Indima ecwangcisiweyo yoorhulumente beziXeko kuPhuhliso loLuntu

Oorhulumente bezixeko bangabayili-mashishini abaphambili bophuhliso loluntu, baguqulela imibono ebanzi yokukhula, ukulingana, nokuxhaswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo. Ngokungafaniyo namaqumrhu orhulumente okanye urhulumente, amagosa esixeko asebenza kwisitrato.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuphuhliswa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso loluntu yisiseko esiphambili sezixeko ezichumileyo, ezilinganayo. Zigqiba enoba ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kuphakamisa bonke abahlali okanye kugxininise kwipaseji ezimbalwa, enoba izindlu zihlala zingenamali kusini na kwiintsapho ezisebenzayo, nokuba izithuba zikawonke-wonke zisebenza njengeendawo zokuhlanganisa eziqulunqweyo. Ukubaluleka kwale migaqo-siseko kungaphulwa zibe ngamaphondo amane adityanisiweyo:

  • [ Ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nendalo yomsebenzi: iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zitsala amashishini, zixhasa ushishino lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye zivelise ingeniso kwimisebenzi. Umzekelo, imimandla yolwandiso lwerhafu (I-TIF) iye yasetyenziswa kwizixeko ezifana neChicago ukukhuthaza inkqubela yorhwebo kwimimandla engaphantsi kokunikezelwa kwenkonzo, ikhupha intengiso entsha nomsebenzi.
  • I-Iquotry kunye ne-inlusion: Ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeqhinga, inkqubela-phambili isoloko isusa iindawo zabemi abahlala ixesha elide. Ukufikelela okungatshintshiyo . Ukufikelela okufana nokufakwa kweendawo, uluntu lokuthemba, kunye nezokhuseleko oluchasene neendawo zokuhlala ezichaseneyo ./help iqinisekisa ukuba iintsapho ezifumana imali encinci zinokuhlanganyela kuvuselelwa kobumelwano. Ingxowa yezibuko le-Urban Groadbondary kunye nemali yokuthembeka kwizindlu ezinokufikeleleka ichazwe njengemizekelo yokunyusa imali.
  • Izixeko ezizinzileyo zijongene nolungiso lwekharbon ngexesha lokuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Isicwangciso semo yezulu eshushu, kodwa zikwalawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, iikhowudi zokwakha, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha. I-Pricies ekhuthaza imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza, izitrato ezipheleleyo, kunye nokuluhlaza kwedolobha inganciphisa ukunyuka kwekharbon ngelixa kuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Isicwangciso semozulu yeCopenhagen enomdla, umzekelo, iphuhlisa ibutho labantu kunye neemeko zokubhayisela nokulungisa amandla okusebenza.
  • Ubunjani bobomi nempilo yoluntu: Ukufikelela kwiipaki, ukutya okunempilo, uthutho oluthembekileyo, kunye nezindlu ezikhuselekileyo zichaphazela ngqo intlalo-ntle yomzimba nengqondo. Iinkqubo zophuhliso loluntu ezimisela ezi zinto ziphambili ```Iqanda'' lokukhusela isitrato' okanye “ucwangciso olukhulu" lokuhamba kweLos Angeles.

Ezi ntsika zine zidityanisiwe kunye. Inkqubo eyomeleza amathuba ezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokulinganayo ingenza umahluko othe chatha kwintlalo; ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume engahoywayo kwinkqubo yezindlu kungaphoswa lithuba lokwakha amakhaya anokufikeleleka, aphantsi. Urhulumente wesixeko ophumelelayo uyazazi ezi nxubeko zisuka ekuqaleni.

Inkqubo Yobuchule Bokwenza Umgaqo - siseko: Ukusuka Ekuxilongweni Kuya Ekuphunyezweni

Ukuyila inkqubo yophuhliso loluntu asiyonkqubo elandelelanayo. Ngumjikelo olawulayo ofuna ubugcisa, ubuchule bobupolitika, kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu. La manyathelo alandelayo amela inkqubo ebanzi elandelwa ngoorhulumente abaninzi bezixeko, nangona ulungelelwaniso nobunzulu bungafani ngokomongo wasekuhlaleni.

