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Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente baseUnited States lumela enye yeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo nezinamandla zolawulo ehlabathini. I-Cofederanityism, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimarble-cake communistism, ichazwa njengolwalamano oluthambileyo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente apho zombini zisebenza kunye kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo neenkqubo. Olu manyano luqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zisebenza ngokunempumelelo kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente, ziqhubana neemfuno zasekuhlaleni ngoxa zigcina imilinganiselo yesizwe kunye nokukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abemi.

Ukuqonda Umanyano: Isiseko Solawulo LwamaMerika

Umanyano lorhulumente luluhlobo oludibanisa umgangatho oqhelekileyo karhulumente (urhulumente osembindini okanye karhulumente worhulumente) nomgangatho wengingqi woorhulumente abangaphantsi kweqela (umz., ubalo, amaphondo, amaphondo, amaphondo, iinkanunu, iingingqi, njl.njl.), ngoxa isahlula amagunya okulawula phakathi kwemigangatho emibini yoorhulumente. Le nkqubo yakhethwa ngabom ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko ukulinganisa imfuneko yorhulumente wesizwe onamandla nokulondoloza ulawulo lukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lobulali.

Umanyano lubhekisela kulwahlulo nokwabelana ngegunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Ngokugunyazisa urhulumente norhulumente, abalawuli bazama ukuseka urhulumente omanyeneyo wesizwe wamandla alinganiselweyo ngeli xesha begcina isangqa esahlukileyo sozimeleyo apho oorhulumente belizwe benokusebenzisa amandla aqhelekileyo amapolisa. Olu lungelelwano lunenkathalo luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zembali yaseMerika.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela isiseko esisemthethweni sentsebenziswano yesizwe yorhulumente ngamalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo. ISupremacy Claus ifundeka ngolu hlobo, "Lo mGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho yeUnited States eza kwenziwa ngokuphangaleleyo; kwaye zonke izivumelwano ezenziwe, okanye eziya kwenziwa, phantsi kwegunya leUnited States, ziya kuba ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe; yaye abagwebi kulo lonke ilizwe baya kunyanzelwa, nantoni na kumGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho yayo nayiphi na iRhulumente ngaphandle kokuchasana. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa imithetho karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ichasene nemithetho karhulumente, umthetho karhulumente uya kuthatha indawo yomthetho.

UHlaliso lweshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luyinguquko yokugqibela kwiBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1791. Ifundeka ngolu hlobo, "Amagunya awanikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga ngawo, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye abantu." Oku kulungiswa kusebenza njengokuchasene okubalulekileyo namandla orhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya ahlala enegunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi engayabelwanga kurhulumente wesizwe.

Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla Neembopheleleko

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika yahlula amagunya karhulumente abe ziindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: amagunya orhulumente akhethekileyo, agcine amagunya karhulumente, kunye namagunya akhoyo ahlanganyelwe ngamanqanaba omabini orhulumente. Eli candelo livumela umgangatho ngamnye ukuba ube nobuchule kwiindawo apho unokuba luncedo kakhulu ngoxa ulondoloza ukulungelelanisa intsebenziswano.

Amandla Omanyano Apheleleyo

Inqaku I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko lichaza amagunya athile angoorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. La magunya abhekiselwa kuwo njengamagunya adwelisiweyo. Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe kwaye ufuna imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe efanayo. Ezi ziquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe neyomkhosi, inkqubo yokufuduka kunye nolawulo lwemida, ulawulo lwezorhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, ulawulo lwemali kunye nenkqubo yemali, unxibelelwano kunye nezivumelwano, iinkonzo zeposi, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo olwesizwe, kunye nokusekwa kweenkundla zorhulumente ngaphantsi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Amandla anjengala anceda uhlanga lusebenze njengombutho, ingakumbi kwimimandla yorhwebo kunye nolwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Amazwe angenakwenza imali yawo okanye amise izivumelwano zalo zorhwebo. Kwakhona akanakuya emfazweni okanye asayine izivumelwano zalo. Oku kujongwa kwamagunya athile kumgangatho worhulumente kuqinisekisa ukuba i-United States ingathetha ngelizwi elinye kwimicimbi yesizwe neyomhlaba wonke.

Amandla Emeko Agciniweyo

UMthetho weSihlalo weSihlalo weSine woMgaqo-nkqubo, logama nje loo magunya enganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente. Phakathi kwamanye amagunya, oku kuquka ukusungula iinkqubo zesikolo, ukuvelela iinkundla zikarhulumente, ukuseka iinkqubo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukulawula ushishino norhwebo kwiphondo, nokulawula urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. La magunya abizwa ngokuba ngamagunya agcinekileyo.

Urhulumente ujolise ingqalelo kwizinto ezixhalabisa abantu basekuhlaleni ezinokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo kwimimandla nganye. Ezi mbopheleleko ziquka inkqubo yemfundo kunye nophuhliso lofundo, izibonelelo zezothutho kwimida karhulumente, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kuquka iinkonzo zamapolisa nezicima umlilo, ukubekwa koogcisa nomthetho wezomthetho, umthetho wempahla kunye nemithetho yeendawo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, amanyathelo olwaphulo-mthetho empilo nolawulo lwempilo, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo novolo. Abaquluko-mthetho-mthetho woMgaqo-siseko bazama ukuyila urhulumente wesizwe onamandla asisikelwe, omanyano, ngoxa amazwe ehleli enegunya elikhulu, kuquka amandla ekwalawule nokukhuthaza impilo, imigaqo-ntle, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo.

Amagunya Akhoyo: Iimbopheleleko Ezabelwanayo

Amagunya akhoyo abhekisela kumagunya ahlanganyelwa ngurhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuquka amandla erhafu, ukwakha iindlela, nokuyila iinkundla ezisezantsi. La magunya ahlukeneyo adala amathuba emvelo entsebenziswano kunye nomanyano phakathi kwamagunya karhulumente norhulumente. Omabini amagunya karhulumente anokuhlawula irhafu kubemi nakumashishini, amisele iinkqubo zenkundla ngokwemithetho yabo, aboleke imali yokuxhasa imisebenzi karhulumente, iibhanki zemali, imigaqo yomthetho yomthetho kunye nemithetho ebohlwayayo, athathele impahla yabucala ngokwentlawulo olufanelekileyo, afumane intlawulo ngokukodwa, akhuthaze intlalo-ntle yabemi ngokubanzi.

Ukubakho kwamandla akhoyo kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente basoloko besebenza ngokuhambelana kwimibandela efanayo, befuna umanyano olululo ukuze baphephe iimfazwe nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kakuhle koovimba. Oku kubangela ucelomngeni kunye namathuba okuba nentsebenziswano phakathi kwesebe.

I-Evolution yeSizwe se-Federal Relations

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente belizwe noorhulumente luye lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, lubonisa ukutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezezobupolitika. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kusinceda siqonde indlela inkqubo yentsebenziswano ekhoyo eyakhula ngayo yaza yaqhubeka ihambelana nayo.

Umanyano lweMali: Imodeli yeCake yoMaleko

IDual urhulumente (1788-1937): ikwabhekiselwa kuyo njenge-"layer-cake" yesizwe, apho urhulumente olawulayo ahlulwe khona phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, icandelo licacile kwaye lichazwe, kwaye amagunya ahlukene, abekwe kumGaqo-siseko. Ngeli xesha, oorhulumente borhulumente besizwe nabasebenzi bemiba eyahlukeneyo, ngokungenandawo imbi okanye intsebenziswano. Urhulumente wesizwe ugxininisa ngokuyintloko kwimicimbi yangaphandle, yezorhwebo yezorhwebo, kunye nokhuselo lohlanga, ngoxa amazwe ephethe imicimbi emininzi yemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Olu lwahlulo lucacileyo lwaqala ukuwohloka ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20 njengoko ushishino, ukuhlaziywa kwedolophu, kunye nokumanyana kwezoqoqosho kwadala iingxaki ezadlula kwimida karhulumente zaza zafuna iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Udodoo olukhulu lweminyaka yee1930 lwayiphelisa imodeli yoburhulumente edityanisiweyo, njengoko amazwe angqineka engakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki zezoqoqosho ngokwawo.

