrid akuyonto iyimfuneko. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukwenza utshintsho olubalulekileyo, ifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi ngamaqela amaninzi. Olu phawu lwezikhundla lukhulu lukhusela ekukhawuleziseni, ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo okungabangelwa ziintloko-mikhosi zokwexeshana.

Noko ke, i-gridlock inokuba yimeko-bume xa iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo zifuna isenzo. Ukungakwazi ukucombulula ixesha loqingqo-mali, isilingi, utshintsho lokufuduka, okanye ukuphendula okungumchiza ngemijelo yowiso-mthetho egqugqisileyo kunyathele oomongameli kwisenzo solawulo oluphezulu kunye neenkundla ekuchazeni okude kubangele umjikelo: owenziwe ngomthetho owenziwe ngaphandle komnye, obangela iingxaki zomthetho, ezibangela ukubuyela emva komthetho, ezithi ziqalise umjikelezo.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza kube nzima inkqubo yamagunya angenaniyo. Xa iqela elinye lilawula umongameli kunye namagumbi omabini eBhunga, ukusebenza kwengingqi kunye komanyano lwamaqela ayanda. Amandla okuqhwaba angaphezulu aba zizixhobo zokuqhubela phambili ucwangciso olumanyeneyo kunokuba alithintele. Xa ulawulo lwahlulwe, amandla angenanisiweyo aba zizixhobo kwiimfazwe zamaquququ, nesebe ngalinye lisebenzisa igunya lalo ukuphazamisa abanye.

Ukwenziwa kwembumba yamaqela omanyano kudibene kakhulu. IiNdlu zeQembu, iziqinisekiso ezilibazisayo, imiyalelo elawulayo yokuba ukubuyiselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili, kunye nokuhlaziywa koluvo lucelw'ulu celomngeni lonke olungundoqo luye lwaba ngumgangatho. Inkqubo yamandla angenayo, eyenzelwe ixesha lamatheko abuthathaka kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi, ngoku isebenza kwimeko-bume yolwahlulo olubukhali, ivavanya amandla ayo okuvelisa ulawulo oluzinzileyo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo Ngamandla Angaphezu Kwamandla Aqhwatywayo

Inkqubo yamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo alwabelana ngamagunya ingaqhelekanga emhlabeni wonke. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezixhaphakileyo eYurophu nakwindawo enkulu yeCommonwealth, zigxininisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho kwisiko elinye. Inkulumbuso kunye nekhathe-khathene zikhutshwa ukusuka kwaye ziphendulwe kwingquzulwano yendlu yowiso-mthetho, zicutha ii-checking ezisemgangathweni.

Iinkqubo zomongameli eLatin America, Afrika, nase-Asia ziye zatshintsha imodeli yaseMerika kodwa zisoloko zilwa nongquzulwano olunemveliso. Abaninzi baye bafumana ulawulo oluphezulu, ukungenelela komkhosi, okanye ukuphungulwa kolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Impumelelo yenkqubo yaseMerika ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje ekuyilweni kwesakhiwo kodwa ekuzibopheleleni ngokwesithethe kwimida yesiseko somGaqo-siseko, kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo, kunye nomthetho ongafumaneki kuyo yonke indawo.

Iinkqubo zeSemi-presidential, njengaseFransi, zinika omnye umzekelo. Umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo wabelana ngegunya nenkulumbuso kunye nepalamente, edala igunya elingenayo phakathi komongameli noninzi lwabalawuli. Xa umongameli nepalamente zimela amaqela ahlukeneyo, "ukwahlulwa" kwenzeka, evelisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwengxoxo ye-interbranch.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto zisetyenziswayo kubalaselisa ukuba amandla angenayo alungile okanye angalunganga ngokwemvelo. Ziyilwa ngokhetho oluhamba norhwebo. Ukhetho lwaseMerika luzimisela ngokumisela ngaphezulu kokusebenza kakuhle, ukuqwalasela ngesantya esiphezulu, nokuziphendulela ngokugqitha kokungagqibeki.

Isiphelo: Ukupheliswa Kwemiqathango Yamandla Agqithiseleyo

Amandla okuqhwaba agqithisileyo phakathi kolawulo, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nesebe lokugweba asiyompazamo kuyilo lomGaqo-siseko `=ziyilo ngokwalo. Abakhi befreyida badala inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lingajonga ezinye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Esi sakhiwo siye savelisa zombini uzinzo lorhulumente womgaqo-siseko kunye nongquzulwano lwemfazwe phakathi kweenkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezibini.

Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo, ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi koomatshini kuthetha ukuqaphela ukuba urhulumente akangomatshini kodwa yinkqubo ephilayo yamalungiselelo axhomekeke kumntu omnye. Amandla okuqhwaba adala incoko, ungquzulwano, kunye nokulalanisa. Banyanzela ukuba bacinge baze bakhusele ekuthatheni inyathelo ngokungxama. Bakwavelisa ingxabano eqinileyo, edibeneyo, kunye neengxaki zexesha elithile.

Ukuqonda okungundoqo kukuba amandla angenanayo anamandla. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe luguquka ludlulela kwimodeli, uqheliselo, kunye nomongo wezopolitiko. Oko iNkundla ePhakamileyo eyayamkeleyo ngo1937 ingakuchasa oko ngo-2022. Eliphi iBhunga elinikwe umongameli kwelinye ixesha elinokuphinda lifumaneke. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa ukusasazeka kanye kweendawo zamandla ngexesha.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yamagunya angenanayo ixhomekeke kubantu abayisebenzisayo / abalawuli abahlonela imida yemithetho-siseko, abalawuli abakhusela amalungelo eequmrhu, abagwebi abagcina ukungakhetheki, nabemi abafuna ukuphendula. Xa aba badlali befeza iindima zabo, abangenawo amagunya axhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa bengaphumeleli, inkxwaleko yenkqubo iba yimiqathango enzima. Ukuqonda eli nyathelo lokuqala ekubandakanyekeni ngokwakhayo, ngokunelisayo, ngokungefezekiyo, nangezakhiwo eziqinileyo zikarhulumente waseMerika.