1. Kufuneka kufunyaniswe: Ukuxilongwa

Inkqubo nganye iqala ngokuqonda okucacileyo iimeko zangoku. Izixeko zisebenzisa umxube weendlela zobukhulu kunye nokwehla komlinganiselo ukuchonga izithuba namathuba:

  • Ukusetyenziswa koluntu kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho: abahloli-lwazi bahlola amaphecana ababalo, amanani okungaqeshwa, ingeniso yamajelo eendaba, iindleko zemali yendlu, kunye nolwakhiwo loshishino. Izixhobo ezifana ne-Censurears American Community Survey ye-Melika Community
  • Uhlolo lwe-commony kunye neentlanganiso zokuphulaphula: Amanani anzima awawafumani amava okuhlala. Izixeko ezininzi zisebenzisa uhlolisiso olucwangcisiweyo (umgca nephepha) kwaye zigcina iiholo zedolophu ngeelwimi ezininzi ukuva ezona ziphambili zabemi. Umzekelo, inkqubo kaDetroit ye- “Detroit's Homehood Fund".
  • Iseti yemaphu: Kunokuba nje kudweliswe iintsilelo, inkqubela-phambili yezixeko yempahla yoluntu(iiparks, izikolo, izikolo, iintlangano zokholo, inkcubeko-ukuyakhela kwizinto ezikhoyo.

2. Ubandakanyeko lomntu othatha inxaxheba: Ukwakha ubunikazi

Amagosa aphezulu abekwe ukusuka phezulu axhathise ubuso kwaye asoloko esilela. Urhulumente wezixeko ophumelelayo ubaphatha abagcini-mathiriyeli njengabavelisi-mali. Amaqela angundoqo aquka:

  • Izahlulelo (ingakumbi ezo zembali zibekwe ngokweemeko): Ngokusebenzisa iibhodi zoluntu, ukubonelela ngoqingqo-mali, kunye namabhunga asekuhlaleni. EBrazil, izixeko ezifana noPorto Alegre uqingqo-mali lwezikhundla, inika abemi ukuba bathi ngqo kwiindleko zekomkhulu.
  • Amashishini akwindawo engqongileyo nabaphuhlisi: ikomkhulu labo nobuchule babo buyimfuneko ekuzalisekiseni, kodwa izilangazelelo zabo zisenokungqubana neemfuno zoluntu. Ukuganana ngokucace gca kunceda ukudibanisa intshukumisa yengeniso ngokulungileyo kukawonke-wonke.
  • Iinzuzo kunye nemibutho esekelwe kuluntu: Amaqela afana namaqumrhu ophuhliso loluntu (CDCs) asoloko esebenza njengamaziko athembekileyo okuthumela iindaba. Angalawula izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, aphumeze iinkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nabemi abahlalisana.
  • Amanye amasebe kawonke-wonke: amaphondo esikolo, amagunya othutho, kunye namasebe ezempilo kufuneka abe etafileni ukunqanda ukwenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo.

3. Uphando Nohlalutyo: Ukufunda kwabanye

Urhulumente wezixeko akufane kufuneke aphinde angenelele. Bangafunda imigaqo ephumeleleyo (yaye yasilela) kwizixeko zoontanga. Uphando oluqhelekileyo lungaquka:

  • Izenzo ezingcono zokwenza uvavanyo: Imibutho efana noManyano lweSizwe lwaMadolophana kunye neBrookings Institution ipapasha uphando ngemibandela ukusuka kwindawo equka ukumelana nemozulu.
  • Uhlalutyo lwe-cost-benfit kunye neziphumo ze-fiscal: abafaki-nkqubo bafuzisela ingeniso yerhafu yexesha elide, iindleko zesiseko, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemigaqo ecetywayo. Umzekelo, isixeko esicinga ngeqhina elitsha lezindlu ezinokufikeleleka siza kubonisa iziphumo zaso kumaxabiso empahla, ukuqeshwa kongiswa, kunye nonciphiso lokungabi namakhaya.
  • Uhlolo lwemithetho yephondo nomthetho wolawulo: Imithetho yeSizwe ingalinganisela amandla esixeko okulawula irente, ukumisela imivuzo encinane, okanye ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Uphando kufuneka luchaze le miqathango.

4. Ukudrafta Umgaqo-nkqubo: Umbono Odluliselayo Kumbhalo

Eli nyathelo liguqula iingcamango zibe sisixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wekonkrithi, zenza isilungiso sokulungisa, umthetho wesixeko, isicwangciso sobuchule seminyaka emihlanu, okanye inkqubo yemali.