Umanyano lweMali: Imodeli yeCake yebhastile

I-Coniventinationism (ukususela ngo1937): i-United States ikwabhekiselwa kuyo njenge-"marble-cake" urhulumente wezwelonke, yavela ngexesha le-New Development, apho oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente bavelisa ulwalamano oluthambileyo kunye nokuhlaliswana kunye nokusebenzisana ngentsebenziswano ukuphendula imibandela ethile. Ukususela malunga nonyaka ka19373 ukuya kokhoyo, i-United States iye yasebenza phantsi kwemodeficity Federation Federation. I-Cofederation Federalism yaqalisa ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu lomoya, ukususela ekupheleni kowe-19202020 kunye nasekuqaleni kowe-1940, xa amaMelikan aninzi ayezama ukufikelela kwizipheko. "Imigaqo Yomanyano Yomanyano Yombuso kunye norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye nomnye ukusebenza kunye nenye kwingxaki eqhelekileyo.

Ngonyaka ka-1960, umphengululi wezobupolitika uMorton Grodzins wagxeka imbono endala yoburhulumente base-U.S. njenge "ikheyiki elilayishi" eneenxenye ezahlulwe ngokucacileyo. Wathi uburhulumente bale mihla babufana ne "keyiki eqinileyo," eyakhiwe ngeenxenye ezahlukeneyo ezidibeneyo. Esi sigegegxeni sithatha inyaniso yokuba iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente nezorhulumente ngoku zidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwimimandla emininzi yemithetho, kunye namanqanaba omabini karhulumente adlala iindima ezibalulekileyo.

Umanyano Olutsha: Indaleko Yegunya

Ingcamango entsha yorhulumente (ukususela ngowe-1970): intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yokususa utshintsho, ukubuyisela okanye ukudlulisela igunya lesizwe kumazwe, apho urhulumente anyanzelisa imimiselo nokugcina inkululeko nengqiqo engakumbi. Umzekelo omnye uthintela, imali evela kurhulumente worhulumente obekiwe kumazwe, enolawulo oluncinane nolawulo ngendlela oorhulumente abayisebenzisa ngayo imali ukuphendula iinkqubo okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo.

Urhulumente omtsha womanyano, ophawulwa ngokubuya kancinci kwegunya kumazwe, waqaliswa nguMongameli Ronald Reagan (1998-889) kunye "notshintsho lwendaleko" ekuqaleni koo1980 kwaye waqhubeka de kube ngo-2001. Ngaphambili, urhulumente wengingqi wanika amazwe imali, emisela amaphondo ukusebenzisa le nkxaso yeenkqubo ezithile. Noko ke, ulawulo lukaReagan lwasungula uqheliselo lokunika izibonelelo, urhulumente okhululekileyo ukuchitha imali ngenkululeko yawo. Olu tshintsho lwanika utshintsho olungakumbi ekuthetheni ngeemfuno zasekuhlaleni ngelixa kugcinwa inkxaso yemali yemali.

Umatshini wentsebenziswano yesizwe somanyano

Urhulumente norhulumente usebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ukudibanisa imisebenzi yabo nokusebenza kunye. Ezi zixhobo ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwexesha ukucombulula imingeni entsonkothileyo efuna iimpendulo zikarhulumente ezikumgangatho omninzi.

Iminikelo yomanyano noncedo lwemali

Inkxalabo lubala elingundoqo lentsebenziswano yesizwe sesizwe. Ingqungquthela idala inkqubo yokunikezelwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe akhuthaza ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni ngokunika iminikelo ebalulekileyo engqinelanayo. Urhulumente wesizwe unika izibonelelo nenkxaso yemali kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukwenzela iiprojekthi, ngeli lixa amazwe anikezela ngoovimba bolawulo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesizwe nemigaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezizinzileyo kwiingingqi ezinqumla amaphondo.

Imizekelo iquka: (1) inkxaso-mali, apho urhulumente wesizwe anikezela ngemali ukuze asebenzise iinjongo ezithile okanye inkqubo ebanzi; kunye (2) nemithetho karhulumente elawulayo, apho urhulumente wesizwe amisela imimiselo nemithetho egunyazisiweyo ukuze alandele, ngenkxaso okanye ngaphandle kwenkxaso karhulumente. Ezi nkcukacha zemali zidala izikhuthazo ezinamandla ukuze amazwe abe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente aze athabathe imigangatho karhulumente, kwanakwiindawo apho urhulumente ungenalo igunya elingqalileyo lomgaqo-siseko ukumisela inyathelo likarhulumente.

Izibonelelo zomanyano zikho ngeendlela ezininzi, nganye eneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yozimeleyo nolawulo lukarhulumente. Izibonelelo ezithe ngqo zinika inkxaso-mali yeenjongo ezithile, ezicacisiweyo ezineemfuno zesizwe ezineenkcukacha ezithe cala. Imvo zinika ubuchule obuthe chatha, zivumela amazwe ukusebenzisa imali yeenjongo ezibanzi kummandla jikelele. I-Fomuula inika iminikelo esekelwe kwimiqathango emiselwe kwangaphambili enjengoluntu okanye amanani obuhlwempu. Iproject inikwa ngokukhuphiswano okusekelwe kwizicelo zesizwe nakwizicelo zezicelo zenkqubo.

Ulwenziwo Lwento

Urhulumente wesizwe ubeka izicelo kumazwe nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abaziwa ngokuba yimiqathango karhulumente, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zakhe. Ezi zindululo zixhaswa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente wesizwe, ngokwenxalenye exhaswa ngurhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe okanye yimithetho engagunyaziswanga. Amagunya afuna ukuba amazwe athathe izenzo ezithile okanye afikelele imilinganiselo ethile, ngokufuthi kwiindawo ezinjengenkuselo yemekobume, amalungelo karhulumente, okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Imiyalelo ehlawulwa ngemali eza nemali yokunceda amaphondo ahambelana neemfuno zesizwe, iwenza amkeleke ngakumbi koorhulumente borhulumente. Imiqathango engazange ivunyelwe, efuna ukuba kwenziwe inyathelo likarhulumente ngaphandle kokubonelela ngenkxaso yemali karhulumente, iye yathanda ukuphikisana. IMandadates Reformation Act eHlaziyiweyo yowe-1995 yazama ukulinganisela amandla karhulumente okubeka iimfuno ezibiza imali eninzi kumaphondo ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso yemali, nangona iye yanempumelelo edityanisiweyo ekusebenzeni.

Ukusebenzisana Ngokuzenzekelayo Nonxibelelwano

Phezu kwayo nje imfazwe, kukho imisebenzi ephawulekayo yentsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente. Le misebenzi yentsebenziswano ayibonakali nakuwuphi na umthetho okanye kwilungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko, kodwa iphunyezwa ngoqhagamshelwano olungelulo oluqhelekileyo, olunobuhlobo. Iileta zenkxalabo, ii-imeyili, kunye nemiyalezo yeposi zonke zivumela abadlali kumgangatho owahlukeneyo namasebe karhulumente ukuba basebenze amaxhala neengcinga ngothungelwano ezingacwangciswanga oluneempawu zobubhetyebhetye-bhetye nobukhawulezi, ezinga qhaphu obungafunyanwa rhoqo kwiinkalo zemibutho yoorhulumente bamaphondo.

