Iinguqulelo zemozulu zilucelomngeni olungxamisekileyo, kwaye nangona imigudu yezizwe ngezizwe kunye neyamarhulumente isoloko ibalasele kwimixholo yezihloko, oorhulumente belizwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States baye bavela njengeelaboratori zohlaziyo kunye nezenzo. Ngamanye amaxesha urhulumente wengingqi uthe wabekwa phambili okanye watshintsha izinto eziphambili, amazwe amaninzi aye afikelela ekumiseleni iinkqubo ezithi zinciphise ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, akhawuleze akhawuleze atshintshe indlela yokutshintsha imozulu, kwaye aqinise impembelelo yokumelana nempembelelo yokufudumala kweplanethi. Le migudu ayingomfuziselo nje kuphela; avelisa amathuba angenakuthelekiswa, avula amathuba ezoqoqosho, kwaye anika imizekelo amazwe athile anjalo, kwanamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe anokulandela. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela amaninzi atshintsha ngayo imozulu ngoludwe lwemiqatha, ulungiso-ematshini, kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa, ezibonisa imilinganiselo yolawulo lwehlabathi ezihlukene kulo lonke.

EKhalifoniya: Umgaqo - siseko Wemozulu Othabatha Ishumi Leminyaka

IKhalifoniya imisele isantya sokusebenza kwemozulu eUnited States. Iinkqubo zeli lizwe zakhiwe kwisiseko sokunciphisa ungcoliso olunamandla lwamaxhoba, iindlela zokuthengisa ezitsha, kunye nenkcubeko yemekobume enzulu. Phantsi kwe-Global Honging Solutions Act ka-2006 (AB 32), irekhodi yasungula inkqubo ebanzi yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ngo-1990, usukelo eyafikelela kulo kwiminyaka emine ngaphambi kwexesha. Ukususela ngoko, iKhalifoniyani iqhubele phambili, iBhalifoni inguBill 32 ibeka ixhoba le-40% ngezantsi kwemigangatho ka-20909, kunye nocwangciso lwezikongalo lwekharbon nge-2030, kunye nolungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-compumelelo yekharbon ngo-2045.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

Nangona ikhokele, iKhalifoniya ijongene nocelomngeni, kuquka iindleko zombane eziphezulu, umngcipheko womlilo obangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nemfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukutshintsha okungaguquguqukiyo kwefosili exhomekeke kuluntu. Sekunjalo, iinkqubo zayo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengesikhokelo kwamanye amazwe nakumazwe.

New York: Ukulungelelanisa Imozulu Nokufuna Ukuzibhokoxa Kwezoqoqosho

Iphondo laseNew York liye lathatha indlela efanayo yemanyumnyezi, eqhutywa yiClimate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) yowama-2019(15). Omnye weyona mithetho yemozulu inamandla ehlabathini. ICLCPA igunyazisa ukuncitshiswa kwama-40% kokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu eshushu kunyaka wama-2030, ukuncitshiswa kwama-85% ngo-2050, kunye nokukhutshwa komnatha kuwo onke amaziko oqoqosho. Ngokungathi kunjalo, umthetho uquka imigaqo eqinileyo yokusingqongileyo, efuna ukuba abantu abasweleyo bafumane i-35 /40% yeenzuzo zorhwebo ezicocekileyo.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

