Indaleko yezobugcisa bokuvota ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko soshicilelo ilungise ubume beendawo zovotelwa, iguqula indlela abemi abaphosa ngayo oovoti, indlela abafumana ngayo ivoti, nendlela abagcinwa ngayo bethembekile ngayo. Ukusuka kwindlela ezilula zephepha- nepeniniki ukuya kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ze-elektroniki kunye ne-Internet, isizukulwana ngasinye sobugcisa bokuvota sizise isithembiso kunye nengozi. Njengoko ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwehlabathi luzama ukumelana nezisongelo ezintsha namathuba, ukuqonda ukukhuselwa kwezi zinto zintsha ezikhoyo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umgaqo wesiseko sonyulo olulungileyo nolufikelelekayo. Eli nqaku lihlola umongo wembali, izicelo zangoku, izicelo zobugcisa bokuvota, uvavanyo lorhwebo olusuka phakathi koncedo, ukubonakala okubonakalayo, nokhuseleko.

Ubugcisa Bokwenza Imibala Bembali

Iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ziye zaguquka kancinci kodwa ngokungqongqo kwiinkulungwane zekhulu le-19, iibhola zamaphepha zavela njengendlela yokuba abemi baphawule ukhetho lwabo ngasese, bathabathel' indawo ingxolo kawonke-wonke kunye nokunika izithuba zezandla ezaziqhelekile kwi-Riphabliki. Kodwa, iibhola zephepha zaziphosakele kwaye zivule ukuthungatha iintonga, ukubhalisa, ukubhalisa, nokulibazisa okugqithisileyo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwabona ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokuhlohla, ezavumela uvotisi ukuba zitsale isixhaso se-sixhobo sokulinganisa i-Roki, kodwa ezi zinyuse zinyuse zicuthe imposiso yomntu, kodwa zazibiza imali eninzi, kwaye kunzima ukuqwalasela. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iinkqubo zokuhlola nokuphosa i-spoply, kodwa kwangena kwimiboniso olude kakhulu, olunjalo lwe-U. I-U. Izixhobo ezithe ingcali zokhetho lwesizwe ziveza impikiswano yesizwe.

[[UMTL:0] Incopho enkulu kwimbali yobugcisa bokuvota iquka:

  • Iphepha lephepha le projekti (inkulungwane ye19): Kuqala ixokelele inkqubo yeqonga elifihlakeleyo, kodwa ukubala ngezandla kwakucotha kwaye kusemngciphekweni.
  • Omatshini bokuxhathisa abasebenzisa imechanical (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20): i-octive yokuvota ezenzekelayo nokushicilela nokubala, kodwa yayingenayo itrafiki yephepha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amakhadi ePunch kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya imbonakalo (i-mid- ukuya kwiqela lama-20 lenkulungwane):[ Isantya esongezelelweyo kunye nocoselelo, kodwa ukungaphumeleli kwe-hardware kunokususa abavoti.
  • Oomatshini bombane (Oomatshini bombane) (obeyama-90 ukuya phambili): ukuvota iscreen soqhagamshelwano ngeziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, kodwa i-software ivela.
  • Amacebo okuphawula (BMDs) (000s ukuya phambili): dibanisa umdibaniso wemidibaniso wesixhobo sombane nephepha lombathi, unika ingxelo yevoti--- enokufumaneka.

Le ngxelo yembali ityhila ukuxinana okuzingisileyo: ukutsiba ngako ukuphumelela kobugcisa kunika impumelelo ngexesha kuveliswa iindlela ezintsha zokungaphumeleli ezisongela imfuneko engundoqo yonyulo: ukuba lonke ukhetho luphoswe ngokuchanileyo, lubhalwe ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye lubalwe ngokuthembekileyo.

Ukwanda Koomatshini Bombane

Oomatshini bovoto bombane (EVM) baye baba yindawo esebenzayo kunyulo lwehlabathi lonke .ukusuka kuvotelwa okukhulu kwesizwe ukuya kumazwe amancinane e-United States kunye neYurophu. Igama elithi "EVM" liquka iindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: oomatshini abathe ngqo-Recording Electronic (DRE), abachola ngqo kwinkumbulo yamanani, kunye neBallot-Phawing Amacebo (BMDS), avelisa iphepha elinobungqina obukhoyo phambi kokuba ivote. Ingxoxo ethetha ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo ekhuselekileyo ngakumbi, kodwa aluncedo ekuvoti ye-elektroniki icacile.