Olu nxibelelwano phakathi kwabadlali kumgangatho owahlukeneyo nakumasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente lukwavelisa ithuba loncedo lobugcisa kuwo onke amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenza inkqubo kunye nokuzalisekisa. Ukuba isebe elinye okanye umgangatho karhulumente unolwazi kumsebenzi othile, olu lwazi lungasetyenziswa ngabadlali abangenamava. Le ntsebenziswano ingacwangciswanga isoloko ingqinelana neengxaki eziluncedo nokuqhelanisa iinkqubo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imibutho yomthetho ilungiselela ingxubusho eqhubekayo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamagosa aseburhulumenteni nawaseburhulumenteni. IKhomishini yoLawulo lwezeNtengo neMicimbi yangoku iSihlalo yaMazwe ukulungiselela indawo yabalawuli borhulumente norhulumente ukuba babelane ngeembono, ukuqonda, kwaye apho kufanelekileyo, ibone izisombululo ezinokubakho malunga nemingeni kunye nokulungelelana kwemicimbi ebandakanya ulawulo lorhulumente nolawulo lweziko. Amaqumrhu asebenzisanayo akhoyo kwimimandla emininzi yezomthetho, ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya ekukhuseleni imekobume.

Imibutho enjengeSizwe iBamba iRhuluneli, iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko, kunye neSizwe seManyano yoLawulo lwaMazwe sisebenza njengeentlanganiso ezibalulekileyo phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente. La maqela ancedayo achaza ukulungelelanisa izikhundla zawo kwimibandela yemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ukwabelana ngezona nkqubo zilungileyo, nokunxibelelana kwamagosa karhulumente anxibelelana nabaquququzeli beenkqubo zikarhulumente. Akwanikela uncedo lobugcisa ukunceda ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesizwe ngempumelelo.

Imimandla emikhulu yentsebenziswano yesizwe somanyano

Urhulumente norhulumente basebenzisana phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Eminye yeyona mizekelo ibalulekileyo nebonakalayo yentsebenziswano iyenzeka kwimfundo, kwezonyango, kwizithuthi, kukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, nakwintsabelo yentlekele.

Imfundo: Imbopheleleko Yokubelana

Kumgangatho ophambili wemfundo, urhulumente wesizwe nowaseburhulumenteni unendima engafaniyo. Ngoncedo lwesebe lemfundo lorhulumente, uququzelela ulawulo lwemfundo enxulumene neengxaki zongxamiseko ezinxulumene nomgangatho karhulumente. Amaphondo anikwe imiyalelo yokugcina izikolo zikawonke-wonke kunye neekholeji kwakunye nokuphuhlisa izifundo ezisetyenziswa kwisikolo esikurhulumente.

Urhulumente wesizwe unikela i-10.8% yayo yonke ingeniso efunekayo kwimigangatho yesikolo esisebantsi nakwisekondali. Ekubeni urhulumente wesizwe enyamekela imfundo kuwo onke amaphondo, iminikelo inikezelwa ngokusisibonelelo somhlaba. Amazwe anikela i-87.7% aseleyo kwisikolo semfundo esisiseko nesekondali. Nangona urhulumente wesizwe enikela imali encinane kwimfundo yokuqala neyesibini, wenza inkqubo yokhokelo jikelele ukuba isetyenziswe ngamazwe kwicandelo lemfundo.

Ukungeniswa kwemfundo kuxhaphakile ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1960, ingakumbi ngeenkqubo ezifana neSihloko I sokuxhasa abafundi abasweleyo, imfundo ekhethekileyo igunyazisa phantsi koMthetho wezemfundo ezidimazekileyo, kunye neemfuno zokuphendula phantsi kwemithetho enjengethi No Child Offce Behind nethi All Students Reseeds Act. Ngoxa amaphondo ehlala enembopheleleko ephambili ekuqhubeni izikolo nasekuphuhlisweni kwezifundo, imigaqo yorhulumente kunye nemigaqo yenkxaso yemali yemfundo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Unyango namanyathelo Okuqalisa Empilo Kawonke-wonke

Unyango lumela enye yezona ndawo zintsonkothileyo zentsebenziswano yesizwe. Iinkqubo ezinkulu ezifana neMedicaid zixhaswa kunye kwaye zinikelwa ngoorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, kunye norhulumente wesizwe emisela imigangatho ebanzi kwaye enika imali engqinelanayo ngexesha amazwe eyila kwaye esebenza iinkqubo zawo kwimigaqo karhulumente. Ngenkqubo enjenge-Medicaid, iSNAP, iimali ezibhaliswe kwi Lieu of Conficture and Liberial Corial Schools, izikolo ezinika inkxaso ebalulekileyo kwizigidi zabemi ngoxa besongameli bebonke, ukhuseleko nokhuseleko noncedo lukawonke wonke kunye nemigudu yokuphucula intlekele.

UMthetho we-Affordlable Care Ubonisa intsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yesizwe yale mihla kwizempilo, kunye norhulumente wesizwe omisela iintengiso kunye nemigangatho yokuqulunqwa kwe-inshorensi ngeli xesha enika utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekuzalisekisweni kwayo. Ama-orhulumente angakhetha ukusebenzisa iintengiso zawo, iqabane norhulumente wesizwe, okanye avumele urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aqhube iintengiso zawo. Kwakhona enza izigqibo ngokobuqu malunga nokuba uza kwandisa iMedica edimid phantsi komthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukwahluka okuphawulekayo ekufikeleleni kwempilo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Iimeko zongxamiseko zempilo kawonke wonke, kuquka ukuqhambuka kwezifo kunye nezifo ze-COVID-19, zifuna umanyano olunzulu lwesizwe. Urhulumente wesizwe unika ubuncwane, ubuchule, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweentlangano ezifana neZiko lokuLawula nelokuthintela Izifo, ngelixa amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni emisela ukuthintelwa nokusabela emhlabeni. Le ndlela yomgangatho-ninzi ivumela ukulungelelaniswa kwesizwe kunye nokuguquka kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Imisebenzi yezothutho

Izibonelelo zezothutho zinikela umzekelo ocacileyo womanyano lwentsebenziswano yorhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe uqokelela iirhafu zepetroli aze asabele imali kumaphondo okwakhiwa nokulungiswa kweendlela, ngeli xesha izicwangciso zikarhulumente, ukwenziwa, kunye nokwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ezithile. Umanyano lweSebe leSizwe loGunyaziso loMphathiswa uRail Program izicelo zemali yeFSP elungiselelwe i-FSP, i-Appropriances Act, 2024, kunye no-Division J we-Infastice Rescurectal Revementmentalment kunye ne-Acts.

Inkqubo yeNtloko ePhezulu, eyaqaliswa ngoo-1950, imela omnye wemizekelo ephumelelayo yentsebenziswano yengingqi yorhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi wanikezela ngama-90% eendleko zokwakha kunye nemigangatho yoyilo, ngelixa amazwe ekhetha iindlela, ezifunyenweyo, kunye nolwakhiwo. Olu manyano lwadala uthungelwano olumanyeneyo lwezothutho lwesizwe ngeli xesha luhlonela imvume yorhulumente kunye neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Intsebenziswano yezithuthi zale mihla idlulele ngaphaya kweendlela zohambo lukawonke-wonke, iziporo, izitimela, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko enqanawa. Umanyano lwezikhundla lunika inkxaso kurhulumente nakwimisebenzi yezothutho yasekuhlaleni, ngoxa imimiselo karhulumente iqinisekisa ukhuseleko nemigangatho yemeko-bume. Amazwe nemimandla inikela ngemali efanayo kwaye yenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuphendula kwentlekele nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka

Umzekelo wentsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente belizwe nguncedo longxamiseko. Ngexesha lentlekele (njengezikhukula kunye neenyikima), unxibelelwano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente lungathetha umahluko, ngokoqobo, phakathi kobomi nokufa. Imikhosi yomkhosi ingasetyenziswa ngexesha lesiphithiphithi esinzima ukugcina ucwangco kwixesha elifutshane, ubuncwane benkonzo yamahlathi bungathunyelwa kwizinto zasekuhlaleni ngexesha lomlilo, kwaye izixhobo zonxibelelwano zingabolekiswa kwiindawo ezingenazo oovimba.