  • Uphuhliso lwamandla oluvuselelwayo: INew York ikha umthamo omkhulu womoya welizwe ongaselunxwemeni, ngemisebenzi efana noMzantsi Fork Wind no-Empire Wind ilindele ukuvelisa amawaka e-megawatts. Le meko kwakhona yaqalisa izicelo zokuqala ezinkulu zelizwe ze-engile yokukhanya okusuka kumhlaba nomoya, ijolise ku 70% wombane ohlaziyekayo ngo-2030.
  • Ukwakhiwa kwe Decarbon: IsiXeko saseNew York sodwa sinezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwesigidi, ezibangela ukuba imitha emibini yemitha yokukhutshwa komphunga. IBhunga lemo yezulu leSixeko licebise icebo lokwakhela isakhiwo esibanzi, kuquka ikhowudi ehlaziyiweyo yamandla, impompa izikhuseli zobushushu, kunye ne-athom ye-athom ye-athom. I-New York State Ener Ener Research kunye neGunya lenkqubela (NYSADA) inika iinkqubo zokunceda abanini kunye namashishini ekuguquleni amakhaya ukufudumala kombane nokuphola.
  • Uthutho kunye neMTA: Umbuso uzisa inkqubo yawo yothutho kawonke-wonke, kuquka iziporo ezihambayo kunye neMetropolitan Transportation Aguvertive comfort Authority error erhwaphilisiweyo. Inkqubo yeCongesion Pricing eManhattan/eyokuqala yohlobo lwawo kwi U.S.
  • Iqela leZiko lokuSebenza loLuntu lokuSebenza: Eli qela limiliselwe yi-CLCPA, eli qela liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu yenziwe kwaye iphunyezwe ngegalelo elisuka kuluntu oluchaphazeleke kakhulu kungcoliso nemozulu. Iingingqi ezisengxakini zimiselwe iiprojekthi ezicocekileyo, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nemali.

Inkcaso evela kwamanye amaqela oshishino kunye nenkxalabo ngeendleko ithoba ezinye izinto, kodwa isakhiwo saseNew York siseyenye yezona zibanzi kuhlanga. [[FLT: 0] Iplani yemozulu yaseNew York kwi-intanethi.

IWashington: Ixhomekeke ekucoceni Kombane Nakumbane

ILizwe laseWashington lidibene izigunyaziso ezicocekileyo zamandla nekharbon ekhuphayo ukucutha utshintsho lwezibonelelo. I-Ceanean Energy Act (CETA) yonyaka wama-2019 ifuna zonke izinto ezisebenzisa umbane ukuphelisa umbane wamalahle ngo-2025, zibe yigesi eshushu-neutiral ngo-2030, kwaye zinikezele i-100% ebuyiselwayo okanye i-zerobon gezi ngo-2045. Oku kuphakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala ecocekileyo yombane eli lizwe.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

  • Carbon Pricing: Umthetho wemo yezulu weWashington (CCA), odlule ngo-2021, waseka inkqubo yokukhupha i-cap-ne-invest egquma kakhulu. Udweliso lwenkqubo lwentengiso, ngokuqhubekeka kwimisebenzi yamandla acocekileyo, impilo yamahlathi, kunye nokuzinziswa koluntu.
  • Ukwandiswa konikezelo: Umbuso ubeke ixhoba lezithuthi zombane ezingamakhulu amahlanu eenqwelo-mafutha endleleni ngo-2030 kwaye ukha umnatha wombane onamandla. Inkqubo “Ucoceko olunexabiso” inikezela ngemijikelo emalunga ne $5 000 (R1 000) kubemi abafumana imali ephantsi abathenga ii-EV.
  • Izisombululo zemozulu ezithe ngqo: iWashington ityalisela impilo yamahlathi, ukuncitshiswa komlilo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekharbon kumazwe asebenzayo. ISebe leZibonelo zendalo lizibekele usukelo lokubuyisela nokugcina isigidi sehektare zamahlathi ngo-2030.
  • [[NTL: 0] ISigxina seJaji yeNgxelo-siseko: Imekobume entle yabo bonke (ITHEL) UMthetho ufuna abameli besizwe ukudibanisa okusesikweni kwemekobume ekwenzeni izigqibo zabo nokunikezela ngengenelo kuluntu oluxinzelelweyo.

Ngoko, iCCA yajongana nomgudu onyuswe kakuhle ngo-2023 (unyaka oyi-2117), nangona abavoti baluxhasa kancinci ucwangciso ngoNovemba 2024, benika uphawu lwenkxaso kawonke-wonke eqhubekayo yokusebenzisa ikharbon i-prigration phezu kwamaxabiso. Funda ngakumbi malunga noMthetho wemeko yezulu yeWashington.