  • Isantya: ii-EVM zingaphinda ziphinde zivote ngemizuzu, nakunyulo oluphezulu.
  • Accurition: Xa igcinwe kwaye ivavanywa kakuhle, baphelisa iimpazamo zobalo lwezandla.
  • Unikezelo: izikhuseli zoqhagamshelwano, uncedo lwesandi, kunye neefonti ezilungisekayo zinceda abavoti abaneziphene bakhuphe iivoluti zabo ngokuzimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izixhobo ezisebenzisa umsebenzisi:[[FLT: 1] Ukususa inkxaso yolwimi kunye noqhutyo loqhutyo lunciphisa udideko lomvoti.

Ngoko, kwabubugcisa obufanayo obunceda ezi nzuzo zikwazisa ubungozi. Iibugcibhrasi ze-Software, ikhowudi enolunya, kunye notshintsho lwe-hardware lungaguqula iziphumo ngeendlela ekunzima ukuziva ngaphandle komzila wophicotho-zincwadi lwephepha. Kungenxa yokokuba iingcali ezininzi zokhuseleko lonyulo zixhasa iirekhodi zephepha elivoti-inyani--nethuba `indawo exhaswe ngokusemthethweni yimibutho enjengo Ukuqinisekisa i VoLT kunye neUMbutho ye-URENT. I-UFUFUFURS. Ngaphandle kovavanyo lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko, uphicomelo lwephepha luxhomekeke kwingxelo yephepha lomatshini kuphela, olunokuthi luchatshaniswe.

Impembelelo Kuhambo Olude

Ulwalamano phakathi kobugcisa bokuvota kunye novoti luntsokothile. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenza ibhokisi yebhola encinane ibe lula ukusebenzisa ukukhuthaza ukuba ithathe inxaxheba. Ufundo lwezixhobo zokuvota ezisetyenziswa ngokutsha kwiqela elithile le-U.S. lufumanise ukuba ukusungulwa kwe-BMDs kunye nomsebenzisi osetyenziswayo kunciphisa inani leebhola zovoti ezonakeleyo kunye nokwanda kokulula okuqondwayo kokuvota, ingakumbi phakathi kwabanqikeleli abadala kunye nabantu abaneziphene. Kumazwe afana neIndiya, apho ii-EVM zisetyenziswa khona ngokudibana nevoti enkulu, ukujika kuhlala kungamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu ekhulwini, nangona abemi be-90 ezigidi bebhalisiwe. Kodwa, ubungqina abukho obunye ubungqina obungalungelelani kakuhle: uphando lwe-elective" lucebisa ukuba iziphumo ze-elective "vennie" zisetyenziswe kwimiqatha yemithetho e-ccoccovotion, imiqatha, imiqatha efana nokhetho ebhatyi, kunye nokhetho.

Into ecacileyo kukuba ubugcisa bubodwa abunakoyisa ukuqhekeka kwesakhiwo. Ukuba umahluko wamanani awuchazwanga, ukuvota nge-elektroniki kusenokuvula umsantsa phakathi kwabantu abakwaziyo ukuhamba ngenqanawa kunye nabo bangakwaziyo ukuhamba.

Ukubona Nge - Internet: Liyintoni Ikamva Lokhetho?

Akukho mxholo kubugcisa bonyulo owenziwe ngomahluko ngaphezu kokuvota kwi-intanethi. Abaxhasi bacinga ngekamva apho abemi benokuthi bajule amavoloti abo nge-cellpho, i-laptop, okanye i-table---* ukususa imigca emide, isenza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kumazwe aphesheya, kunye nokunyusela ukusetyenziswa kwamanani amanani amatsha. I-Estonia yaba ngumntwana obonisa lo mbono, isebenzisa i-Internet ye-ID yesizwe. Ngo-2023, phantse isiqingatha sayo yonke imivoti yonyulo yepalamente yase-Estonia yaphone yaphoswa kwi-intanethi. Inkqubo efanayo isebenza eSwitzerland ngenxa yeminye imikhonto, kwaye uvavanyo olulinganiselweyo luye lwathatha indawo eKhanada, eFransi, nase-Australia.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpumelelo, abantu abanokhuseleko basoloko belulumkisa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala: Nasiphi na isixhobo, nayiphi na indawo, naliphi na ixesha(ukususa imiqobo esetyenziswayo yevoti.
  • Inkxalabo yokhuseleko: Inkxalabo yemalsh, ukuhlasela ngephishi, kunye nezisongelo zokungafunwa komxhasi zinokulalanisa ukufihla kunye nokuthembeka kwevoti kwisikali esikhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nomatshini wokuvota kwindawo yokuvota elawulwayo, umvoti wePC okanye umfono-mfono-mfono usengozini yokusebenzisa i-mouse engaqondakaliyo.
  • Uqinisekiso: nangokuguqulelwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, kunzima ngovoti abakude ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhola yabo ibhalwe kakuhle kwaye iqukiwe kubude bokugqibela ngaphandle kokwaphula imfihlo yevoti.
  • Ubuchule bovota kwi Internet busoloko bungekho kwiphepha elibonakalayo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba nengxelo enentsingiselo ukuba uhlaselo lwekhompyutha lurhanelwa.