I-Arhente yeNkcubeko yoLawulo lwezeNkcubeko (FEMA) ilungelelanisa imigudu yokusabela yentlalo-ntle, isebenza ngokusondeleyo namaqumrhu olawulo longxamiseko lukarhulumente kunye nabaphulaphuli bokuqala basekuhlaleni. Xa iintlekele zithwaxa urhulumente kunye noovimba basekuhlaleni, abalawuli bangacela izibhengezo zentlekele yorhulumente zokuba kuvulwe inkxaso-mali nezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo. Le nkqubo ivumela unyuso olukhawulezileyo lwemigudu yokusabela ngelixa kugcinwa urhulumente kunye nolawulo lwengingqini kumsebenzi wemini kumaxesha osuku.

Ukulungiselelwa kwentlekele kubandakanya intsebenziswano enkulu yesizwe sorhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe unika ukhokelo, uqeqesho, kunye nezixhobo ezinika uncedo kumaphondo nakwimimandla elungiselelwe iingozi. Amazwe avelisa izicwangciso zemisebenzi yongxamiseko elungelelanisa nezakhiwo zorhulumente ngoxa ethetha ngeengozi ezithile zoluntu kunye neenkcubeko. Imithambo kunye nokuqhelisa rhoqo ezi zicwangciso nokwakha ulwalamano phakathi kwabaphendulayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Umthetho onyanzeliswayo nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke

Omnye umzekelo wentsebenziswano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kuya kuba kukwabelana ngemisebenzi yephulo lorhulumente. Ngoxa amaphondo enendima yokugcinwa komthetho, urhulumente wesizwe unendima yokugcinwa komthetho, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kwenziwe imisebenzi edityanisiweyo kunye nemikhosi yemisebenzi yokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano yorhulumente kukwakho nasekuzalisekisweni komthetho worhulumente wolwaphulo-mthetho orhwebeshela iziyobisi kunye nokuphatha imipu. Urhulumente wengingqi akanawo amapolisa anokunyanzelisa ezi ntlobo zolwaphulo-mthetho; kufuneka axhomekeke kurhulumente nakumkhosi wamapolisa wasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente wengingqi umisele iinkqubo ezifana neProject Saference Collegements ezikhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente namapolisa asekuhlaleni/amagqwetha kunye nabatshutshisi borhulumente.

Imikhosi yemisebenzi edityanisiweyo izisa kunye amagosa orhulumente asuka kumasebe anjengeFBI, DEA, kunye ne-ATF kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqumla imida elawulayo. La maqabane asebenzisa ubuncwane nobuchule borhulumente ngexesha lokusebenzisa ulwazi nolwalamano lwasekuhlaleni. Umanyano lunika iinkqubo kwakhona zibonelela ngemali kwizixhobo zolawulo-mthetho, uqeqesho, kunye nabasebenzi, ngokukodwa ukwenzela imisebenzi ekhethekileyo efana nokunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi, unyanzelo-nkqubo yemigulunga, kunye nolawulo lwe-Roxibit.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowasekuhlaleni umisele iinjongo eziliqela zokukhusela imeko-bume, kuquka ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, ukugcina imali nokuphucula umgangatho womoya nempilo yabemi. Ukuze bafeze ezi njongo, omabini amanqanaba oorhulumente asebenza ngokunempumelelo ekusebenziseni amandla kwaye ahlola imithombo emitsha nenokulondolozwa amandla anokuhlaziywa. Bonke oorhulumente bahlola imigaqo-nkqubo neenkqubo zokulungisa imozulu.

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ubonakalisa uburhulumente obusebenzisanayo, namasebe asekuhlaleni afana ne-Entevironmental Protection Agency emisela imigaqo yesizwe ngeli xesha imisela kwaye inyanzelisa. Imithetho emininzi yemekobume iqikelela ngokucacileyo ukuphunyezwa korhulumente, ivumela amazwe ukuba aphuhlise iinkqubo zawo ezihlangabezana okanye ezigqitha imilinganiselo karhulumente. Amazwe akwanokufumana amagunya ogunya karhulumente, athathe imbopheleleko ephambili kwiinkqubo ezifana nemvume yomgangatho womoya okanye ungcoliso lwamanzi kulawulo lwezikozwe.

Le ndlela yentsebenziswano ivumela imilinganiselo yemekobume yesizwe ekhusela impilo yoluntu nemekobume yoluntu lo gama inika iimeko ulungelelwano lokucombulula iimeko nezinto eziza kuqala. Amazwe anokufumana imilinganiselo engqongqo kunemiqathango karhulumente, kwaye amaninzi aye enjenjalo kwiindawo ezifana negesi ekhutshwayo, amandla anokuhlaziywa, kunye nemigaqo yemichiza. Inkxaso-mali yesebe ixhasa iinkqubo zokusibume, ngoxa ubuchule nophando lwamazwe ekuphuhliseni inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Indima Yoorhulumente Bobulali Kwinkqubo Yomanyano

Ngeli xesha ingxubusho yolawulo lwamazwe orhulumente ijolise kulwalamano lwesizwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqeni iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokunikela iinkonzo kubemi. I-Colaries idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMelika, esebenza njengamaqabane abalulekileyo kulungelelaniso, icandelo, kunye nokwabelana ngegunya kumazwe asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Njengembombo esondelene namanye amanqanaba karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo kunye neenkonzo zinikezelwa ngokunempumelelo kubemi belizwe lonke. Phantsi kolawulo lolawulo loluntu, amanani abekek

I-Couniols zenye yeentlobo ezindala zikarhulumente waseMerika, zingoogxa bethu abaphambili kwinkqubo yorhulumente wesizwe sethu kwaye zinikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. I-Counvatories ilawulwa ngamagosa onyulwa asekuhlaleni, kuquka amaqumrhu aphezulu akhethiweyo ali-19,780 kunye namalungu ebhodi ajongene noqingqo-mali, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo. Jikelele, amarhulumente agunyazisa kwaye amisela iindima neembopheleleko zoorhulumente bephondo. Oku kuyila inkqubo yemibutho apho imigaqo karhulumente ingena kumazwe asekuhlaleni ukuze iphumele kurhulumente asekuhlaleni ukuze aphumele phambili.

Intsebenziswano yezemali ephakathi kwamasebe karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu abonisa ukubaluleka kokwabelana ngolawulo ekwakheni ingqiniseko, ukuhambela phambili, nokuhambelana kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo. Imimandla ebanzi kunye noomasipala basebenza njengemigca ephambili yokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, izikolo, ukulondoloza iindlela zasekuhlaleni, ukulungiselela iipakethe kunye neziko lokuzonwabisa, nokulawula iinkqubo ezininzi zorhulumente nezokuzonwabisa. Impumelelo yabo kule misebenzi ixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano esebenzayo norhulumente kunye namaqabane karhulumente.

Ukulungelelaniswa okungokwasemthethweni nomgaqo-nkqubo

Unxulumano phakathi komthetho norhulumente luvelisa amathuba entsebenziswano kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa intsebenziswano.

Ukhukuliso lomanyano kunye neGunya likaRhulumente

Xa imithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente ingquzulwano, iSuprematy Claus yeSigqeba ifuna ukuba umthetho karhulumente usebenze. Noko ke, ukukhulula kukarhulumente akuzenzekeli qha, kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yomanyano kunye nengingqi ethile yomthetho ebandakanyekileyo. IBhunga linokucacisa umthetho worhulumente ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho wesigqeba uthathelw'ulawulo uthathelw'imiqathango. Ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yesizwe kwenzeka xa umgaqo karhulumente ubanzi ungenandawo yomthetho karhulumente, okanye xa ungquzulwano nomthetho worhulumente neenjongo zorhulumente.