  • Iinjongo ezicolisekileyo kunye nee-metric: ngokomzekelo, “Yehlisa umlinganiselo wexabiso lerendi eziqeshiweyo ukusuka kwi 45% ukuya kwi 35% kwiminyaka emihlanu.”
  • [[Umthetho:0] Iinkqubo zokufakela: Ngubani owenza ntoni, ngoqingqo-mali, kwaye ngaluphi ixesha.
  • Iinkqubo zokunikezelwa kwemali: ezifunekayo rhoqo, iirejista zokutshona kwelanga, kunye neebhodi zolawulo loluntu.

5. Impinda yoluntu noHlaziyo

Ngaphambi kokuba ukwenziwa kombutho woburhulumente kupapashwa ukuze kuthethwe uwonke-wonke. Izixeko ezininzi zifuna ukuchotshelwa kwetyala phambi kokucwangcisa iintlanganiso kunye namabhunga esixeko. Ngeli xesha, inkcaso ingavela, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuselelweni. Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo kusenokuphinda kulungiswe ngenxa yenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni, okanye inkqubo entsha yezoshishino isenokulungiswa ukuze kuqukwe iimfuno ezingakumbi zokuqesha abantu basekuhlaleni.

6. Uzalisekiso: Ukusuka kwiPhepha ukuya kwiPasi

Ukunconywa kukuphela kwesiqalo. Ukufezwa kufuna ukuba kuhambelane phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi — ukulungiselela izinto, indawo yokuhlala, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, iipaki, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho.

  • Ukumisela umbutho okhokelayo okanye iofisi: izixeko ezininzi zineOfisi enikezelweyo yoPhuhliso loLuntu ejongene nemisebenzi enika unikezelo nolungelelwaniso.
  • Ukunika inkxaso-mali ecacileyo kwimijelo yemali: Imali eMali enjengeMbali yoPhuhliso lweMbali (CDBG) iqhelekile, njengoko amaqhina asekuhlaleni, ulwandiso lwerhafu, kunye namaqabane kawonke-wonke.
  • Isakhiwo sobundlobongela: namaqabane oluntu kufuneka aqeqeshwe ukuphumeza iinkqubo ezintsha, ingakumbi xa iinkqubo zibandakanya iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nokuthembana kwelizwe loluntu okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwelizwe.

7. Uhlolo kunye noHlahlo

Imithetho yokuziphatha engaze ilinganiswe ayinakuphuculwa. Izixeko kufuneka zilandele iziphumo zombini (umz. inani leeyunithi ezifikelelekayo ezakhiweyo) kunye neziphumo (umz., utshintsho lwepesenti kumlinganiselo wokushenxiswa). Uvavanyo lunganikwa ngaphakathi okanye luqhutywa ngabaphandi abazimeleyo. Ukufumana kufunxekelwe emva kumjikelo olandelayo wohlolo kunye nohlaziyo lwenkqubo, kwenza irhintyela eliqhubekekayo.

Imizekelo Yomgaqo - siseko Onxulumeneyo EUnited States

Ukuzekelisa indlela le migaqo ephila ngayo, qwalasela iinkalo ezintathu ezingqalileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo nemizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene.

Indlu ehlawulwayo: IMinneapolis 2040 Isicwangciso

Ngo-2018, iiMinneapolis zamkela isicwangciso esibanzi esasusa intsapho enye kuphela kwisixeko esihlala kuso jikelele, ivumela iiduplexies kunye nee-hithmeters kwimimandla ehlala kuyo. Inkqubo ejolise ekunyuseni ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, ukunciphisa ucalulo lohlanga, kunye nemithwalo ephantsi yexabiso. Iziphumo zokuqala zabonisa ukunyuka kwemvume yeentsapho ezininzi, nangona abagxeki bephawula ukuba uxinzelelo lwandisa kwakhona kwiindawo ezithile. Isicwangciso sibonakalisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwemigaqo-ecala lonikezelo kunye nezifundo ze-e-10ants-isifundo sezixeko ezifana noCharlotten no-Spokane ngoku siqwalasela utshintsho olufanayo.