IColorado: I - Pragmatic, I - bipartisan Indlela Yokucoca Amandla

IColorado, ngokwesithethe, imeko evelisa amandla asebenzayo nge-oyile negesi engundoqo, sekunjalo iye yaba yinkokeli ephawulekayo kwinkqubo ecocekileyo yamandla. Indlela yokudibanisa urhulumente evuselela ngamandla anzima kwimiqathango yemithetho elungiselelwe ukuxhasa abasebenzi kunye noluntu ekuguqukeni.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

  • Umgangatho wePortfolio ovuselelweyo: Abavoti beColorado badlulisa kuqala imigangatho yombane ovuselelwayo ngo-2004. Namhlanje, imo ifuna izingenisi-zini ezitsha ezifakelwayo ukuvelisa umbane ococekileyo oyi 100% ngo-2050. I-Xcel Energy, eyona luncedo enkulu yeColorado, isendleleni ukufumana i 80% yekharbon ekhululekileyo ngo-2030.
  • ULuhlaza oluthi Gas Reduction Roadmap: IRhuluneli uJared Polis yakhupha isicwangciso esineenkcukacha ngo-2021 esinexhoba elibanzi lezoqoqosho elimalunga ne-26% ngaphantsi kuka-2009 ngomyili 2025 kunye no-50% ngo-2030. Isicwangciso siquka iiprojekthi zecandelo lohambo, izakhiwo, ushishino, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.
  • Intelekelelo epheleleyo ephuma kwi Coal: Colorado idlulise imithetho ukuxhasa uluntu kunye nabasebenzi abachaphazelekayo kukuvalwa kwezityalo zamalahle. ISicwangciso seNtloko esinguMqukumbelo sibonelela ngemali uqeqesho lomsebenzi, ulwandiso lwezoqoqosho, kunye nophuhliso lwasekuhlaleni kwiindawo ezixhomekeke kumalahle njengeNtshona Slope.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungafumani kobunyani: Colorado inika ityala lerhafu karhulumente elimalunga ne $5 000 (ii-$5 000) yokuthenga okuse-EV, kwaye urhulumente ukwandisa izibonelelo ezihamba phambili ngokwenkqubo yeGangente. Urhulumente ujolise ekubeni nee-EV ezingama-940 000 endleleni ngo-2030.

Ukusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika eColorado kuye kwavumela ukuyekelela, nangona uxinezeleko luhlala lungaphezu kwexesha lokuhlalisa igesi yendalo kunye nendima yegesi yendalo. Kodwa, irhafu yeli lizwe ibonisa ukuba kwanelizwe elinobuncutshe befosili liyakwazi ukudibanisa imozulu ephawulekayo.

Oregon: Ujijwe Nabamelwane Bayo Kodwa Ubhala Ikhondo Layo

I-Oregon ibisoloko iyinkokeli yemekobume, kodwa imigaqo yayo yemozulu iye yathintelwa ngamanye amaxesha yi-gridlock yowiso-mthetho kunye ne-Riphabliki ephumayo kwi-senate karhulumente. Sekunjalo, urhulumente uye wenza inkqubela ephawulekayo, ingakumbi ngemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo kunye namanyathelo okuvota.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