Imithetho emininzi karhulumente iquka imiqathango yogcino-mali egcina igunya likarhulumente lokulawula imimandla yenkxalabo yesizwe, kwanaxa umthetho karhulumente usebenza. Oku kuvumela ukuba kumiselwe imithetho yesizwe neyorhulumente, ekhululekileyo ukuba ifumane imilinganiselo engaphantsi kunemiqathango karhulumente. Umthetho wokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, nokhuseleko lomsebenzi ngokufuthi ulandela lo mzekelo, ukudala umgangatho wokukhusela kukarhulumente ngeli lixa uvumela amazwe ukuba aqhubele phambili.

Ukusebenzisana Kwezigwebo Nokungquzulana

Iinkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente zisebenza njengeenkqubo ezohlukeneyo kodwa ezidibeneyo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala angomthetho eUnited States, kuquka lawo abandakanya umthetho wesizwe. Iinkundla zoMasipala zinemithetho elinganiselweyo, amatyala abandakanya imibuzo karhulumente, ukwahlukahlukana kwemiba yobumi, okanye imibandela ethile efana nokubhaliswa kwamalungelo omntu nomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe kufuneka zisebenzise umthetho wesizwe xa zilawula ityala, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zikarhulumente kufuneka zisebenzise umthetho karhulumente, ngokukodwa kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo wemibuzo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, ihlola izigqibo zenkundla yephondo eziphakamisa imibandela karhulumente. Lo mthetho wesigqeba uqinisekisa ukucaciswa okufanayo komthetho wesizwe ngoxa uhlonela igunya lenkundla kumthetho karhulumente kwimicimbi karhulumente.

Ukuxhasa uMthetho nolungelelwaniso lwenkqubo

Kwibala lenkundla lowiso-mthetho, uxhasa umthetho omnye umzekelo wentsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente. Ngoxa urhulumente enokwenza okulungileyo okanye umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni kwimida yakhe, ukuba okulungileyo okanye umsebenzi unakho ukuqukuqela lula ngaphaya komda womthetho ungasebenzi kakuhle. Ukusebenzisa umthetho oxhasayo ovela kurhulumente wesizwe kunganwebela ukufikelela komthetho wesizwe kweminye imiqathango, uvumele imithetho yayo ukuba ibe namandla angakumbi.

Imithetho kumgangatho karhulumente idla ngokumisela imigangatho ebanzi ethi ilungelelanise kwaye inyanzeliswe phakathi kwemithetho yayo. Le ntsebenziswano inceda ukugcina ukungaguquguquki okusemthethweni kulo lonke ilizwe logama ithetha ngeenguqu neemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Umthetho womanyano ungamisela imigangatho encinane okanye izakhiwo ezinokuthi zakhele, zivelise isiseko sokhuseleko okanye solawulo ngeli lixa zivumela amazwe ukuba enze imigaqo-nkqubo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Imithetho yesizwe ye-Exponent, ephuhliswa ngemibutho efana neKhomishini yoMthetho we-Exponent, imela olunye uhlobo lwentsebenziswano encedisa ukuhambelana kwesizwe sorhulumente. Le mithetho yemodeli inceda amagunya afumana izakhiwo ezithe ngqo ezingokorhwebo, umthetho wentsapho, kunye neprobate, ehlambulula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe asemaphandleni kunye nokunciphisa iimfazwe phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho zikarhulumente.

Ucelomngeni kwiSizwe seSizwe

Phezu kwazo nje iindlela ezininzi zokusebenzisana, unxulumano lwesizwe lubandakanya uxanduva oluqhubekayo nocelomngeni. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuntsonkotha kolawulo lwamaMerika nokufuna uqhubekeko noqhubekeko lolwakheko kunye nonxibelelwano.

Ukuhlaziywa koMbindi neNkxaso yoMbutho woMgaqo-siseko

Ulawulo lweqela lesizwe lungakhokelela kulwalamano oluthe xhaxhe ngakumbi phakathi komongameli kunye namazwana, okanye olulwayo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ulawulo lweqela phakathi kwezi zilungelelanisi ezibini. Njengoko uTrump elandela inkqubo eqengqelekayo ngesebe eliphetheyo, amaziko asebenzisa idemokhrasi, asenokulandela inkqubo ephendula ngqo kwezo zixhobo, ngeli lixa amazwe alawulwa yiRiphabliki asengozini yokubandakanyeka kwihambo yentsebenziswano.

Umanyano luvelisa ungquzulwano ngolungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente bamazwe, kwaye iye yaba yindlela esebenzayo yokuba amazwe acel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zikarhulumente aphikisana nazo. Umzekelo, kwakukho amatyala ahlukahlukeneyo ali- 160 ngokuchasene nolawulo lokuqala lukaTrump kunye ne 133 ngokuchasene nolawulo lweBhiden. Olu celomngeni lusemthethweni lubonisa ukungavumelani okunzulu malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente namalungelo karhulumente ukudwelisa iinkqubo zawo.

Ukuhlaliswa kwemimandla engaphandle komhlaba kufake ingxubano yephondo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, apho iimeko zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenzisa igalelo, umthetho, kunye nesenzo sokulawula ukuxhathisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente abazichasayo. Oku kuxhathisa kwenzeka kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula urhulumente wezwe, nangona imibandela ekhethekileyo ephikisanayo iyahluka. Ukunyanzeleka komgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlahlela, umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango, kunye namalungelo okuvota abangela zonke iingxubeko eziphawulekayo zephondo eziqhutywa ngokwenxenye lungquzulwano lwamaquququ.

Iingcinezelo Ezingalungiswanga kunye neeNkcitho

Imiyalelo karhulumente efuna ukuphunyezwa kwenyathelo likarhulumente ngaphandle kokulungiselela inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ebangela ungquzulwano olubalulekileyo kulwalamano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Ama-United States aphikisa ngelithi izindululo ezingagunyaziswanga zibanyanzela ukuba baphambukise oovimba belizwe kwizinto eziphambili ukuze bathobele iimfuno zikarhulumente, urhulumente wesizwe ngokunempumelelo avumele ukuba amisele uqingqo-mali ngaphandle kokunika imali yokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zakhe. Imiyalelo yemfundo, imigaqo yemekobume, kunye neemfuno zonyulo zivelise zonke izikhalazo malunga nemali karhulumente engafanelekanga.

Iingcinezelo ze-Fiscal kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni zinzima. Xa uqingqo-mali lwamazwe luqinile, iziphiwo zorhulumente zinokuncitshiswa, kunyanzeliswe iimeko ukuba zinqumle iinkonzo okanye zinyuse iirhafu zokulondoloza iinkqubo. Iingxaki zoqingqo-mali zikarhulumente zinokudodoba ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente ezixhomekeke kwimali okanye kumandla olawulo. Ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kuchaphazela onke amanqanaba karhulumente ngexesha elinye, kudala iingxaki xa ubuchule bokulungelelanisa intlalo-ntle ingakumbi imicimbi.

Ubuchule bokulungelelanisa kunye nomthwalo wolawulo

Ukuntsonkotha kwemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente kudala ucelomngeni olusebenzisekayo. Amasebe ahlukeneyo kumgangatho worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni asenokuba nemithetho engqubanayo okanye engqubanayo. Iimfuno zokuxela kunye neenkqubo zokuthobela zingaba nzima, ingakumbi kumaphondo amancinci anegunya elilinganiselweyo lolawulo. Utshintsho ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo zikarhulumente lungadala ukungalingani kunye nokudideka kwabemi namashishini asebenza kwiilayini zikarhulumente.