Uphuhliso Lwezoqoqosho: Imali Ecwangcisiweyo YaseDetroit

INgxowa-mali yoNcedo yaBahlali eThengiseke kakuhle kaDetroit liZiko loluntu elijongene notyalo-mali loluntu kummandla okwiminyaka elishumi. Le ngxowa-mali igxininisa ekuhlaziyweni kwezindlu, ekuvuselweni kwe-paseji, kwi-paseji, nakwizibonelelo zokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya. Uphawu lwale nkqubo kukudityaniswa kwayo noluntu: ummandla ngamnye uphuhlisa “incwadi yemidlalo” esekelwe kwigalelo labahlali, kwaye iprojects zimiselwe kunye nee-projektha zokunga zingeniso zasekuhlaleni. Eli nyathelo liye lasebenzisa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-100 ezigidi zeerandidi ezisisi-50 kwingeniso zorhwebo zabucala ngexesha elide.

Ukuhamba Nokuhlala: Uphuhliso Olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwaseSeattle

Seattle usebenzisa i-Initive yoPhuhliso oluNgalinganiyo (EDI) ukwalathisa oovimba boluntu kwimimandla ekumngcipheko wokushenxiswa komsele olula. I-EDI inika izibonelelo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, inkxaso encinane yezoshishino, kunye neenkonzo ezingeyomfuneko zokusetyenziswa koncedo lomthetho. Ikwaquka nemfuneko yokuba uhlolo lomngcipheko wokushenxiswa luqhutywe phambi kweeprojekthi ezinkulu zokuthutha. Le nkqubo idibanisa ezothutho nezindlu inempembelelo engakumbi kwizixeko ezifana neDenver nePortland.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Kumgaqo-nkqubo Wophuhliso Loluntu

Kwanemigaqo ezimisele kakhulu idibana nezithintelo. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile kumagosa esixeko nabaxhasi.

  • Ingxaki yemali enzima: izixeko ezininzi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, enokuba yingxaki kwaye isoloko inganelanga ukuxhasa zombini iinkonzo eziqhubekayo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yekomkhulu. Ii-pakethi zemali zemali eziceliweyo (njengoko kuMgaqo-siseko we-Colorado okanye we-Klorado) zinyusa umahluko wasekuhlaleni. Izixeko kufuneka zidibanise kunye, imixokelelwano, kunye nezicelo zerhafu, nganye kunye nemitya yayo edityanisiweyo.
  • UbuGcisa kunye nolwezo lwezopolitiko: Ukuchaswa kobume bengingqi kubunzima, indlu efikelelekayo, okanye uthutho olutsha kungasusa iinkqubo zokuthintela iinkqubo nokuba ngabalawuli abakhulu besixeko jikelele bazixhasa. Amagosa anokuboyika ukubuya umva komninimzi ovakalayo aze alibazise okanye athobe utshintsho. Ibinzana elithi “Ewe Kumva Wam Yird” (YIMBY) liye laqalisa ukulwa oku, kodwa idabi lezobupolitika lihlala likho.
  • Imigibe epheleleyo: i-Pricies ejolise ekuncedeni uluntu olufumana imali ephantsi ingabangela umonakalo ngokungazi. Umzekelo, ukuhlala ngaphandle kokhuseleko olushenxiswayo kungenza unyuso olukhawulezileyo; ukugcinwa kwembali kungaphakamisa amaxabiso empahla kwaye kususwe abemi bexesha elide. Imeko eyaziwa ngokuba “yi-policy ebonakala ilungile kwiphepha” isoloko ingaphumeleli kuba ayikhange inikel'ukwenza utshintsho.
  • Isithuba sombilini: amadolobha amancinci asoloko engenazo izicwangciso, abahlalutyi bogcino-lwazi, kunye nabasebenzi bomanyano loluntu. Banokuxhomekeka kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha okanye kwisayizi enye-zonke yesikhokelo ukusuka kwimithetho emikhulu. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokulwa, iinkqubo zingaphoswa impawu ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] imijikelo ejikelezayo kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala: utshintsho lolawulo lweMayoral, kwaye iinkokeli ezintsha zingalahla izicwangciso zangaphambili. Imithetho yenziwe ngexesha elide, njengendawo yokuhlala okanye izicwangciso zemozulu, zisemngciphekweni wezopolitiko.

Imikhwa Edityanisiweyo: Isizukulwana Esilandelayo Somgaqo - siseko

Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso loluntu yenziwa kwaye inikezelwa njani.

