Ukwazisa

Unyulo oluphambili lumela isiseko somxhasi wedemokhrasi, kodwa intsingiselo yabo isoloko ijongelwa phantsi nguwonke-wonke. Ngaphezu kokuba i-ovential elula, le nkqubo ihamba phambili ibumba ibumba indlela yengqondo yamaqela ezobupolitika, imisela ubunjani kunye nobuntu babo bomvoti-zinyusi jikelele, kwaye iphembelela ukubotshwa kweminye izithuba zolawulo-demokhrasi. Kulo lwaseUnited States kunye nezinye ezininzi ezilawulwa ngoorhulumente, inkqubo ephambili ivela kukhetho oluvaliweyo lwendlu yangalelwa yimibutho yabalawuli abaphezulu beqela, imisela iziphumo eziphambili zemisebenzi yabo, eziphambili, ezibonisa ukuba isigaba esiphezulu sinegunya nefayile sibamba amandla amakhulu. Ukuqonda abakhenke abakhenke, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo, iingxoxo, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo, kunye neengxoxo ezingendlela abanokuzenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda Unyulo Oluphambili: Iintlobo Neematshini Zobugcisa

Umbindi walo, unyulo oluphambili lukhuphiswano oluphambili lwecawa olusetyenziswayo ukukhetha umtyunjwa weqela lezobupolitika kunyulo jikelele. Kodwa, imithetho engqalileyo elawula olu nyulo yahluka-hluka ngokubanzi, idala umahluko obalulekileyo kubani onokuba nenxaxheba nendlela abaza kuvela ngayo. Uhlelo oluqhelekileyo lubandakanya iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Primediedis ezivaliweyo: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo eqela lezobupolitika angavota kweyona ndawo iphambili yeqela. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuphazamisana nokunqamleza kwaye iqinisekise ukuba umtyunjwa ubonakalisa iinketho zabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. Amazwe afana ne New York neKentucky asebenzisa ama-primrive.
  • Ovula ii-PRIMAR: Nabani na obhalisiweyo (engenamkhethe) --okanye nangaliphi na iqela elingumbutho (*) angathatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili. Abameli babo bakholelwa ekukhetheni ivoti eninzi, ukuvula kwe-primeriting kuvumela abazimeleyo kwanamalungu aphikisanayo ukuba abe nengxelo. Minnesota ne-Wisconsin bayimizekelo.
  • Semi-Valed okanye Semi-open Primers: Ezi zixube zivumela abavoti abangasetyenziswanga zivunyiweyo ukuba bakhethe ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili lokuvota, ngeli lixa amalungu abhalisiweyo ethintelwe kwiqela lawo. Eli qela lemodeli lilawula ngokungenamsebenzi, njengokuba kubonwa kumazwe anjenge-Arizona neMassachusetts.

Ngapha koko, kukho umahluko owongezelelekileyo. Ezinye iiprimiry zinonopartisan (umz., indlela enyuliweyo yeKhalifoniya "isiqalo"), apho bonke abatshayeli bavela kwibhola enye nasemantla amabini ephambili kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi amaqela. Abanye bangamagubu e-primerium (ekudala isetyenziswa eWashington nase Alaska) apho abavoti banganqamla khona imigqali-qela kwibhola enye. Indlela enyuliweyo iphembelela kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabathathi abakwi-prim, abazamkelwe basoloko belungiselela isiseko seqela; kwipristrary, bangakhupha umyalezo wabo ukuba badlulise kwinani elikhulu labavoti.

Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo uphakathi konyulo oluphambili nonyulo kunye nolukhozo. Ngelixesha umgangatho uphantsi kunyulo olunonyulo olunobuncukubhede obufihlakeleyo kunye neendawo zokuvota, i-caucus ibandakanya iintlanganiso, iingxubusho, kunye neevoti ezivulekileyo. I-Cucus zidume kakubi ngeziganeko eziphantsi ngokulawulwa ngabaxhasi abathe phithi-nxaxheba kakhulu, abanokuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo kumalungu aphezulu. Ukusuka kumagumbi e-caucuuses ukuya kwizindlu eziphezulu kubonakalisa umnqweno wokufumaneka nokungena imiqobo ephantsi ekungeneni.

