Indima Yohlolo Lomgaqo-nkqubo Ekulinganiseni Izigqibo Zomthetho

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo asiyonkqubo yemfundo kodwa yinkqubo esisiseko elawula ngokunempumelelo kwaye ebekelw ’ ityala. Xa imithetho-siseko solawulo lobugcisa, yenza isiqinisekiso kwindlela ungenelelo olunikiweyo oluza kutshintsha ngayo ukuziphatha, ulwabelo, okanye ukusombulula ingxaki yezentlalo. Ngaphandle kocwangciso, ezo zibheki zihlala zingaboni. Uqheliselo lokuhlola iinkqubo zenkqubo emva kokuzalisekisa kunika abenzi bomthetho ubungqina obucacileyo ngokokwenzekileyo, benza ukuba bahluze, balinganise, okanye bayeke ukufikelela kokungaphumeleli. Le ngxaki iyimfuneko kulawulo-demokhrasi olusebenzayo, apho oovimba babantu kufuneka basetyenziswe ngobulumko kwaye baqhubekeke ngeziphumo ezibonisa ngokucacileyo.

Eli nqaku lihlola indlela inkqubo yokuchaphazela izigqibo zexesha elizayo zowiso-mthetho, ukusuka kwisiseko sentelekelelo ukuya kuhlolisiso lwehlabathi lokwenene kunye neziphumo ezivelayo. Liphikisa ukuba uvavanyo kufuneka lufakwe kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukususela ekuqaleni, lungaqhutyelwa phambili emva kokuba inkqubo sele iqinile.

Isiseko esisiSiko: Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Ugxininiso lwangoku kuvavanyo lwenkqubo lukhula lusuka kumsebenzi obanzi wokumisela inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina (EBPM). I-EBPM ibamba ukuba izigqibo zifanele zifundiswe ngogcino-lwazi olungqongqo kunye nohlalutyo kunokuba zichazwe ngokwengqiqo, ukhuseleko, okanye ubuchule obungaguquguqukiyo bezobupolitika. Ingcamango engundoqo icacile: phambi kokumisela umthetho omtsha okanye ukwandisa inkqubo ekhoyo, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bajonge oko ubungqina bukuthethayo ngongenelelo olufanayo. Emva kokuba inkqubo ikwindawo, kufuneka bavavanye iziphumo zayo ezizinjongo zayo.

Iingxelo ezimbini ezibalaseleyo zokwenziwa kwemigaqo zibonisa isizathu sokuba kuhlolisiswe izinto:

  • Imodeli ye-Rosal-Compehensivery: Imbono yokuba abenzi benkqubo bangachonga iinjongo ezicacileyo, baqwalasele zonke ezinye iindlela, bakhethe ezingcono, baze ke bavavanye iziphumo ngokungenamdla. Enyanisweni, le modeli ayifunyanwanga ngenxa yexesha elilinganiselweyo, ulwazi, kunye nobuchule bokwazi ukucinga. Uvavanyo lunceda ukuthelekelela uthelekiso ngokuzondla emva kogcino-lwazi lwendlela.
  • I-incrementism (Ilindblom ka-"): ichaza uthotho lweenkqubo zolungiso oluncinane ukusuka kwimeko. Uhlolo apha lusebenza njengenkqubo yokukhokela, ebonisa ukuba yeyiphi iinguqulelo zolwandiso ezisebenzayo kwaye ezingazange, ezivumela ulungiso oluqhubekayo.

