Iimaphu Ezibalaseleyo Ziyimveliso Efihlakeleyo Yolawulo - melo

Xa abavoti beya kuvota, badla ngokucinga ngemigca edweliswe kwimaphu egqiba apho baphosa khona ibhola yabo, abayimelayo, nendlela abanamandla ngayo ivoti yabo. Iimaphu ze-Electoral . kwaye zibizwa ngokuba ziimaphu ezinyuselayo okanye iimaphu zesithili `isiseko esingabonakaliyo sedemokhrasi yabameli. Baguqulela ugcino-lwazi kumandla ezobupolitika, nendlela abazotywa ngayo banokudibanisa okanye bathi cwaka kuyo yonke imimandla.

Kwimaphu yabo elula, ehamba ngokhetho, yahlula iphondo okanye ilizwe ngokweemeko zelizwe elinyula ummeli ngamnye kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho. Ezi maphu azingomaxwebhu obugcisa obungathathi-nxaxheba. Ziyimveliso yeemfuno zomthetho, ingxubusho yezobupolitika, inzululwazi yogcino-lwazi, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukusetyenziswa ngeqhinga. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abayila ngayo ezi maphu banika abahlali izixhobo zokuhlola enoba unyulo lwabo lulungile na yaye lukhuphisana okanye lutsalele kwiqela elinye.

Eli nqaku lihamba ngebhayisikile epheleleyo yendlela ezidalwe ngayo iimaphu zokhetho, ukususela ekubaleni abantu abahlala ixesha elide ukuya ekuthatheni imaphu yokugqibela, kwaye libalaselisa iingongoma ezingundoqo ekumele wonke umntu ovotayo azi ukuba ahlolisise ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuHlaziya

EUnited States, imfuneko yokwenza iimaphu zonyulo ihamba ngqo ukusuka kumGaqo-siseko. ICandelo 2 ligunyazisa ukuba izihlalo kwiNdlu yabameli zahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Emva kweminyaka elishumi, emva kokuba kubhaliwe abantu besizwe, izihlalo zibekwa ngokungathi zikho phakathi kwamazwe abizwa ngokuba zizinto zokuvuna. Amanye amazwe afumana izihlalo, amanye aphulukana nazo, kwaye amaninzi ahlala ngokulinganayo.

Xa urhulumente esazi ukuba zingaphi izihlalo zombutho, kufuneka iphinde itsale imida yesithili ukwenzela ukuba isithili ngasinye sibe namanani afanayo abantu. Le yinkqubo yokulungisa. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko umisela umthetho osisiseko wabemi abalinganayo, amazwe asungule imithetho yawo, iindidi, kunye nemigca yexesha ngendlela ezizotywa ngayo iintambo zokwenene.

U.S. Censure Bureau inika ugcino-lwazi lwabemi olubangela ukuvuleka kwezithuba. Ukubalwa kwabantu kubala wonke umntu ohlala eUnited States/ii-citizens kunye nezingezo ze-intshi ngokufanayo, kwaye eli nani lipheleleyo limisela zombini inani lezihlalo ezifunyanwa ngurhulumente ngamnye namanani abantu asetyenziswa ukuzoba imigca yesithili kwingingqi kumgangatho womhlaba.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Yokuhlaziya Ngenyathelo

Ukwenza imaphu yonyulo yinkqubo ethatha iinyanga ezininzi ebandakanya uhlalutyo lobugcisa, uhlolo lomthetho, igalelo loluntu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivoti yequmrhu elilawulayo. Ngelixesha urhulumente ngamnye elandela eyakhe inkqubo, inkqubo iyonke iyabelana ngamaqondo aqhelekileyo.