Ngamanye amaxesha amasebe asebenza ngomanyano atsala nzima ukunikela ukhokelo oluzinzileyo kumazwe, ingakumbi xa imigaqo-nkqubo iqala okanye iphikisana ngezobupolitika. Amazwe asenokufumana iimpawu ezingqubanayo ezivela kumasebe ahlukeneyo okanye kulawulo olwahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide. Ukutshintsha kolawulo lomongameli kunokubangela utshintsho oluphawulekayo kulawulo lwezinganyelo eziphambili zorhulumente kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zihambele phambili, nto leyo efuna ukuba amazwe alungelelane ngokukhawuleza nezinto ezintsha ezifunwayo.

Ukulungelelanisa Ufana Kwamanye Amaqela

Uxanduva olusisiseko kurhulumente lubandakanya ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yesizwe nokudibana ngokuhlonela iinguqu zesizwe kunye novavanyo. Ezinye imibandela zibonakala zifuna imigangatho efanayo yesizwe, /indawo ekhuselekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso, umzekelo. Ezinye iindawo ziyangenelwa kukwahluka-hluka kombuso nophuhliso, zivumela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvela nokukhuphisana. Ukudibanisa iimbambano ezifuna ukufana nokungenelwa kwingxubeko ehlala ingumthombo wengxoxo kunye nengxabano.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomanyano evumela ubhetyebhetye karhulumente inokubangela umahluko ophawulekayo kwindlela abemi abaphathwa ngayo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokulingana nokungaguquguquki .

Imibandela yangoku kwiNkxaso yeQhinga

Imingeni emininzi yenkqubo yanamhlanje ibalaselisa ukubaluleka nobunzima bentsebenziswano esebenzayo yesizwe sorhulumente. Le miba ibonisa indlela urhulumente aqhubeka ngayo eguquka xa iimeko kunye nezinto eziza kuqala zitshintsha.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Amandla olawulo akhokelela kumazwe ukuba aphuthume iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa abasebenzi abafudukayo, ngentsebenziswano edla ngokugunyaziswa kwilungu lorhulumente worhulumente nomongameli. Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho ekhuthaza ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kubaphathi belo lizwe besizwe, njengoko sibonile kwintsebenziswano phakathi kwamabamba eRiphabliki kunye nolawulo lweTrump ekunyanzelweni kwezentengiselwano yokufuduka.

Inkqubo yokufuduka idala uxinezeleko olucacileyo lwemithetho-siseko yephondo ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe umthetho wokufuduka, ukanti urhulumente umisela iindleko ezininzi neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka. Amanye amazwe aye afuna ukunceda ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwengingqi ngonxibelelwano kunye nangentsebenziswano yolwazi, ngoxa amanye anentsebenziswano elinganiselweyo nemithetho-bume yengingqi yokufuduka. Oku kuhla kwendlela yokungena komGaqo-siseko kubonisa ezonakelelo nezo zezobupolitika, nto leyo edala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwelizwe lonke ilizwe.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nomgaqo - siseko Wamandla

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo lwentsebenziswano yesizwe nesizwe. Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya kwezorhwebo, umgaqo wamandla, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume, kodwa urhulumente ulawula iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zokuveliswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nezokuthuthwa. Xa inkqubo yemozulu yephondo inelindumasi, amazwana asenokuzama ukuzalisekisa okanye asenokugqitha imiqathango karhulumente. Xa inkqubo karhulumente ilinganiselwe, amaphondo angazalisa umsantsa ngenyathelo lawo, edala iinguqulelo kwimiqathango yemozulu.

Amanyathelo omgangatho wemozulu karhulumente aye anda kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuquka izigunyaziso ezivuselelwayo, iinkqubo zekharbon, kunye nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwezithuthi. Le nkqubo yorhulumente maxa wambi iyangqubana neendlela zolawulo okanye ibangele imingeni yokuthobela amashishini asebenza kwiintambo zelizwe. Kodwa uvavanyo lukarhulumente luye lwavelisa iinguqu zenkqubo zezobugcisa ezixabisekileyo kwaye lwabonisa ukubonakala kokunokwenzeka kwemeko-mo yezulu, okunokwenzeka ukwazisa inkqubo yexesha elizayo karhulumente.

Ulawulo lokhetho kunye namalungelo okunika

Ubalo lwesizwe esizi-3 069 ngokwesithethe lunika unyulo kunye nentlawulo yentlawulo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukongamela iindawo zokuvota kunye nokulawula abasebenzi bovolo kurhulumente, kurhulumente nakummandla kunye nonyulo. Oku kuyabonakala xa sihlola izisongelo zekhompyutha (kuquka ukungenelela kweRashiya nonyulo 2016) nxamnye neenkqubo zokuvota ezilungelelwayo nezilawulwa ngurhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo lokhetho lubonisa ukuntsonkotha kwentsebenziswano yesizwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe olungelelanisiweyo. Ama-odolo nemimandla yenza unyulo, kuquka unyulo lwengingqi yeKhonkxale kunye noMongameli, phantsi kwentlanganisela yeemfuno zesizwe nemithetho karhulumente. Umthetho woManyano umisela ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kunye neemfuno, kodwa umisela iinkqubo ezininzi zonyulo, kuquka iinkqubo zokubhalisa, iindlela zokuvota, kunye noyilo lomatshini wokuyila.

Inkxalabo yakutshanje ngokhuseleko lonyulo, ukufikelela kovoti, nokuthembeka konyulo ziye zakhulisa uxanduva lwamazwana kulawulo lonyulo lorhulumente. Uncedo lonyulo lomanyano lwenkqubela yonyulo lufuna intsebenziswano karhulumente ukuzalisekisa. Iingxoxo ngomthetho wamalungelo okuvota zibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko ngendima efanelekileyo yesizwe ekulawuleni unyulo lwephondo. Le miba iyakuhlala ikho ithandabuza ingxabano njengoko ubugcisa beyiguqula kwaneepropati zezobupolitika zihlala ziphezulu.

Ingxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa ngokuphawulekayo imfuneko kunye nocelomngeni lwentsebenziswano yentlalo kwimiqathango yoluntu. Urhulumente worhulumente wanika oovimba, uphando, kunye nomanyano, ngoxa iimeko zenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokutshixa, iimfuno zemaski, kunye nokusasazwa kwemiqhaphu. Utshintsho kumazwe lwabonisa uluvo olwahlukileyo lomngcipheko wempilo yoluntu kunye neendleko zezoqoqosho, kunye neembonakaliso ezahlukeneyo zobupolitika.

Imingeni yokulungelelaniswa kwentsebenziswano ngexesha lesifo esibulalayo yayiquka imilo enxulumene nolwabelo lwezibonelelo, ukungavumelani ngokubhekiselele kumanyathelo onyango lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokungavisisani ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwemiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ezi ngxaki zabalaselisa imfuneko yokucaciswa okucacileyo kwentsebenziswano yesizwe kwiimeko zempilo kawonke-wonke, ngoxa zikwabonisa ixabiso lokuguquka kolawulo ekulungiseni iimpendulo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ingeniso

Uhlahlo-mali oluzinzileyo lufuna intsebenziswano enkulu yesizwe sesizwe. UMthetho weNkcubeko yoHlaziyo neMisebenzi ka-2021 wanika imali eninzi yezothutho, ibhanki ebanzi, iinkqubo zamanzi, nezinye izibonelelo, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kuxhomekeke ekucwangcisweni kwelizwe, ekukhethweni kweprojekthi, nakwimali engqinelanayo.