Imisebenzi ye Core yokhetho oluphambili

Unyulo lokuqala lufeza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, nganye ifak ’ isandla kwimpilo nokhuphiswano lwenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukhetho lobukho kunye noLawulo lobunjani

Umsebenzi ocacileyo kukuxinanisa umhlaba ukusuka kwiminye imijikelo ekwiqela elisezantsi ukuya kumntu omnye onegunya. Le nkqubo ibeka umgangatho obalulekileyo wendlela yokulawula: abatshate kufuneka babonise ukuba bangakha umxhesho, baphakamise imali, banxibelelane nomyalezo odityanisiweyo, kwaye bamelane novavanyo olusuka kwisixhobo sonxibelelwano kunye nabachasi. Isixhobo esiphambili esinokusetyenziswa kakuhle singakhutshwa ngaphandle kokungafanelekanga okanye abaphicothi-gonyelwa ngokunzulu phambi kokuba bajongene neqela elichasanayo. Ngoko, ubunjani bomboniso buxhomekeke kakhulu ekubotshelelweni kwevoti---8/9 ulwazi olusezantsi okanye ukujika okusezantsi kunokwenza abaquququzeleli batshone.

Ukuzibandakanya Nemfundo

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zenzeka kwiinyanga ngaphambi konyulo ngokubanzi, zinika abavoti ithuba langaphambili lokufunda ngabathathi-nxaxheba neembambano. Lo mgca wexesha elide ukhuthaza ukuganana okunzulu: abavoti bangaya kwiiholo zedolophu, izikhundla zophando, kwaye bade basebenzisane ngqo nabahlohli kwiziganeko zikawonke-wonke. Ukukhutshelwa okuphambili kwamajelo eendaba ngexesha lokukhuphisana kwafundisa ukunyuswa kweengxoxo zenkqubo entsonkothileyo ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zibe lula kwiphulo jikelele. Umzekelo, u-20202020 democrality prezida womongameli wasekuhlaleni kwabonisa ingxulukwano ezinzulu kwimicimbi yempilo, inkqubo yemozulu, kunye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, inyusa intetho yesidlanga.

Ukwakha Iqela Nomanyano

Ngokwahlukileyo kwimbono yokuba amaqela ahlukeneyo, amaqela alawulwa kakuhle angaqinisa umanyano lweqela. Abaxhasi kunye nabaxhasi bawo banyanzeleka ukuba bachaze amaxabiso ahlukeneyo kwaye bafumane isiseko esifanayo kwimigaqo esembindini. Ekugqibeleni umtyunjwa kufuneka asebenzele ukudibanisa amaqela aphikisanayo, ngokufuthi anikele ulungiso okanye ulungiso lweqonga lokuzisa iqela. Le nkqubo ingenza uhlomelo olunamandla nolumanyeneyo kunyulo jikelele. Ngokuchasene noko, inkcaso enzulu eshiya iintsini ezinzulu ziyingozi ziyingozi kukonakalisa umanyano lweqela.

Uhlengahlengiso lokwemvelo nolungelelwaniso

Oomatiloshe basebenza njengendlela yokuguqula iingcamango phakathi kwamaqela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imingeni yokuqala esuka ekhohlo kweDidemocratic Party (umz., i"Squad" amalungu angadliyo kwi-cumbents) okanye ekunene kwiRiphablikian Partition (umz., iTaa Parti) ishenxise amaqonga apheleleyo. Amacawa avumela abalawuli bengca ukuba babambe amagosa anyusiweyo anokuphenduliswa ngokuphambuka kweqela. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ulwamvoti-mvoti-ndaba kodwa unokugxotha amaqela asuka kwi-media.

Impembelelo Kuphuhliso Lwezobupolitika

Eyona nto iphambili ibangela ukuba abo baza kubhaptizwa baphile, iphembelela iindawo zabo zenkqubo, iindlela zonxibelelwano nezinto eziphambili.

Ukubekwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noHlayisho

Ukuphumelela kwisiseko seqela, abatshatelwa kufuneka kuqala, abafumana isibheno kumgangatho weqela, ababonakala bengqongqo kakhulu kunendlela yokukhetha jikelele. Oku kunamandla, okubizwa ngokuba "ngumphumela ocacileyo," ngokufuthi kunyanzelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bamkele izicwangciso eziluncedo kwisiseko esiphambili kodwa ityala kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, umxhasi weRepublica kufuneka agxininise inkxaso ekucinezelweni kwemiqathango engqongqo yokuqhomfa okanye irhafuthe, ngexa uDemocratic anokuxhasa irhafu yerhafu okanye iinkqubo zokuzikisa ngokunzulu. Emva kokukhusela irhafu, abathathi-mathi-mafutshane kwimiqatha yemibango eyaziwa ngokuba "kuqhuba isiseko, ngoko kwisazulu somfashoni-volasi kwaye isetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa ngabachasayo ababalaseli ababalasele iiprothotho.

Ukubonelela ngemali nokuSebeka kwezeMali

Amaphulo aphambili axabisa kakhulu. Abaququzeleli kufuneka babonise ubuchule bokutsala abanikeli abangakumbi. Le nkqubo iphambili isuka kwimirhumo encinci ye-dollar kwi-intanethi (njengoko u-Hillary Clinton noBern Sanders bakwenza ngo-2016) okanye kumalungu amakhulu anikela ngequmrhu kunye ne-PAC. Impumelelo kwimiqondiso enika amandla, enokuthi ngokulandelayo itsale iminikezo engakumbi. Inkqubo yokuqala iye yaba yinkqubo yokuhluza imali: abafuni abangakwaziyo ukunyusa imali eyaneleyo yokukhuphisana kumazwe aphambili njengoIowa okanye New Hampshire isoloko ihla phambi kovoti. Esi sithintelo semali sithintela ukuthembisa kodwa esinexabiso elincinane, ukuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokukhetha okungagqibekanga kwinkqubo yokukhetha.

Uphando Oluphakathi Nokwamkelwa Kwegama

Iingxoxo eziphambili, ii-ofisi zedolophu, kunye neziganeko zephulo zivelisa ukhupho olunzulu lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano olwakha igama kunye nophawu lophawu. Umsebenzi onamandla ophambili ungandulula isikhululo esingaziwayo kwisigaba sesizwe (umz., intetho engumxholo kaBarack Obama noMququzeleli we-2004). Ngokuchasene noko, ukuboniswa okungentle kwasekuqaleni kwe-primerimen kungaphelisa umsebenzi wezopolitiko. Ugqatso lwe-"ugqatso lwe-mendulo lwe-mente" ludla ngokugxininisa ukugxalanisa nokuzibhokoza, ukwenza iziprofeto ezithiyo: othe ntyothusa eIo Io Iowao okanye i-New Hampshire ugqazo olukhululekileyo lonxibelelwano noncedo, ngexa abo bazama ukuzuza umdlalo.

Izifundo ezifanelekileyo zokulungelelanisa izinto

Izaphuli-mthetho zinikela ithala leencwadi elisezantsi lobuchule bephulo. Iimvavanyo zovavanyo lwemiyalezo eyahlukeneyo, iindlela zombutho, kunye nabaphulaphuli abajoliswe kubo. Umzekelo, oza kubhaptizwa angafumanisa ukuba ukujolisa kwipopulism kungcono kunemixholo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ezi zifundo zibaluleke kakhulu kunyulo jikelele, apho izibonda ziphezulu khona kwaye zibanzi. Inkqubo yokuqala ikwatyhila izinto ezizi-vneribili ezinokulungiswa: umntu ozixakekisayo nge-gaffes okanye ingxoxo engekho ngqiqweqweni ephambili angaqesha abasebenzi abatsha bonxibelelwano okanye afumane ukusondela okungakumbi.

Ukugxekwa Nocelomngeni Oluphambili

Phezu kwako nje ukuba nesidima kolawulo - melo, unyulo oluyintloko lujongene nokugxekwa okunzulu okuye kwabangela ukuba kufuneke utshintsho.

Ukwehla koMngcipheko noKususwa

Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukukhuthaza abatsha abatsha ukuya kugqithiso lwengqondo. Ngokujika okusezantsi kubavoti abanobuchule kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ephezulu kumalungu aphambili, amazwi anamandla alawula abanyuli abaphambili. Oku "kuxhasa ingqwalaselo" kususa abathathi-nxaxheba esizikithini, kuba negalelo ekupheliseni kwezopolitiko kunye ne-drowack yemithetho. Ukukhusela ukuqhatha, abathathi-nxaxheba benza izithembiso ezinzima ekubuyeleni emva, zibashiye bengena chuku kunyulo jikelele okanye zibanyanzele kwizithuba eziqinileyo kanye eofisini.