Iinkqubo ezifana ne i-Estonia'''i-Ivoting isebenzisa ivoti ezifihliweyo, utyikityo lwamanani, kunye nolwandiso lwemida emininzi yoqinisekiso. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye anqumama okanye ashiywe kwimisebenzi yokuvota kwi-intanethi emva kohlolo olubhenxiweyo oluchaphazelekileyo. I-National Academie of Sciences, Engineering, kunye ne-Medicinetic igqityelwe kwingxelo yonyaka ka-2018 2018 ukuba i-intanethi ayimele isetyenziswe nakweli nakuwuphi na unyulo lukawonke kawonke karhulumente kwiqondo lokhuseleko lokhuseleko olukhoyo" de iingxaki ezingundoqo zokhuseleko zicombulule.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bothintelo ekuveliseni

Iblockchain inyuswe njengesisombululo esinokwenzeka kukhuseleko kunye nocelomngeni lokubona ngaphaya kwekhompyutha yokuvota. Ngokushicilela ivoti nganye njengentengiselwano elungele ukusetyenziswa ngokwezorhwebo, abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iblokoshain ingathintela ukuphamba, iqinisekise ukungazinzi, kwaye ivumele ungqineko oluzimeleyo olunje ngexa ugcina umvoti engaziwayo. Ugqatso oluninzi kunye noorhulumente abathile baye baqhuba uvota olusekelwe kwi-injini, kuquka norhulumente weNtshona Virginia (owezomkhosi waphesheya kolwandle) kunye nesixeko saseZug, eSwitzerland.

  • Intengiso: yorhwebo lwevoti lubhaliwe kwisikhokelo esahlulweyo nabani na angasihlola, noko kwinkcazo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumaneka: Xa ugcino-lwazi ludityanisiwe kwi blockchain, ayinakutshintshwa ngokusebenza ngaphandle kokulawula uninzi lwamandla othungelwano.
  • Ukwenziwa kube kwishumi eliphakathi: Akukho mncedi okanye gunya linako ukulawula, ukunciphisa ubungozi bencopho enye yokungaphumeleli okanye ubuqhetseba obusembindini.

Noko ke, iingcali ziye zaphakamisa amathandabuzo anzulu ngokufaneleka konyulo. Ubugcisa abuyicombululi ngokusuka kwingxaki engundoqo yokuqinisekisa ukuba lowo uvotayo unguye lowo athi unguye, ukuba ivoti yabo ihlala iyimfihlo, kwaye akukho kunyanzeleka okukhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-system ezithintelayo zinokucotha kwaye zingakwazi ukumelana namandla, kwaye ukukhusela kwemiqobo yesixhobo sokukhusela imoto, kwaye ukhuseleko lweziko lomatshini luye lwakuthintela imfuno yokucima okanye ukuvota okungekho mthethweni. Mhlawumbi okunzima kakhulu, inqanda icebo lokuvota elithintelayo (ifoni okanye isikhangeli) lifuna isixhobo somsebenzisi esingenazisulu ezisemgangathweni, kwaye itsheyina esleti es. I-efreat golide i-octive iyaqhubeka i-e.

Iingxaki Zobugcisa Bokuthumela Izandla

Enoba ihambe kangakanani na i-hardware okanye i-software yokuvota, ubugcisa bokuvota bujamelana nemiqobo engapheliyo emele icetyiswe ukuze kugcinwe abantu bethembekile.