Intsebenziswano yezakhelo ibandakanya amasebe amaninzi karhulumente, amasebe karhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, edala iingxaki zokusebenzisana. Uhlolo lokusingqongileyo, imigangatho yokusebenza, kunye neemfuno zokufumana inkxaso zongeza ukuntsonkotha ekuphunyezweni kweprojekthi. Kodwa imisebenzi yezesiseko ephumelelayo ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka komanyano oluphambili lwesizwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zikarhulumente ngoxa kuhlonelwa igunya lorhulumente kunye nelokwenza izigqibo.

Owona mqheliso ulungileyo wentsebenziswano yesizwe esisebenzayo

Naphezu kocelomngeni, imizekelo emininzi yentsebenziswano ephumelelayo yesizwe sikarhulumente inika izifundo zokuphucula unxulumano phakathi korhulumente. Imigaqo emininzi kunye noqheliselo lunganyusa ukusebenza komanyano lwaseburhulumenteni.

Uhlolisiso Lwangaphambili Noluqhubekayo

Intsebenziswano esebenzayo ifuna ukudibana norhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni ekuqaleni kwinkqubo yenkqubela yenkqubo, hayi kuphela ngexesha lokuphunyezwa. Amasebe omanyano abandakanyeka njengamasebe ekuyileni iinkqubo nemimiselo iziphumo ezingcono kunalawo amisela iimfuno ngaphandle kolwazi olungenalwazi. Amajelo onxibelelwano athe rhoqo phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente nawo anceda ekuboneni iingxaki ngokukhawuleza aze avelise izicombululo ezisebenzayo.

Iinkqubo zocwangciso-nkqubo locwangciso-lwazi oluqhelekileyo, njengamaqela asebenzayo asebenza ngorhulumente kunye neekomiti zolawulo, zinika amathuba okuxoxa. Ulwalamano olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwamagosa kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente lukwanceda ukucombulula iingxaki kunye nokwabelana ngenkcazelo. Ukwakha olu lwalamano ngexesha eliqhelekileyo kudala ukuthembana kunye nemijelo yonxibelelwano engqineke ixabisekile ngexesha leengxaki.

Ukulungelelaniswa Nokuzivumelanisa

Iinkqubo zomanyano ezivumela ubhetyebhetye ekuzalisekiseni urhulumente jikelele zisebenza ngcono kunendlela eziqinileyo, zonke ezifanelekileyo. Ama-odolo ahlukene kakhulu ngobukhulu, ngobuninzi, ngokweemeko zezoqoqosho, nangendlela yezopolitiko. Iinkqubo ezisebenza kakuhle kwelinye ilizwe zisenokufuna utshintsho kwezinye. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezimisela iinjongo nemigangatho ngeli lixa zivumela amazwe ukuba akhethe iindlela zokuzalisekisa zingaphumeza iinjongo zohlanga ngoxa zihlonela ukwahlukahlukana kwemeko.

Iinkqubo ze-waiver ezivumela amazwe ukuba azame ezinye iindlela zokufikelela kwiimfuno zesizwe zingakhuthaza uphuhliso nokuphucula. Uvavanyo lwempumelelo lukarhulumente lungazisa ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo karhulumente luze lubonise amathuba amatsha okusingatha imingeni yenkqubo. Noko ke, ukulungelelaniswa kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nxamnye nemfuneko yokuziphendulela nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Oovimba abaneleyo noncedo lobugcisa

Izindululo zomanyano kunye neenkqubo zifuna inkxaso eyaneleyo kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo kukarhulumente. Ukubonelela ngoovimba bolawulo, uqeqesho, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yenkqubo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente banokuphumeza iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngokunempumelelo. Uncedo lobuchule oluvela kumasebe asekuhlaleni lunganceda amaphondo asebenzisa iimfuno ezintsonkothileyo asebenzisa ezona zenzo zilungileyo.

Ukufunda ngoontanga phakathi kwelizwe kukwanyusa ukuphumelela. Iinethwekhi ezivumela amajelo ukuba abelane ngamava, ucelomngeni, kunye nezisombululo zinceda ekusasazeni izinto ezintsha eziphumelelayo nokuphepha imigibe eqhelekileyo. Amasebe omanyano anokuwenza ube lula lo thungelwano ngoxa ehlonela ukuzilawula nobuchule borhulumente.

Iindima Neembopheleleko Ezicacileyo

Intsebenziswano ephumelelayo ifuna uphandle ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente ojongene nemisebenzi. Ukungaqiniseki ngeendima kunokukhokelela kwizithuba ekudlulisweni kwenkonzo, ukuphanda ngomgudu, okanye ukungquzulwano phezu kwegunya. Ukucaciswa kolwalatho lweembopheleleko, okumiselwe ngomthetho, ummiselo, okanye izivumelwano zezorhulumente, kunceda ekuthinteleni ukudideka nokuziphendulela.

Kwangaxeshanye, ezinye izinto ezidibanisayo neziququ zinokuba luncedo, zinika ugcino-lwazi kunye nokuvumela uvavanyo oluneendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isitshixo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbopheleleko ezihamba kunye zenziwe ngempazamo kwaye zilungelelaniswe kunokuba zingqubane.

Imilinganiselo yomsebenzi nokuphendula

Intsebenziswano yengingqi yesebe elisebenza kakuhle ifuna iindlela zokulinganisa ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ukucacisa iinjongo kunye nomlinganiselo womsebenzi kunceda omabini amanqanaba ovavanyo lukarhulumente ukuba iinkqubo zifikelela iziphumo ezicetyiweyo. Ugcino-lwazi lwemisebenzi lungazisa utshintsho ukuze kuphucuke ukusebenza nokusebenza.

Ukubekwa kwetyala kufuneka kulungelelanise ulawulo lukarhulumente nenkululeko yorhulumente. Iimfuno zikarhulumente ezigqithiseleyo zingathintela ukusungulwa kunye neemeko zomthwalo ngeendleko zokuthobela. Kodwa ukungakhathaleli okunganele kunokuvumela ukusebenza kakubi okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali karhulumente. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokulungisa okusekelwe kumava.

Ikamva leSizwe seFederal Relations

Ulwalamano lomanyano lwamazwe luza kuqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko, ubugcisa, nezinto eziza kuqala. Intsingiselo eninzi kunye nenkqubela-phambili isenokubumba ikamva lorhulumente waseMelika.

Ulawulo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lwamanani

Ubugcisa bamanani butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo nabenza ngayo izinto nabemi, bedala amathuba amatsha nocelomngeni lwentsebenziswano yengingqi. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezisebenzisanayo zinokuphucula ukulungelelanisa kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, kodwa zinyusa nenkxalabo yokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zokuchaza izinto ngamanani, iingxelo zempilo ye-elektroniki, kunye neenkonzo zobuxhakaxhakaxhaka zifuna ukulungelelanisa koorhulumente ngempumelelo ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Usongelo lokungalawuleki luchaphazela onke amanqanaba karhulumente kwaye lufuna iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Amasebe omanyano anganika ubuchule kunye noovimba bokunceda amazwe akhusele izibonelelo ezichuliweyo nezilawulwa ngurhulumente, kodwa ukuzalisekiswa kuxhomekeke kubuchule bomhlaba kunye nentsebenziswano. Ubugcisa bokudibanisa obufana nobuqhetseba kunye nobuchule bokuyila izinto obungeyonkqubo bungadala amathuba amatsha okunxibelelanisa kwezezoburhulumente ngeli xesha ikwanyusa imingeni encinane.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neengxaki Zemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kufuna intsebenziswano exhasweyo yengingqi yengingqi yorhulumente ekulungelelaniseni nasekuzinziseni. Ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, iziganeko zemozulu, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kunye nezinye iziphumo zemozulu ezinqamleza imida yamazwe aphakamileyo kunye neempendulo ezidibeneyo. Ubuncwane bomanyano kunye nomanyano lwamalungu oluntu ziya kuba yimfuneko, kodwa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baza kusebenzisa amanyathelo alungeleleneyo kwaye benze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nezibonelelo zesiseko.