I-Roterpout esezantsi kunye neesiphumo ezingangqinelaniyo

Ujiko lokuqala ludume ngokuphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphantsi kwama-20% kwiminyaka ephakathi kwaye lunqabile ukugqithisa kuma-30% kumjikelo wobumongameli. Abo benza ivoti badla ngokukhula, batyebile, bafunde kakhulu, bafumane ukuba uvotelo oluphambili lubonakala luyinto elula ukuchaza ukuba abaphumelele kakhulu bamele inxalenye enciphileyo yeqela, hayi amalungu abanzi eqela. Umzekelo, uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lweziko lophando lwasePew lwafumana ukuba abavoti-phambili banokufumana ingakumbi ukuba "very revoration" okanye "overy revertivery" kuneendawo zeqela elineefayile ezibala.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokubhiyozela Okungakhiyo

Ukhuphiswano olungenabungozi lungakhohlakele. Izixhobo zokuhlaselana ngokunyulu kwengqiqo, ubuntu, kwanemibandela eyinyaniso. Ukhuphiswano olunzima maxa wambi lukhokelela ekusasazeni ulwazi okanye udaka olunganyanisekanga olubangela ukuba buthathaka uphako olungenamdla. Xa lupheliswa, iqela elichasanayo liyakwazi ukuhlaselana kunyulo jikelele. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukulwa okuphambili kungaphazamisananisa iqela kangangokuba abaxhasi bomxhasi abaphulukani nomthetho abalahlekileyo bangafuni ukuvota ophumeleleyo, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"pringxhest"."

Indima Yemali Namaqela Angaphandle

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iCIIisens United v. FEC (2010) ivumele ukusetyenziswa ngokungenasiphelo ngemibutho kunye namaqumrhu, kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo yemali ngaphandle kwi-primetic. IPACIC kunye namaqela emali emnyama ngoku angachitha izigidi ngoku ukukhuthaza okanye ukutshabalalisa abaqhubi, ngokufuthi ngokungenankcazelo incinci. Le mililo yemali ingawathwalisa amaphulo engcali kwaye inike amandla angenakubalwa abanikeli abatyebileyo kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iicandelwana Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngeli xesha unyulo oluphambili lunxulumene kakhulu ne-United States, ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zamkela iindlela ezifanayo, nangona zinomahluko ophawulekayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela , hayi urhulumente ``omlungiseleli ophambili wokhuphiswano olufana nolo. Umzekelo, kwiUnited Kingdom, iSivumelwano seLabour Partime ngamaxesha athile sibamba "ukuvula ukhetho" iinkqubo apho abaxhasi ababhalisiweyo banokuvota abaza. EKhanada, iFransi ivula ngokuyintloko irekhomputha yomongameli wemali (ngonguFrançois Fillon) ivule nabani na ovumelana amaxabiso alungileyo nombindi"imodeli ozithi qhatha imo elungileyo.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, amazwe amaninzi aye akwala ukubekwa phambili ngenxa yoloyiko lokutshatyalaliswa kweqela okanye ukubanjwa kweqela. Ngokomzekelo, eJamani, amaqela adla ngokukhetha abaza kuthabatha iindibano ezilungiselelwe abathunywa kunokuba akhethe ngokuvula. Ukhetho phakathi kwendibano ephambili neyokukhetha okuphambili lubonisa isimo sengqondo esinzulu sesithethe ngedemokhrasi kunye negunya leqela. Imodeli yase-U.S., kunye nolawulo lwawo olulungiselelwe ngurhulumente, luyi-dludemfashoni yeqela nolawulo lorhulumente.

Utshintsho Nekamva Lokhetho Oluphambili

Ngenxa yokugxekwa, iingcamango ezininzi zokuguqula izinto ziye zagqalwa njengezithile kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika nabameli botshintsho.