Inyathelo 1: Ukufumana ugcino-lwazi lokubhala inani

Inkqubo yokuphinda ibala iqala xa i-Census Bureau ikhupha ugcino-lwazi lwayo oluhlaziyayo, olubizwa ngokuba yifayile yogcino-lwazi lweP.L. 94-171. Le fayile iqulathe inani labemi elipheleleyo kumgangatho wokubala izithintelo, kunye nomonakalo wobuhlanga nohlanga. Amazwe afumana olu gcino-lwazi kwintwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo ukubalwa kwabantu, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba kubethwa kade, njengokuba kwenzeka ngo-202020 kubalwa abantu ngenxa yesifo esi.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukugqiba inani leMimandla

Ngesiqendu sobubomvu obudityanisiweyo, inani lesithili limiselwe yinkqubo yokwahlulwa. Kwisicwangciso sombuso sowiso-mthetho, urhulumente ngamnye umisela ubungakanani bendlu nombuso wakhe. Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yesiseko malunga nokuba bangakanani abameli abamele babekho apho, kwaye ezinye zifuna ukuba isithili sitshaziswe kwisithili esikhulu.

Inyathelo 3: Ukuzoba Imigca

Umzobo wokwenyani wemigca yesithili kulapho iimathiriyeli zezobupolitika ziba zicacile khona. Iqumrhu elijongene nokuzoba imaphu livula umsebenzi wemaphu, lithwale ugcino-lwazi, lize liqalise ukubeka izithintelo zobalo ngokweqela ndawonye ukuze kuhlangane iingingqi ezifikelela iimfuno zomthetho. I-software ezisetyenziswayo zangoku ezifana ne-Maptiolidium for Redificialing, i-Redigaliting, okanye Divercyr ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bajonge amanani, ugcino-data lwamanani, kunye nonyulo olukhoyo ngethuba lokwenene njengoko belungisa imidalo.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Ulwazi olunolwazi oluthe ngqo kunye nokuvakala

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna uhlobo oluthile lokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke. Oku kunokuquka ukuva uwonke wonke apho abemi banokuthetha okanye bachase iimaphu ezicetyisiweyo, ukukwazi ukuhambisa iimaphu ezingezizo, namathuba okugqabaza ngezocwangciso lwedrafti. Ubunjani nobunzulu benkcazelo kawonke-wonke buyahluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe acela igalelo loluntu kunye neemaphu zeposi ze-intanethi ukuze ahlole; amanye anciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwabantu kwisaziso esinye esifutshane.

Inyathelo 5: Ukukhuliswa Kwabazali Abaselula Nokuphengululwa Ngokusemthethweni

Inyathelo lokugqibela kukwamkelwa liqumrhu elinoxanduva, lilandelwe lucelomngeni olusemthethweni. Ukumkelwa kwemaphu kungafuna uvoti olulula, ukuvota okuphezulu, okanye ukuvunyelwa yi-bipartisan, kuxhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente. Xa sele ifunyenwe, iimaphu zisoloko zicelw'ucelo-mngeni enkundleni ngamaqela asebenzisa i-eyegegegege coververry germander, ucalucalucaluca, okanye ukuphulwa kwemiqathango yemithetho-siseko karhulumente. Imingeni yeNkundlalelo yenkundla ingalibazisa ukuphunyezwa kwemaphu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iphumele kwiimaphu ezitsalwa yinkundla.

Ngubani Ozoba Imigca?

Esinye sezigqibo ezilandelayo ezithi gqi imeko igqibe ukuba ngubani ozoba imaphu yonyulo. Kukho iimodeli ezintathu eziphambili, kwaye nganye ivelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuhlahlela koMthetho

Kumaphondo amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho izoba iimaphu ze-concordion kunye nesithili sowiso-mthetho. Oku kudala ingxabano ecacileyo yomdla: abantu abazoba imigca bangabantu abafanayo abaya kusebenzela isikhundla kwezo mimandla. Akumangalisi ukuba, iidrowa zemaphu yowiso-mthetho zidla ngokuxhasa iqela labo. Lo mzekelo uvelise iimaphu eziveliswe kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Inani elandayo lamaphondo lishukumise igunya lokutsala imaphu ukuya kumsebenzi ozimeleyo okanye wabemi. Olu gunya lwenzelwe ukususa i-volution efuna uncedo kwinkqubo. Amalungu asoloko ekhethwa kwinkqubo yokuhlola engafaki magosa anyuliweyo kunye namaqela. Amazwe anjenge California, Arizona, Michigan, kunye neColorado asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba avelisa iimaphu ezikhuphisanayo nezinekhetheke kakhulu kunalawo akhatywa zizindlu zowiso.