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Digaliation: Izixhobo ezingenayo i-intanethi ethembekileyo, ufundo lweziqendu, okanye ubuchule bolwimi zingabekwa kumgangatho wenkqubo yobugcisa. I-intanethi kunye ne-elektroniki yokuvota zibangela umngcipheko osuka kwinkqubo ekhuthazayo apho abanye abemi bafumana ukuba nenxaxheba ngaphandle komzamo nabanye bejamelene nemiqobo emitsha.
  • [[NTL:0] Izisongelo zokhuselo lokhetho: iziseko zokhetho ziye zaba lixhoba eliphambili kubadlali bobuzwe, abarhwebi, kunye nezaphuli-mthetho. Uhlaselo lungasuka kumaphulo okususa intengiso ukuya kwimibutho yokwenene ebhaliswe ngokuvota okanye abancedisi abavoti. Ingxelo engamashumi amabini20 yeBrennan Center yeJaji ifumene ukuba oomatshini bokuvota phantse kwilizwe ngalinye le-U.S. urhulumente uququzelelo lusebenza ngokuphelelwe lixesha okanye lungaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhaswangachatshazelwa, ibenza babenokuchanabeka ekusebenziseni.
  • Ukuthembana okungatshintshiyo: Iinkqubo ezinyanisekileyo zingaba ngamaxhoba okukrokreleka. Ukuba abavoti abathemba oomatshini(okanye amagosa abanika iziphumo) okanye ukufaneleka kweziphumo zonyulo kusenokubuzwa. Le ngxaki yokuthembana ingapheliswa ziinkqubo ezijijekileyo ze cLT nokungakhanyi okungeyonyani.
  • Ikhompathimenti kunye nogcino: Iimatshini zokuvota ezikumgangatho ophezulu zibiza imali eninzi ukuthenga, ukugcina, nokubuyisela. Imithetho emininzi isebenza phantsi koqingqo-mali oluqinileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizixhobo ezaluphalayo ezinokungasebenzi kakuhle ngomhla wonyulo.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, uqeqesho, kunye nobugcisa. Ukuvavanywa kokhuseleko rhoqo, uphicotho-zincwadi olunyanzelekileyo, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwasemva konyulo olunamandla luluqheliselo olubalulekileyo olunconyelwe ziingcali zengqibelelo yonyulo ehlabathini lonke.

Uphando lwemeko zobuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa bokusasaza

Ukuphunyezwa kwehlabathi lokwenene kobugcisa bokuvota kunikela izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga noko kusebenzayo noko kungasebenziyo.

Estonia: Ulawulo - melo Lwamanani Oovulindlela

I-Estonia isoloko ichazwa njengomzekelo ohambe phambili we-intanethi yokuvota. Ukususela ngo-2005, abemi base-Estonia baye bakwazi ukuvota kwi-intanethi besebenzisa ikhadi le-ID ye-elektroniki elikhutshiweyo likarhulumente okanye i-ID ehambayo. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo onamandla, utyikityo lwezintlu, kunye ne "imvulophu ezimbini" yokwahlula ukuvota kwabo kwi-colote. Kodwa amava e-Ostreliya angatshintsha amaxesha amaninzi, kunye nowokuqala ukuvota umntu ngosuku lonyulo ukuba bayathanda. Nangona le nkqubo ingakhange ibone ukubhaliswa okubhaliweyo okubhaliweyo, abanye abaphandi bokhuseleko baye bafumana iivoti ze-vtimentium zogcino-matiki ze-interternethikie, kodwa amava e-Internatvicestion, i-covote, ingakhuselwa.

EUnited States: Ukufumana Abantwana Abaselula Neengxoxo Ezingapheliyo

I-United States inikela imodeli elungelelanisiweyo apho iphondo ngalinye (futhi ingingqi nganye) likhetha ubugcisa balo bokuvota. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumsebenzi odibeneyo we-DRES, BMDs, i-scancal scan, ii-collets zamaphepha abhaliweyo ngesandla, kwaye kwiindawo ezimbalwa, iimvavanyo zokuvota ezilinganiselweyo ze-Internet. Unyulo lwama 2020 lwabona ukuhlolwa okungalinganiyo kwezixhobo zokuvota, kunye nokuvavanya ukuthembeka komatshini. Ukusetyenziswa kwebhola ebhalothiweyo kwanda kakhulu emva kokuba uqikelelo lovavanyo lwemiqathango, kwaye uvavanyo lweposi lokhetho lwemiqathango lwaye lwaxhaphaka kakhulu. Noko ke, imigudu esezantsi yokuvavanyanisa iimfakela iimfakela ukhuseleko phantsi koncedo lwaseMelika Lomthetho i-Vote lwaye lwacola ucola ucola, kwaye lwaxhasa imali ngenxa yezixhobo ezintsha ezihlala zitshintsha.