Zombini ezi zimo-ntle ekugqibeleni zixhomekeke kwingxelo esuka kuvavanyo ukuze ziphucule izigqibo zexesha elizayo. Ngaphandle kwayo, inkqubo ihlala ithe thaa. Ukutshona okunzulu kwisiseko se-EBPM, iRAND Corporation inikela uphando olunzulu ngeendlela zohlalutyo lwenkqubo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuhlolwa Kwemigaqo - siseko

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango: ixesha elilinganiselweyo lentlanganiso, ukukhuphisana kwezinto eziza kuqala, kunye neengcinezelo ezinkulu zobupolitika. Ngokuchasene noku, uvavanyo lunika iinzuzo eziliqela zekonkrithi:

  • Ukunikezelwa kwemali: Abahlawula irhafu kunye nabaququzeleli bafanelwe kukwazi ukuba umthetho uphumelele kwiinjongo zawo ezichaziweyo. Iingxelo zohlolo zenza ingxelo yomsebenzi onokuthi usetyenziswe ekuchongeni nasekuthetheni ngoqingqo-mali.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Isiphumo esiLungiselelweyo: Oorhulumente banqabile ukuba babe nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olungenasiphelo. Uvavanyo luchonga iinkqubo ezinika iimbuyiselo eziphezulu kwidola nganye echithwayo kwaye ezo zimele zikhutshwe okanye ziphinde zisohlwaywe.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukufunda okungagqibekanga: ekuhambeni kwexesha, uhlolo oluthe rhoqo lwakha ulwazi lweziko ngaphakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye namasebe. Abenzi bomthetho bangafaka kwithala lencwadi leziphumo zakudala xa besenza amatyala amatsha, bephepha iimpazamo eziphindaphindiweyo.
  • Ukuthembana okukhoyo: Xa abemi bebona ukuba imithetho ihlolisiswa kwaye ihlaziywe ngokusekelwe kubungqina, ukuthemba urhulumente kunyuka. Ukubonakala ngaphaya kweendlela zovavanyo kunye neziphumo kunciphisa ukugxeka.

Iintlobo kunye neendlela zovavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuqonda indlela eyahlukileyo yokuhlola kunceda abamisi-mthetho bakhethe isixhobo esifanelekileyo kwimeko nganye. Uvavanyo alunakusetyenziswa ngohlobo olunye; lunokuchazwa ngokwemilinganiso emininzi.

Uvavanyo loshwankathelo lwendlela yokulungisa

[[FLT: 0] Uvavanyo lolungiselelo lwenzeka ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo okanye ukuphunyezwa kwasekuqaleni. Luvavanya uhlolo lwezifundo zomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, uqokelelo lwentsingiselo, kunye nenkqubo yokucoca phambi komqulu opheleleyo. Umzekelo, iqonga elitsha lerhafu yemivo linokufumana uvavanyo lokuvavanya ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwemali. Uvavanyo lwe-Sumumment uxaso lweziphumo [, kwesinye isandla, kwenzeka emva kokuba ukwenziwa kugqityiwe. Iyabuza: Ingaba inkqubo iye yabangela utshintsho oluceliweyo? Zazinkulu kangakanani ezo nguqu? Izenzo zolwando lwezicwangciso zolwando zazikushwabalo olushwabalula olushwayo luthe lwasemva kolwazi.

Inkqubo, iziphumo kunye nohlolo lwendleko

  • Uvavanyo lwe-PRODUCT: Luxilonga ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho lomsebenzi iphunyezwe njengoko yenziwe. Ukuba inkqubo yoqeqesho ibonise iziphumo ezingezizo, inkqubo yokuhlola ingahlola ukuba uqeqesho lunikezelwa ngokwenene kusini na, ngubani, kwaye ngokunyaniseka okunceda ukwahlula phakathi kokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo kunye nokungaphumeleli kokuphumeza.
  • uvavanyo olusebenzayo: Isebenzisa uvavanyo okanye iindlela zokulinganisa i-quasi-experimentment (iindlela zokuvavanya ezilawulwayo, umahluko-kungalingani, ukuphinda-phindwa kolawulo, ukuphinda-phindwa komchamo) ukwahlula iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Umzekelo, iziphumo zohlolo lwentlawulo oluncinci lwendawo ekwimiqathango yomgangatho wokulinganisa iziphumo emsebenzini nengeniso. Icandelo le-Urban ligcina ingqokelela ebanzi yeezifundo ezinjalo.
  • Isiphumo sovavanyo kunye nexabiso-lexabiso eliphantsi : Thelekisa iindleko zemali yenkqubo kwiziphumo zayo, ngokufuthi ngokwemiqathango engeyoyonto (umz., iminyaka yobomi egciniweyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho luncitshisiwe). Ezi zingcaciso zibalulekile kwizindlu zoqingqo-mali ezithelekelelwayo.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, ukuQualisa, kunye neendlela ezixutyiweyo