  • Inkqubo yemozulu: Ngo-2023, iOregon Legislature yadlula iHB 3409, eyayalelwa yiGaverain Kate Brown ngu 2020. Lo mthetho umisela ukudibanisa amaxhoba okuncitshiswa kwegesi ebhabhabhayo (45% ngezantsi ko 1990 umgangatho wama 2035 kunye nomnatha-zero ngo-2050) kwaye ulawula amaziko karhulumente ukuzalisekisa imimiselo yecandelo elingu-91, kuquka ukuhla kwentambo ephuma kwimibhobhobho ephuma kwimi emikhulu.
  • I-Energy Transanition: Oregon ifuna ukuba ikhulu le-oregon eli-100 lombane elithengiswe livela kwimithombo ecocekileyo ngo-2040, kunye namaxhoba. Imo isekhaya kwimithombo yomoya ebalulekileyo kwiColumbia Gorge kwaye ikhula i- solar kunye nogcino lwebhethri.
  • Umlilo kunye neHlobe: Inike amaxesha omlilo omlilo otshabalalisayo we-Oregon, imo iye yasebenzisa kakhulu ekulungiseni amahlathi, ekulawuleni ukutsha, nasekulungiseni uluntu. ISebe le-Oregon leMilingo yomlilo we-Wildry ijolise ekunciphiseni imithwalo yepetroli nokukhusela amanzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] IJaji yezeMbali: Inkqubo ye-Oregon Climate Justice Program (HB 4077) ibeka imilinganiselo ephambili yotyalo-mali kuluntu oluye lwathwala inkxwaleko yongcoliso ngokwembali, kuquka uluntu, iindawo zasemaphandleni, kunye nemimandla ephantsi kwengeniso.

Imigudu kaOregon idla ngokuthelekiswa neyaseWashington, kodwa iphondo liye lasebenzisa ubulumko obungakumbi ekusebenziseni ikharbon, endaweni yoko lijolise ingqalelo kwindlela yokulawula.

IMassachusetts: Ukudibanisa umoya wonxweme kunye noMbhoxo onamandla

IMassachusetts inembali ende yobunkokeli bemozulu, ukususela kuMthetho weGlobal Honging Hourning Disolutions ka-2008, owafuna unciphiso lwe-25% kumyinge wo-1990 ngo-202020 (usukelo lorhulumente ahlangabezana nalo ngaphambi kwexesha). Ukususela ngoko, urhulumente uye watyhalela phambili ngamaxhoba aphezulu kunye neeprojekthi eziqhekeza umhlaba.

Izinyathelo Eziphambili

  • Umoya wonxweme: iMassachusetts yayingumbuso wokuqala ukugunyazisa ukufunyanwa komoya omkhulu ngaselwandle kudlula kuMthetho we-2016 onikwe amandla ahlukeneyo. Iprojekthi yeVineyard Wind 1 (ngoku) yiprojekthi yokuqala yorhwebo kumhlaba womoya wonxweme e-U.S., ivelisa umbane owaneleyo kumakhaya angama-40 000. Urhulumente ucebenzele imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo, kuquka iCommonwealth Wind kunye noMyFlower.
  • Izabelo zokuRecuta: Uhlaziyo kwi GWSA ngo 2021 (Umthetho Wokwenza iGadi yeNdlela Elandelayo Yesizukulwana seMassachusetts State Policy) ucwangcisa amaphawu amatsha amatsha: 50% ngaphantsi ko 1990 imigangatho ngo 2030, 75% ngo 2040, kunye nomnatha-zero ngo 2050.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungaphumeleli okungalawulekiyo: IMasa iGcina, inkqubo esetyenziswayo, inika iimali-mboleko, uphicotho-zincwadi, kunye nemali-mboleko ephantsi yokufumana impumelelo ephezulu yorhwebo. Le nkqubo isindise abathengi abangamawaka ezigidi kwiindleko zamandla ngeli xesha inciphisa ukukhutshwa kombane.
  • Ukwakhiwa kwe Decarbon: iMassachusetts iqhuba ikhowudi yokwakha ye 10 yetouch ze-togn ze-zero-carbon, kwaye iSebe leMali leNkcitho liphuhlisa ikhowudi yamandla alula efuna ulwakhiwo olutsha ukuze lube yifosili engenazinyusi kwimimandla emininzi.

Iindleko zokuhlala kunye nokuphambuka ukusuka kwigesi yendalo kusenempikiswano, kodwa iMassachusetts iyaqhubeka ibonisa ukuba isenzo semo yezulu singahamba kwicala loqoqosho olomeleleyo. [[FLT: 0] Fumana iinkcukacha kwiMassachusetts Change Climate Office[[FL:1]].