Ukwenza izigqibo zogcino-lwazi

Inkqubela kuhlalutyo lwejiyo-palitika, ulwazi lomatshini, kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo lunika izicwangciso zesixeko ulwazi olungazange lubekho ngaphambili. Izixhobo ezifana ne-Urban Institute ye- umqondiso womngcipheko unceda amadolobha abonise iibloko ezinokuchanabeka kakhulu ekunikezeleni izakhiwo. Los Angeles isebenzisa “indawo engenisa iprojekthi + Isebenzisa” ukunqumla imibhobhobho yemi okanye amanqanaba okunelisayo ngexesha lokwenene. Ukuchaza iziphumo zemali kungaxela kwakhona iziphumo zokunikezelwa kwezindlu kunye nengeniso yerhafuthe phambi kokuba izicelo zihambe kwibhungalo.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwemozulu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso loluntu iya idibana ngokukhula nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Izixeko ezifana neMiami noCharleston zihlaziya ikhowudi yokulungisa imimandla ephezulu elwandle, ifuna izakhiwo ezintsha zinyuswe kwaye zithintele inkqubela-phambili kwimimandla enomkhukula. Inkqubo yeSan Francisco “yendawo ezihlala abantu abahlala kuzo” idibanisa indawo yokuhlala ekwaziyo ukufumaneka ngokunezinto eziluhlaza, ilwakhisa iiyunithi ezinokutyalwa imithi kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oluhlaza. Le ndlela yokudibanisa ikhusela umgibe wokuphatha imozulu kunye noluntu njengesilos ezihlukeneyo.

Iimodeli zoluntu nezithabatha inxaxheba

Ngapha koko ukuganana okungokwesithethe, izixeko zizama ukuxhasa ulawulo lokwenene. Uqingqo-mali olunenxaxheba, apho abemi bengingqi bevota ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala, lusasazeke kwizixeko ezingaphezu kwe-1, iNew York, iBoston, kunye ne-Oakland. Ezinye izixeko zidala “ulawulo olumanyeneyo". Izakhiwo, njengeSeattle’s Community Development Boards, ezinika abameli bengingqi amandla phezu kwemali ethile yophuhliso. Le mifuziselo iyanda iqinisekisa ukuba inyani ibonakalisa izinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni kunokuba ibonise ii-technoloji ezisembini.

Umbutho-mali ophakathi koMphathiswa neNtlanganiso

Uphuhliso loluntu alupheleli kwimida yesixeko. Iiprojekthi zezindlu zombutho, imisebenzi yophuhliso lothutho oludibeneyo, kunye neebhanki zomhlaba eziya zahlulwa kakhulu. Ingingqi yeBay “Plan Bay" licebo lokukhula kwengingqi elilungelelanisa izindlu kunye norhwebo lwezithuthi kwiingingqi ezisithoba. Ngokufanayo, iSiko sePromo se-Booking[ ibhale indlela amanani ngayo amaqumrhu akwisixeko anokudibanisa ngayo oovimba bezindlu ezinokufumaneka ngempumelelo engakumbi ngoxa kuthintelwa ukhuphiswano lwezindlu.

Isiphelo: Kubantu Abakrelekrele, Kukho Uphuhliso Olufanelekileyo

Oorhulumente bezixeko bakwimida ephambili yokuphuhlisa uluntu, benza iinkqubo ezinokubangela ukungalingani okanye ezivulekele ingcango: indlela yokufumana inkqubo esebenzayo ayiyiyo: ifuna ukujongwa ngamandla, ukubotshwa kwamagosa, ukuququzelelwa, ukucofwa, nokuncitshiswa okuqhubekayo. Kodwa inkqubo ayize nanini na ibandakanya ubundilele. Lutshintsho ngalunye lwerhafu, naluphi na utyalo-mali, naluphi na utyalo-mali lwasepaki luthwala iziphumo zokusasazwa kwamanye amaqela ngaphezulu kunamanye. Njengoko amadolobha ejamelene nokunqongophala kwezindlu, iingozi zemozulu, nokungaqiniseki, ubunjani bemigaqo yawo yokuphuhlisa ibutho labantu, iya kugqiba enoba aya kuba ngoluvo oluzimeleyo okanye ayahlulwayo. Kumagosa, abameli, nabahlali besaziweyo, kunye nabantu abaqondana, indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ezi nkqubo zokulungisa izixeko ngekamva lokuqala.