EIndiya: Ubugcisa Bokutshintsha Igesi Obulawula IElectorate Enkulu Ehlabathini

IKhomishini yoNlamlo yaseIndiya isebenzisa oomatshini bovota be-electronic abayilwe kwaye bakhiwe ngokwendlela yasekhaya. Le matshini idityaniswe nayiphi na i-nethwekhi(* kwaye ivelise umkhondo wophicotho-zincwadi wephepha ogunyazisiweyo (VVPAT) ukususela ngo-2019. Ngo-2019, abantu abangaphezu kwama-900 ezigidi bebekufanelekele ukuvota, kwaye ii-EVM kunye ne-VVPATs zabekwa phezu kwezigidi zezikhululo zokuhlola. Ukuqina kwenkqubo kuvavanyiwe kwiimeko zenkundla kwaye kuvavanyiwe, kodwa abagxeki babonisa ukuxhalana ngotshintsho olunokwenzeka ngexesha lezithuthi nogcino. Amava eIndiya abala ukubaluleka kwesantya se-elektroniki ye-cotive.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthungeni Izinto Ngobugcisa

Ubugcisa bodwa abwanelanga ngaphandle kwabavoti nabasemagunyeni abafundileyo. Njengoko iinkqubo zokuvota zisiba nzulu ngakumbi, abantu bamele baqonde ukuba ubugcisa busetyenziswa njengoko becetyiwe yaye bengenasoso.

  • Iindawo zokusebenzela kunye nokhetho lwe-Mock Ecock: Amagosa amaninzi onyulo aqhelisela iintlanganiso apho abavoti banokuzama oomatshini abatsha phambi kosuku lonyulo. Oku kunciphisa ixhala neempazamo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abadala okanye abakhubazekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Kwizibonelelo ezikumgca: Icacile iividiyo zomyalelo, isampuli, kunye nesikhokelo senyathelo ngenyathelo zinceda abavoti baqonde inkqubo yokubhalisa nokufaka ibhola yebhola kwi BMD okanye ukuphawula ibhola yephepha.
  • Isivumelwano seCommunity:[ iinqanawa ezisebenzisana namathala eencwadi, amaziko aphezulu, kunye nemibutho yoluntu ingasasaza ulwazi oluchanileyo ngobugcisa bokuvota kunye nenkcazelo ephikisanayo malunga noomatshini abaxhotyisiweyo okanye iinkqubo ezingakhuselekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphicotho-zincwadi: Xa abavoti beqonda ukuba iibhola zephepha ziphindwa-phindwa kwaye abajongi abazimeleyo bangaqinisekisa iziphumo, ukuthemba kwinkqubo kwanda. Amaphulo emfundo kufuneka achaze ukuba umsebenzi wobungozi bophicotho-zincwadi noxa kunjalo.

Imigudu yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe alawula ubugcisa obutsha bokuvota okokuqala. Ngaphandle koqeqesho olufanelekileyo, kwanomatshini okhuselekileyo kakhulu unokubangela ukudideka, imigca emide, kunye nevoti ezingabalwanga.

Isiphelo

Ubugcisa bokuvota buza kuqhubeka buguquka, kodwa usukelo lwedemokhrasi esemgangathweni luhlala lungatshintshanga: wonke ummi ofanelekileyo makakwazi ukuphosa i-computer, i-octronic bootation. Oomatshini bombane banika isantya, ucoselelo, nokufumaneka, ukanti bakwazisa izinto ezifuna ulawulo olunzima. Uvoteko lwe-Unigatel luthembisa uncedo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kodwa luthwale iingozi zekhompyutha ezingekachanwa ngokupheleleyo. I-tabchain, ngelixa idiscioka, ayiyo igalelo. Ekugqibeleni, ezona zixhobo zobugcisa zisebenzayo zokukhetha izinto ezisetyenziswayo zidityaniswe kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukusebenza kunye neengxelo zephepha zokuvavanywa kovavanyo, ukubonakala, kunye nemfundo yevoti.

Njengokuba imibutho ihambela phambili ngobugcisa obuntsha, ingqwalaselo kufuneka ihlale ikwingqikelelo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ivoti nganye kufuneka ibalwe njengoko iphoswe, kwaye umvoti ngamnye kufuneka abe nentembelo yokuba ilizwi lakhe liviwe. Ukufumana olo lungelelaniso luyenye yocelomngeni oluchazayo lwedemokhrasi yale mihla.