Ukuhlaziywa Kwamazwe Anokuhlaziywa: IFlorida NeTexas

Ngoxa amanye amazwe egxininisa kakhulu ekuncitshisweni kokhupho, amanye qha, amanye, ngokungakumbi lawo asengozini yokuchanabeka kwimozulu, ngokubhekiselele ekuziqhelaniseni. IFlorida neTexas zinikela imizekelo eyahlukileyo yendlela asebenza ngayo kubemi abaninzi, ushishino lwezinto zelahleko ezinamandla, kunye nomngcipheko wemozulu.

IFlorida: Izinto ezisetyenziswa ukubuyisela umva kuBuso boBungangamsha boBulwandle

Unxweme lwaseFlorida, unyuko olusezantsi, nokuchanabeka kwinkanyamba kuyenza ibe yenye yezona zwe zininzi ezinokukwazi ukumelana nemozulu. Kodwa urhulumente wayo akakhange athathe kancinci ukwamkela imigaqo elwayo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso, kodwa isoloko ibhekisa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kodwa ke, imigudu ephawulekayo yokuziqhelanisa nemozulu iyathomalalisa.

  • Ukucwangcisa: I-ofisi yase-Florida yeResilience kunye noKhuselo lonxweme yadalwa ngo-2019 ukulungelelanisa iimpendulo zomgangatho wombuso kumgangatho wolwandle, ukunyuka koqhwithela, kunye nophuphumo. Imo ithenge imali engaphezu kwewaka lewaka lezigidi zeerandi kwiprojekthi, kuquka iindlela eziphakamileyo, impompo yezikhulu, kunye neendawo ezihlala kunxweme.
  • Izixeko ezikwindawo ebanzi njengeMiami, Fort Lauderdale, kunye neTampa zitshintsha ngokwazo. IMiami Beach iphakamise iindlela, ifakela iimpompo ezinkulu, kwaye izakhiwo ezintsha ziquka imiqathango yokukhusela umkhukula. IMiami-Dade County ineqondo lomgangatho wolwandle olubanzi lweRise.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amandla avuselelekayo: Ngelixesha iFlorida ayinawo umgangatho ovuselelekileyo wesikhuseli senqanawa, amandla elanga akhula ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokunciphisa iindleko kunye norhwebo lwezibonelelo. IDuke Energy Florida kunye noMmandla & Ukukhanya kunikezele kulwando olubalulekileyo lwelanga.
  • I-Florida ixakene nenani le-insuntswana le-insurence: ne-inshorensi yempahla enyukayo ngenxa yomngcipheko wenkanyamba ophezulu. Imo igqithise utshintsho ukuze iqinise imarike kwaye ihlola iindlela zokufaka amakhaya afanelekeleyo nxamnye nomonakalo womoya.

Indlela yokuziqhelanisa neFlorida isenokuba yindlela yokusebenzisa amanye amazwe aselwandle, kodwa abahlalutyi bathi ngaphandle kokukhutshwa, utshintsho luyedwa aluzukwanelisa.

ETexas: Ilizwe ElineStar LineMimandla Ecocekileyo Engafane Icoceke

ITexas idume nge-oyile negesi, kodwa ikwayinkokeli yelizwe kumandla omoya nentengiso yelanga ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Izixhobo zombane ezilawula umbane nezixhobo zomoya ezinamandla zisebenzisa amandla atsha ngenxa yezizathu zezoqoqosho, `umoya nelanga zidla ngokuba zezona zinto zibiza imali eninzi kumbane omtsha eTexas.