Uvavanyo olulungileyo lusoloko ludibanisa iindlela. Uvavanyo lwe-Quantitive data (iingxelo zolawulo, iingxelo zezoqoqosho, izibonisi zezoqoqosho) lunika amandla okubala kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi oluqhelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlola Iindlela Eziluncedo

Nangona ixabisekile, inkqubo ijongene nemiqobo engapheliyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abalawuli bemithetho bahlole imiyalelo yokwenziwa kwezinto esengqiqweni nenokusetyenziswa.

Ubuchule bogcino-lwazi kunye nomgangatho

Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi olusisiseko oluthembekileyo kunye neziphumo zomlinganiselo, uvavanyo alunakwenzeka. Imithetho emininzi idluliswa ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba yeyiphi i-data emele iqokelelwe okanye izakufumaneka njani. Inkxalabo yemfihlo, iinkqubo zolwazi ezahlulweyo, kunye nezibonelelo eziphelelwe lixesha zingenza ingxenge-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba ngaphaya kwemibandela. Imithetho ingayichaza le nto ngokuqokelela iimfuno zogcino-lwazi kulwimi lwantlandlolo, idibanisa ukuba amaqumrhu kufuneka apapashe iinkcazelo ezisekelwe kwii-data ezisuntlukwano zexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ukuchasa Kwezobupolitika Neemeko Ezimbi

Amagosa aqwalaselweyo angaxhathisa uvavanyo olunokubapholisa okanye anike abachasi amandla. Inkqubo ethandwayo nabaxhaphakileyo isenokukhuselwa ekuhlolweni, nokuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ayisebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, umjikelo wowiso-mthetho usoloko uphazanyiswa ngokuphosakeleyo nomjikelo wovavanyo. Uvavanyo lweminyaka emihlanu lungafika emva kokuba abenzi bomthetho abadlulise umthetho beyekile eofisini okanye baqhubeke. Ukuchasa oku, ukudityaniswa komthetho kungaquka amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga okufuna ukuphinda kubhalwe kwakhona emva kokuba uhlolo lungenisiwe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali enzima nomnikelo

Amapolisa anqabile ukuqhuba ngokuzikhetha. Iimeko zezoqoqosho, eminye imithetho, kunye nokumothusa okuvela kuyo yonke imiphumo. Ukufumana impembelelo yenkqubo echuliweyo kufuna ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lwezibalo okanye ubuchule obungasoloko bufikeleleka. Abenzi benkqubo bafanele babe nengqiqo ngoko kunokuthethwa kuko baze bakuphephe ukulindela iimpendulo ezilula ezisuka kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Uvavanyo oluqatha lubiza imali eninzi kwaye lunika ixesha. Amasebe amancinane okanye iziseko zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezinoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo zisenokungabi nabuchule okanye izimali zokuqesha izifundo zomgangatho ophezulu. Amalungiselelo aphezulu neeyunivesithi, imibutho yophando engaphakamisiyo (njenge-Ofisi ye-Accounting yoLawulo okanye ii-ofisi zophicotha-mthetho ze-Rhulumente), kwaye iziseko zoncedo lunganceda ukunweba ukwandisa ii-dola-mali ngokubheke phambili.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala: Indlela Uvavanyo Oluphenjelelwe Ngayo Umthetho Olandelayo

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa impembelelo ecacileyo yovavanyo lwenkqubo kwii-arhente zowiso-mthetho.

Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana irhafu

I-EITC karhulumente wase-U.S. iye yavavanywa kakhulu ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo ngo1975. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inyusa inxaxheba kumkhosi wabasebenzi phakathi koomama abangatshatanga kwaye inciphisa ubuhlwempu, ithelekisa namaxabiso amancinci asemacaleni. Oku kufunyenweyo kwakhokelela kulwandiso oluninzi kumanqanaba orhulumente nombuso. Ngokwahlukileyo, uhlolo lwexeshana lokuxhasa i-ARP ye-ARP ye-ITy Families (TFF) inkqubo ivelise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo, ibangela ezinye iimeko zokuvavanya nabaxhamli bemithetho exhasa umsebenzi. i-Centers kwimist nohlahlolo lohlalo lwemiqatha yemithetho ye-ETC

Imithetho engekho mthethweni emithathu nokugweba uTshintsho

“Izindululo ezintathu” zomthetho waseKhalifoniya, ezamiswa ngo-1994, zagunyazisa izigwebo ezinde kwizaphuli-mthetho eziphinda-phindiweyo. Ngoo 2000, uhlolo lwabonisa ukuba umthetho wawubagqumile ngokungenabungozi abantu abaphuli-mthetho abangenabundlobongela, uxabisa amawaka ezigidi, kwaye awuzange unciphise ngokuphawulekayo ulwaphulo-mthetho xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zakha inkqubela-phambili yokuguqula, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwi-2012 Proposition 36, eyathi yanciphisa ukusebenza komthetho. Utshintsho oluneenkqubo zobuphicociso luye lwenzeka kwamanye amazwe, ukutshintshela ezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwezinye iindlela ezisekelwe kwimiqathango ezifana neenkundla zeziyobisi kunye neenkqubo zobuGrookist.

Izicwangciso ze-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa kwemisebenzi ye-pandemic-Era

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa yoorhulumente equkuqelayo, iinkqubo ze-inshorensi (UI) kunye neengenelo zokwexeshana. Uhlolo oluqhutywa zizifundo kunye neSebe leSebe leSebe leMsebenzi lase-U.S. lwatyhila ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo etshintshayo. Ngokufana nokwamkela utyikityo lwe-electronic kunye nokuhlawula intlawulo lwezikomponi kunye nexabiso lempazamo. Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwenza olo tshintsho olusisigxina ngesenzo sowiso-mthetho. I-OECD ifunde ezi zinguquko zesicelo kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuvavanywa Okusemgangathweni Kwemfundo Nokuphendula

IThe Child Reinf Behind Act (NCLB) yowama-2001 egunyazisiweyo uvavanyo lwaminyaka le kwaye yabeka izivumo kwizikolo ezisebenza kancinci. Uvavanyo olushwankathelweyo kwishumi leminyaka elilandelayo lwafumanisa ukuba ngoxa amanye amaqela angaphantsi ephuculiwe kwizibalo, umthetho wakhuthaza ukufundisa kuvavanyo, izifundo ezixineneyo, kunye nokuvelisa amaqondo aphezulu phakathi kwabafundi abazamayo. Olo hlolisiso lwazisa uMthetho (ESA) wonyaka ka-2015, owabuyisela uvuselelo lwemiqathango yokusebenza kwesikolo, wakhuthaza ukufundisa kuvavanyo iziphumo ezininzi zesikolo, kunokuba uvavanye izihlandlo ezininzi.

Uvavanyo olufudusayo kwinkqubo yoMthetho

Ukubona impembelelo engakumbi, akunakuba yinto eqwalaselwe emva kokuba begqibile. Abenzi bomthetho banokuhlola umsebenzi wabo ngeendlela eziliqela.