IiKhomishini zePrimeticism kunye neemodeli zeHybrid

Amanye amaphondo asebenzisa iikhomishini ezisaquka amagosa anyuliweyo okanye abatyunjwa beqela. Le mizekelo ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-bipartishan kodwa isenokuphumela ekungcwabeni okanye ekusebenzeni ngegumbi langasemva. Kwezinye iimeko, xa ikomishini ingakwazi ukuvuma, inkundla ephakamileyo yelo lizwe okanye umlawuli okhethekileyo uzoba imaphu yokugqibela.

Umda Osemthethweni Wemaphu Entle

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa asiyonkqubo yezopolitiko kuphela. Umthetho wesiZwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kunye nezindululo zenkundla zimisela iindidi ezithile ezimele zaneliswe ziimaphu. Eyona ibalulekileyo kwezi kukulingana kwabemi, ubuhlanga, kunye nokungalingani.

Ukulingana Kwabemi

Umgaqo womntu omnye, omnye uvota ufuna ukuba izithili zilingana nabemi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwizithili zombutho, iinkundla zitolike ngokungqongqo le mfuneko, ngokufuthi zifuna ukulingana okuthe ngqo okanye ukuphambuka kwabantu abangephi. Kwizithili zikarhulumente zowiso-mthetho, umgangatho ukhululekile, kodwa umahluko omkhulu wabemi ungacelw'elwa.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 kunye nokutshintshwa kwawo kuthintela iimaphu ezidambisa amandla okuvota kweqela elincinane leentlanga okanye amaqela. Oku kuthetha ukuba iidrowa azinakuqhekeza inani elincinane labantu kwimimandla emininzi ukunqanda ukuba bakhethe abo bathandayo. Kwangaxeshanye, iimaphu azinakuqokelela abavoti abambalwa kwisithili esinye kuphela ukunciphisa impembelelo yabo kwenye indawo. Ukudibana kobuhlanga kunye nephulo le-demokhtha engomnye kungomnye weyona ndawo entsokothileyo esemthethweni yokukhetha abathathiweyo.

Umanyano nomanyano

Urhulumente omninzi ufuna isithili esingqukuva, okuthetha ukuba yonke inxalenye yesithili mayichukumise enye inxenye. Ukumanyana kuyinto eqhelekileyo kodwa okunganyanzeliswanga ngokungqongqo. Imimandla edityanisiweyo isoloko ime ngendlela engaqhelekanga, kanti imimandla edibeneyo isoloko inemo engaqhelekanga, ekhulayo edibanisa uluntu olungahambelaniyo. Ngoxa ukudibana kungeyomfuneko karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko omninzi uyiquke njengenjongo.

Inkcitho

Inani elandayo lamazwe afuna iidrowa zokuhlonela abantu abanomdla: amaqela abantu abasabelana ngoqoqosho, ngezithethe, ngembali, okanye ngoluntu. Olu mlinganiselo lufuna ukugcina uluntu lungadityaniswa ukuze lukwazi ukuxhasa ngokunempumelelo iimfuno zabo eziqhelekileyo. Ukukhokelwa koluntu olunomdla kuxhomekeke, kwaye iidrowa zemaphu ezinomtya nengqiqo zisoloko zisebenzisa ingqiqo ngokukhetha ingcebiso ukuze zithethelele ukwahlula okanye ukugcina iindawo ezithile.