  • Amandla e-Wind: iTexas ineziggawts ezingaphezulu kwama-40 zomoya ofakiweyo, ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye iphondo. Iqela lengingqi elinobuyiselo lwe-Energy (CREZ) iintambo zosasazo, ezakhiwe phakathi konyaka ka-200 kunye no-2014, zaba lutyalo olunemali olukhutshiweyo oluvulisa amandla omoya omkhulu onokwenzeka eNtshona Texas.
  • Ukukhula kwelanga: umthamo welanga eTexas ukhuphuke kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uqhutywa ngamaxabiso ezixhobo eziwayo kunye negrid ezimeleyo karhulumente (ERCOT). Ngo-2023, ilanga ithelekelelwa phantse isi-8% somxube wamandla we-ERCOT, kwaye amandla alindeleke ukuba aphindeke kabini ngo-2027.
  • Isichotho sobusika esineGridi:[FOLT:1] Isichotho sasebusika esabangela ukudumba okusasazekileyo kwabalaselisa ukuchana kwegridi kwimozulu embi. Kwimpendulo, iTexas Legislature yadlulisela utshintsho olufuna ukwenziwa kwezityalo zamandla nobungozi obungcono. Utshintsho lwemozulu ngoku luyinxalenye engundoqo yocwangciso lwemigca.
  • Umgaqo-nkqubo wemo yezulu odityanisiweyo weburhulumente: Ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, iTexas ayinawo umgange wokunciphisa igesi yemo yezulu nokhokelo lwayo luyaqhubeka luxhasa izinto ezisetyenziswa ngelahleko. Noko ke, izixeko ezifana neHouston, Austin, neDallas zamkela izicwangciso zemozulu ezibalulekileyo, kunye neenkampani ezininzi (kuquka iintloko ze-oli) zicwangcise iinjongo zenethi tseyithi zemisebenzi yazo.

ITexas ibonisa ukuba amandla entengiso anokuqhuba unciphiso olubalulekileyo lokukhutshwa kwanokungabikho kwenkqubo yorhulumente eyomeleleyo. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kokucwangciswa kokulungelelanisa nokuqhubeka kwemeko yegesi yendalo kugxininisa uxinezeleko olukhoyo kuqoqosho oluxhomekeke kwimiqathango yerhafu.

Isiphelo: Indima Ebalulekileyo Ephunyezwa Ngurhulumente

Imizekelo engasentla ibonisa ukuba oorhulumente belizwe abalindeli ukugunyaziswa ngurhulumente ukuba benze kutshintsho lwemozulu. Ukusuka kwinkqubo ebanzi yeKhalifoniya ukuya kwikharbon eqinileyo yeWashington ukuya kwiplagilamu yeColorado ukusuka kwisakhiwo esisuka nje kwimpumelelo yomoya engaphandle konxweme lwaseMassachusetts, amaphondo angqina ukuba inkqubela yemozulu ayinakho kuphela kodwa ikwanceda nezoqoqosho. Le nkqubo idala amawaka emisebenzi ecocekileyo, igcina imali yabathengi kwimiqathango yombane, kunye nokunciphisa ungcoliso lomoya oluchaphazela imimandla yemibala.

Kanti indlela engaphambili ayiyiyo engenamiqobo. Ukuzinza kwezobupolitika, ukukhubeka kwimiqathango ehlaziyiweyo, kunye nomlinganiselo ofunekayo wokuguqulwa kuthetha ukuba inkqubela isoloko ingalingani. Amazwe afana neFlorida ne Texas abonisa ukuba ukuchanabeka kwempembelelo kunokunyanzela ukuqhekeka naxa imithetho yokukhupha imigaqo-nkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente isoloko ixhomekeke kwimeko-bume elungileyo yesizwe elungele ukubuyiselwa komthetho---------lonke ngokomzekelo, i-EPA waisibhexexers kwimilinganiselo yezithuthi okanye iityala lerhafu yerhafu yerhafu yendlela ehlaziya amandla.

Njengokuba iziphumo zemozulu zisanda ngezantsi, inkanyamba, amaxesha emvula angakumbi, imbalela enzulu, kunye nezikhukula ezonakalisayo . Amazwana amaninzi sele engqinile ukuba iinjongo zemozulu ezinamandla zinokufumaneka kwaye zithandwa. Iminyaka elishumi ezalandelayo iza kufumanisa ukuba le migudu ingalinganiswa ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze ihlangabezane nongxamiseko. Ekugqibeleni, amandla eUnited States okulawula imozulu iya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo, ukunyanzeleka, kunye nokusebenzisana koorhulumente bayo.