Vula iiPristars kunye neeNkqubo ezimbini eziPhezulu

Imithetho efana neKhalifoniya neWashington yamkela isiqalo esiphezulu esingesosijungqu, apho bonke abatshayeli bavela kwibhola enye kunye nabavoti ababini abaphezulu bevela phambili kunyulo jikelele (ngaphandle komcimbi wonxulumano lweqela). Le nkqubo ijolise ekunciphiseni uhlaziyo lwemimandla engaphandle ngokukhuthaza abatshayeli ukuba babhenele kunyuso olubanzi nangokuthintela abakhuphi bomjikelezo abaphezulu ukusuka kwinqanawa ehamba ngenqanawa evaliweyo esezantsi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ithe yaphazamisa imekobume yezobupolitika yeKhalifoniya; abagxeki baphawula ukuba isenokuphumela kubangenisibini abangenisi beqela elinye eliya kuqhubekeka, ngokunempumelelo bephuma kwiqela lesithathu.

I-Rank-Choice Voing (RCV) kunye neMinyaka emihlanu yokugqibela

RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba babalaselele abathathi-nxaxheba ngokukhetha, kwaye ukuba akukho mvoti uphumeleleyo uninzi, oyena mvoti ubuthathaka upheliswayo kwaye amavoti abo athe athe ngqo. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza abavoti abanokuthi bakhe isivumelwano ngaphaya kwamacandelo. Ngo-2020, i-Alaska idibene neRCV ephezulu-ongeyopartisan, enika `ngokulandela ucaciso oluphakathi kakhulu. RCV inciphisa i "isiphumo se-spoiler" kwaye idiza idima ukuvuzwa okungakhiyo, ekubeni abatshayeli befuna ivoti yesibini kwivotisi-yo.

Ukwanda Kwemfundo Nemfundo Yezithuthi

Amaphondo amaninzi aye asusa imihla yokuqala yokwandisa inxaxheba, – ukuwabamba ngosuku olunye njengonyulo ngokubanzi (njengoko kumongameli waseNevada) okanye ukudibanisa nokhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni. Amanye aye amkela ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovoti kunye novoti bakuqala. Unonpartis umkhokeli kunye nombutho weevoti, ngokufuthi oxhaswa yimibutho yoluntu okanye amayunivesithi, anganceda ekuxeleleni ivoti. IBhunga loMbutho loLomthetho loLokhuseleko linika uluhlu oluphambili lwemihla kunye noovimba.

Ukuququzelelwa Kwemali Kawonke-wonke Nezemali

Ukulwa nempembelelo yemali, amanye amaqela adala iinkqubo ezihambelanayo ezincinane (njengesiXeko saseNew York) okanye iinkqubo zezezimali zikawonke-wonke. "Umthetho we-Emodemauth" imodeli, exhaswe ngamaqela afana ne-memodum, izakunikezela ngemali kawonke-wonke kumvoti ngamnye, abanokunikela kuye bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abanyukeli bekhethelo lwabo. Ezi zinguquko zinganciphisa umqobo wemali kubacebisi beengca ze zinciphe inkxaso kubaniki-mali.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lokuqala lungaphezulu kakhulu kunemidlwano yokuqala, kwaye luyi-avil apho abatshayeli bezobupolitika benziwa khona. Ngokusuka kwizikhundla zokomeleza inkqubo kunye namaqhinga okukhuthaza umanyano kunye nokuvota, amagumbi okusungula anempembelelo enzulu nehlala njalo kuyo yonke indalo ekhoyo. Kodwa iimpazamo zabo `ukungalingani, ukuguquka okusezantsi kwemali, kunye nokumela izithintelo zemali ("zibaluleke ngokulinganayo) kwaye zifuna ingqalelo. Njengokuba abemi nabaguquleli bezama ukuncedisana nobuchule bokhetho, ukwenziwa konovote-omatilo-mthetho kufuneka kube yinkxalabo enzulu. Nokuba ngoncedo oluvulekileyo, ukuvota, okanye ukukhuliswa kolawulo oluphambili, usukelo lwezentelelo lukawonke, usukelo lwemali kufuneka lulondoloze indima ephambili yokukhetha okungundoqo ngexa kusetyenziswa kwinqwelo - mafutha ejikelezayo.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga i Iziko lophando lobuProphendu lohlalutyo lweziko le-Purteul lwabavoti abaphambili, i- Brookings componitions components's componentry of projectives, kunye neNgqungquthela yesizwe yeGagislaturess zomcam wemiciso yeendidi ezingundoqo [.