Ukusikhusela: Isisongelo SeCore Sokumela Umfuziselo Ofanelekileyo

IGrerymander kukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukunika iqela elinye lezobupolitika okanye iqela inzuzo engalunganga. Eli gama liqala emva ko1812 xa iGavent Elbridge Gerry yaseMassachusetts yasayina imaphu yesithili equka isamander-isithili, nto leyo ebangela ukunyuka kwegama elithi "gerrymander". Namhlanje, igerrmaning ithatha iifomu ezimbini ezingundoqo.

Iparantisan Gerrymandering

Unyuso lwezihlalo lwezihlalo zeqela lezobupolitika lungaphumelela, kwanaxa elo qela lifumana iqaqobana levoti jikelele. Iidrowa zemaphu zisebenzisa iindlela ezimbini ukufezekisa oku. Ukupakisha izigxinisi zeqela eliphikisanayo kwinani elincinane lesithili, ukulinganisela amandla abo okuwina izihlalo kwenye indawo. Ukutyhafafaza iqela eliphikisayo lingena kummandla ngamnye, liqinisekisa ukuba liyiqela elincinane kwindawo nganye kwaye alinakukhetha abazakheli babo abathandekayo. I-software yemaphu esetyenziswayo yenza kube lula ukuzoba iimaphu ngentelekelelo yotyando, ukufikelela iinzuzo ezihlala ixesha elide ezihlala iminyaka elishumi.

Ukwanda Kobuhlanga

Ukutsala imigca esekelwe kuhlanga ukuthoba okanye ukwandisa amandla okuvota amaqela eentlanga okanye amaqela esizwe. UMthetho wamaLungelo wokwalela ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe, kodwa umgca phakathi kokuqwalaselwa okuvumelekileyo kohlanga nokhetho lobuhlanga olungekho mthethweni usoloko umfiliba. Iinkundla ziye zabetha iimaphu apho uhlanga lwalungunobangela ophambili wokuzoba iilayini zesithili, kwanaxa injongo echaziweyo yayikukuvumelana noMthetho we-Voting Rights.

Indlela Ubuxhakaxhaka Obuguqulwa Ngayo Uhlaziyo

Phambi konyaka ka-1990, unyuso lweziko yayiyinkqubo esetyenziswa ngezandla kusetyenziswa iimaphu zephepha, ushicilelo lobalo, kunye neepensile ezinemibala. Unyuko lweenkqubo zolwazi lomhlaba (GIS) kunye neekhompyutha zobuqu ezinamandla zatshintsha yonke into. Namhlanje, iidrowa zemaphu zingafaka unyulo lwendawo yonyulo, ukuqhawuka kwamanani abantu, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuvota yangaphambili kumda wengingqi, zinokubona ngoko nangoko ukuba ichaphazela njani umlinganiselo we-Riphabliki, kwaye zilungise ngebloko ezimbalwa ukufumana intwana yengeniso engundoqo.

Lo buchule bobugcisa buye benza ukuba i-gerrymantin icace kwaye ifihleke kakhulu. Iidrowa zemapu zingavavanya amakhulu eemeko ezingaphakathi kweminyango evaliweyo, zikhetha ezo zinika iqela lawo inzuzo eninzi ngeli lixa lisadibana nemigaqo esemthethweni. Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo kunye nezixhobo zokuzoba imaphu kawonke-wonke zinceda ekulinganiseni oku kungenelwa, kodwa ukuqikeleleka kobuchule nofikelelo logcino-lwazi kuhlala kubalulekile.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ezibangela Ukunciphisa Umhlaba

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States iye yavavanya izihlandlo ezininzi ngokuhlaziya, imisela imida esemthethweni apho amazwe amele asebenze khona.