Ukutshintshela kumandla acocekileyo kuya kubandakanya onke amanqanaba karhulumente, ngentshukumisa kunye nemigangatho esetyenziswa ngurhulumente esecaleni kolawulo olutsha kunye neenkqubo zamandla kunye nezigqibo zasekuhlaleni kunye nokuvumela izigqibo. Impumelelo iya kufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kumgangatho karhulumente ngeli lixa kuvunyelwa umahluko wengingqi kumandla kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho.

Iinguqulelo Zemeko Yengqondo Nezoqoqosho

Utshintsho lobomi babantu, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabemi, ukwanda kolwahluko, kunye nokufuduka, kuza kuchaphazela ulwalamano lwengingqi yephondo. Iinkqubo ezinceda abantu abakhulileyo, njengoMdicare noKhuseleko loluntu, ziza kujamelana neemfuno ezikhulayo, ezichaphazela uqingqo-mali lwesizwe kunye neenkqubo zonyango lwezentlalo. Ukuhlaziywa koorhulumente kuza kuqhubeka kudala inkxwaleko yengingqi njengoko amazwe efumana iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ebamba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngenkqubo yokufuduka.

Ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi nokuguquguquka komsebenzi, kuya kufuna ukuba bonke abemi bafumane intsabelo yomgaqo-nkqubo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Ukuphuhliswa komsebenzi, imfundo, neenkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu ziya kufuneka zisebenzisane kurhulumente ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezitshintshayo zezoqoqosho nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bafumana ithuba.

Ukutshintsha Imithetho Yezobupolitika

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kunye nokukhethwa kommandla wesizwe ngokukhetha ijografi kusenokuqhubeka kuchaphazela ulwalamano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Amazwe angasebenza ngokuqhubekayo njengeelaboratori zocwangciso lwemigaqo-nkqubo yabathathi-nxaxheba, namazwe eDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki afuna iindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezifana nerhafu, ulawulo, inkqubo yoluntu, kunye namalungelo okuvota. Olu vavanyo lungavelisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga neziphumo zenkqubo, kodwa lunganyusa nokungalingani koluntu nokwenza imingeni-mngeni-mali esetyenziswa ngamazwe aqesholwawo.

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente luya kuqhubeka luguqula ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zonyulo, kwizigqibo zenkundla, kunye nokuguqula isimo sengqondo sikawonke-wonke ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Ukugcina intsebenziswano esebenzayo phakathi kwezi inguqulelo kuya kufuna ukuzinikela kumanyano lwamarhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabalawuli.

Isiphumo: Ukubaluleka kokunyamezela kweSebe

Urhulumente norhulumente abasebenza kunye benza umva wolawulo lwamaMelika, benika iUnited States ithuba lokucombulula iingxaki ezinzima ngoxa ithetha ngeenguqu kunye nozimele-zintlu. Esona sizathu sazo, umanyano lwamarhulumente lukukukhuthaza uluntu ngokuba nembopheleleko kunye nokusebenzisana. Umanyano lubonisa ukuba olu manyano lusebenza ngaphaya komda olawulayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi balo nokuqinisa ingubo yoluntu lonke.

Ulwalamano lwentsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni kweriphabliki, luqhelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo ngoxa kugcinwa imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka kulwahlulo olucacileyo lwamagunya amabini orhulumente ukuya kwiimbopheleleko ezidibeneyo zomanyano lorhulumente, le nkqubo ibonise ukuba bhetyebhetye-bhetye nokuzinza okuphawulekayo. Oku kuhlala kubalulekile njengoko uhlanga lujamelene neengxaki eziya kubakho kule nkulungwane yama-21.

Intsebenziswano ephumelelayo yesizwe sesizwe esingurhulumente kufuneka ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo: unxibelelwano olunentsingiselo kunye nomanyano kuphuhliso lwenkqubo, ubuncwane obaneleyo kunye nenkxaso yobuchule ukwenzela ukuzalisekiswa, ukulungelelanisa iinguqu zemeko ngeli xesha kugcinwa imigangatho yesizwe, ukuhlaziywa komlinganiselo ocacileyo wendima noxanduva, umlinganiselo osebenzayo kunye nokuziphendulela, kunye nokuzinikela ekudibaniseni ingxaki kwiintambo ezinqamleza i-cwebhultrain, kunye nemithetho elawulayo.

Imingeni ejongene nolwalamano lwesizwe nolombuso yiyo yokwenene nebalulekileyo. Ukudityaniswa kwemithetho ehlukeneyo, ukuntsonkotha kwemiqathango, ukuntsonkotha kwemiqathango, kunye nokungavisisani okusisiseko ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo borhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kudala inkxwaleko eqhubekayo. Kodwa imfuneko yentsebenziswano ihlala icacile. Akukho mgangatho omnye karhulumente onokuthi ngokunempumelelo ucombulule imingeni emikhulu yenkqubo. Iingxaki zohlanga zifuna umanyano lwesizwe, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kuxhomekeke kumandla nozibomvo lwasekuhlaleni. Ulwando novavanyo lorhulumente luvelisa ingqiqo engundoqo, kodwa eminye imibaluleka ifuna imilinganiselo yesizwe efanayo.

Abahlali bayangenelwa xa oorhulumente begunya kunye norhulumente besebenza ngokunempumelelo, bedibanisa ubuncwane besizwe kunye nokusebenzisana nolungelelwano nolwazi lwasekuhlaleni. Imfundo iphucula xa inkxaso nomgangatho worhulumente udityaniswa nokuphuhliswa kolwazi lwemfundo kunye nolawulo lwesikolo sasekuhlaleni. Ubuchule bempilo buba fikeleleka ngakumbi xa iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nokusebenza kunye nolawulo kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni. Umthetho uphuhliswa ngokunempumelelo xa ulawulo lukarhulumente kunye nokusebenza kwawo. Ukhuseleko lukarhulumente luphucula imigudu yabo xa amaziko alawula umthetho alungelelanisa imigudu yabo ngoxa ehlonela iindima neemfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukukhangela phambili, umanyano lwesizwe lwaseburhulumenteni kuza kufuneka lucombulule iingxaki ezingathethekiyo, ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa ukuya kutsho kutshintsho lokhuseleko oluchaphazela amanani nokukhuselwa. Impumelelo iya kufuna ukulondoloza amandla angundoqo orhulumente waseMelika omanyano kunye nolwahluka-hlukeneyo, ukulungelelana kwawo phakathi kwamandla esizwe kunye nozimele-bulunga, ukukwazi ukudibanisa ulungelelaniso kunye novavanyo .

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko badala inkqubo karhulumente esele inyamezele iinkulungwane ezimbini, imfazwe yamakhaya, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iinguqulelo zentlalo, kunye nezidubedube zezobupolitika. Olu nyamezelo lubonisa ubulumko obusisiseko bokwahlula-hlula nokubelana ngegunya phakathi kwemigangatho emininzi karhulumente, ukuseka inkqubo eyomeleleyo nethambileyo, emanyaneyo neyahlukeneyo. Njengoko i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni kunye namathuba ekamva, umanyano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente luza kuhlala lufuneka ukuze kufikelelwe iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko zokwakha umbutho ogqibeleleyo, ukuseka imicimbi yoxolo, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntlalo-ntle, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zexesha elizayo, urhulumente kunye norhulumente orhulumente olawula i-Merika bonke.

Ulwazi oluninzi olungorhulumente waseMerika kunye nolwalamano lwezoburhulumente, tyelela iNxulumano yeSizwe [[FLT: 1], iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures, i iManyano yoZweyo yee-Orientes, i-[FLT], i-USA.GUGURLTY-UM.FURYRY [, ne[FLT:] i-ANT] i-ANTION [[FLT] eqinileyo[59]