Baker . Carr (1962) noReynolds v. Sims (1964)

Ezi zigqibo zibalaseleyo zamisela umgaqo womntu omnye, ukuvota okukodwa. INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba isithili esinemiqathango enika abavoti basemaphandleni amandla angenakulinganiswa achasene noKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus. La matyala anyanzelisa amazwe ukuba atsale kwakhona izithili kunye nabemi abalinganayo aze azise ijaji kwinkqubo yokuhlaziya icandelo njengendlela yokuhlola ngamandla emithetho.

UReno (1993)

INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba izithili ezitsalwe ngokugqwesayo ngesizinzi sohlanga, ngaphandle kothetheleleko olwaneleyo, zaphula umthetho weSikhuseli esilinganayo sikaClaus. Eli tyala lavela kwisithili saseMntla Carolina esasiyimnqa ukuze kunxulumaniswe abantu abaNsundu, kwaye laqinisekisa ukuba amabanga okuqhankqalazo obuhlanga anokuqhubeka kwanaxa isithili sinceda abanyulwa ngokukhetha abambalwa.

Isizathu Esiqhelekileyo (209)

Kwisigqibo esinzulu sesiphumo, iNkundla yathi amatyala aphembelela abahlali akafaneleki kwinkundla yorhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zephondo azinakuluva ucelomngeni lokuzoba iimaphu ezibonisa ukuba elinye iqela lithandwa ngaphezu kwelinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liyichaphaza kangakanani na intsebenziswano. INkundla yathi ukuphembelela ityala loburhulumente kukungavumelani kwezopolitiko kumele kuconjululwe ziinkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, okanye abavoti ngeenyathelo zombutho. Oku kwasi sigqibo sasusa isigqeba semfazwe kwinkundla yephondo ukuya kwiinkundla nemithetho karhulumente.

Utshintsho lomgangatho kaRhulumente noko abalawuli bezixhobo zemali banokukwenza

Ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lingaluphumezanga utshintsho lorhulumente kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavala ucango lwenkundla yenkundla yephondo kumatyala ahlalisa abahlaseli, esona senzo sisebenzayo senzeka kumgangatho wesizwe. Abasebenzi abafuna iimaphu ezifanelekileyo baneendlela ezininzi zokuziphumeza.

IiKhomishini zokuHlaziya eziZimeleyo zokuXhotyiswa

Uphando olusuka kwi Iziko leJaji lubonisa ukuba uthumelo oluzimeleyo luvelisa iimaphu ezikhuphisanayo, ezingeyongcathu, nezithatha inxaxheba kakhulu kuluntu kuneemaphu ezidweliswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho. IiVoter zinganyanzela amanyathelo okanye umthetho ukwenza okanye ukomeleza iintlanganiso kwimo yabo.

Sebenzisa Izixhobo Zokuzoba Imaphu Kawonke-wonke ukugcina Abazobi Bemaphu benetyala lokuphendula

Imibutho engazifaki ngeniso kunye namaziko emfundo anika izixhobo zesisa ezivumela abemi ukuba badwelise iimaphu zabo baze bazithelekise nezindululo ezisemthethweni. Izixhobo ezifana neSithili-Sithili kunye neNkomfa Yohlanga yoMkhosi weSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko wogcino-mali ` zinceda abemi baqonde ukuba iimaphu ezintle zinjani kwaye nokuba iimaphu zikarhulumente wabo zidibana na nemigangatho esisiseko.

Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yogqabazo Lowonkewonke

Xa imeko iqalisa inkqubo yokulungisa, kudla ngokubakho iwindow yamagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Ukufaka igqabaza elibhaliweyo, ukuthetha kwindlebe, okanye ukunikezela imaphu echasene nesiphumo sokugqibela. Iidrowa zemapu ziqheleke kakhulu ukuphepha ii-gerrymander xa zazi ukuba uwonke-wonke ubukele.

Ukusebenza kwilizwe nakukhetho lwasekuhlaleni

Amagosa adwelisa iimaphu anyulwa. Abamisi-mthetho besizwe, abalawuli, kwanabagwebi kwamanye amazwe banempembelelo ngqo ekuvuleni amacandelo. Ukunika unyulo kurhulumente nakummandla imibandela yokumela imbonakalo elungileyo njengokhetho kunyulo lwesizwe. Xa abavoti behlala benolwazi malunga nokuba ngubani olawula ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango kwilizwe labo, bangenza ukhetho olunokuba lungathath-thya okanye lususa iinkqubo zokuzoba imaphu ngokungekho mthethweni.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokucoca Imaphu Yakho

Umvoti ngamnye angafunda ukuqwalasela ukuba imaphu yabo yesithili ilungile na. Qala ngokujonga indlela emile ngayo isithili sakho. Ingaba ilandela imida yendalo njengemilambo, iindlela, okanye imigca yengingqi? Okanye ngaba ihamba inqamleze iingingqi ezininzi ukudibanisa iingingqi ezikude? Imo engaqhelekanga ayibobungqina bokuzilungisa ngokwazo, kodwa yiflegi ebomvu ekufaneleyo ukuphengululwa.

Ngokulandelayo, jonga kumlinganiselo womququzeleli. Kwimaphu elungileyo, inani lesithili esixhomekeke kumntu ngamnye kufuneka libonakale ngokurhabaxa izinto ezikhethwa ngurhulumente zokuvota. Ukuba elinye iqela lisoloko liphumelela ama-60 ekhulwini eesihlalo ngeli liphumelela kuphela i-50 ekhulwini levoti karhulumente, kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho into engalunganga.

Ekugqibeleni, khangela ukuba imaphu yakho idweliswe ngothumelo oluzimeleyo okanye yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Iimephu ezizotywa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho, ingakumbi xa iqela elinye linolawulo olupheleleyo, zinokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zisetyenziswe. Ukuba urhulumente wakho usebenzisa ikhomishini, phengulula ukuba amalungu omsebenzi akhethwe njani kwaye nokuba asebenza ngokucace ngegalelo likawonke-wonke-wonke.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa Ngokutsha EUnited States

Umhlaba olungelelanisiweyo uyaqhubeka uguquka. Amazwe amkela iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ngesantya esizinzileyo, eqhutywa ngunxunguphalo lukawonke-wonke ngelixa lihlasimlisiweyo. Iinkundla zelizwe ziya zisebenza kakhulu ekuhloleni izibhengezo ezithi ziphantsi kwemithetho-siseko karhulumente, kwananjengoko iinkundla ze-othoric zime ecaleni. Umjikelo wama-2030 uyakuba ngumjikelo wokuqala opheleleyo emva kwesigqibo sikaRucho, kwaye uchaza ukuba azisayi inguqulelo kwiinkqubo zawo eziza kujongana nengcinezelo enkulu kumaqela e-Rocence kunye no-Rhoffa.

Ubugcisa buza kuqhubeka bulikrele elinokukhutshwa kabini. Kwesinye isandla, izixhobo ezinamandla zokuzoba zenza kube lula kwaye kube lula ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, izixhobo ezivulekileyo zemveliso kunye nogcino-lwazi olukhoyo lwenze kube lula kubemi nakumaqela eenja ajongene nokufumana usetyenziso kunye nokucebisa ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla ekufakeni i-redicessition ekugqibeleni uxhomekeke kwindlela uwonke-wonke ovotayo nofundisa ngayo.

Iimaphu ezi-Electoral azizinziswanga kumatye. Zitsalwa ngabantu abasebenza kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni nezezobupolitika ezinokutshintshwa. Bonke abavoti bayakwazi ukufunda indlela ezi maphu ezenziwe ngayo, ukuvavanya ukuba imaphu yabo ilungile kusini na, nokutyhalela phambili utshintsho olubeka amandla emigca emigca emva apho ikhona: ezandleni zabantu, kungekhona kwezobupolitika.