Iimfuno zovavanyo ezi-oyileweyo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe isicwangciso sokuhlola sokuqala esicacisa: (1) iziphumo ezinokufumaneka inkqubo efuna ukuphunyezwa, (2) imithombo yogcino-lwazi kunye neendlela zokulinganisa ezo ziphumo, kunye (3) nexesha lokuvelisa ingxelo. Ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho, njenge U.S. I-ofisi yobuNcedoda-zincwadi zikaRhulumente (GAO), sele inikela uvavanyo olungangenisiyo kwisicelo. Ukwandisa amandla eeofisi ezinjalo kuqinisekisa ukuba uvavanyo luyathembeka kwaye lufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Claus Clauss kunye nohlolo lwamaxa athile

Amaphondo amaninzi anemisebenzi yokucima ukutshona kwelanga ekhutshwa ngokuzenzekela encitshisa amaqumrhu okanye iinkqubo ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho iphinda iwagunyazise ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi. Umzekelo, iTexas, isebenzisa iKhomishini yeSunset Advisory ukuvavanya amaziko karhulumente rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini. Oku kudala inkcazo eyakhelweyo yovavanyo kunye nenyanzelo yemithetho enika ingqwalasela kwiziphumo kunokuba inike i-ertria.

Ukungeniswa komngeni nokuvavanywa komngeni

Uvavanyo lunokuthenjwa ngakumbi xa luquka iimbono zabo bachaphazelekayo yinkqubo. Uvavanyo lwentsebenziswano lubandakanya abangeneli, abasebenzi abaphambili, kunye nemibutho yoluntu ekuchazeni impumelelo kunye nokuchaza okufunyenweyo. Le ndlela ingaveza iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga `njengemithwalo yolawulo ethintela abamkeli abafanelekileyo .

Uqeqesho lwamagosa asemthethweni ekusetyenzisweni kobungqina

Abasebenzi beKomiti kunye nenkxaso-mthetho badla ngokugaya iingxelo zokuhlahlela abaququzeleli bomthetho. Ukubaqeqesha kwinkqubo yophando olusisiseko, ukufundwa kogcino-lwazi, nokuhlalutyiswa kokuhlalutyiswa kolwazi kuphucula ubunjani benkcubeko yemithetho. Imibutho emininzi, kuquka iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoLawulo, inikela iinkampani neezixhobo zokuvelisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina.

Ukuqalisa Kwemikhwa Edityanisiweyo Kuhlolo Lomgaqo-nkqubo

Umbandela wovavanyo lwenkqubo uqhubekeka ngokukhawuleza, uqhutywa yinkqubela-phambili yobugcisa kunye notshintsho lwezilindelo.

Ugcino-lwazi oluKhulu, ukufundisa oomatshini, kunye nohlolo lwexesha lokwenene

Ugcino-lwazi lolawulo olusuka kwimiba yerhafu, iingxelo zoncedo, impilo, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni ngoku zingadityaniswa kumgangatho womntu ngamnye, zivumele uvavanyo oluthe kratya nolufike ngexesha. Ufundo lwemithetho-manani yomatshini lungachonga imilinganiselo kwaye luxele kwangaphambili iziphumo, nangona lukwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nocalulo kunye nokubonakala. Iibhodi zovavanyo lwexesha lokwenene . ngoku zisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ukwenzela intsabelo sebhabhabhathane, kwaye zivumele abenzi benkqubo ukulungisa indlela ephakathi kunokulinda iminyaka yokugqibela kwingxelo.

Uvavanyo oluqulunqiweyo kunye noluqulunqeyo

Kukho ukuvunywa okukhulayo kokuba iindlela zokuhlola ngokwesithethe zingangabuhoyi umahluko okanye ziqinise uthelekiso lokungalingani okukhoyo. Iziko lesakhiwo esitsha liphakathi ngokususa iziphumo ngohlanga, ingeniso, ubufana, kunye nejiyografi, nangokunika abantu ilizwi ekuyileni imibuzo yokuhlola. [[FLT: 0]] I-Urban Institute’s equity-center uvavanyo [ lubonisa lo tyekelo.

Uphawu lwehlabathi lonke kunye nokufundiswa kohlanga

Abaphathi-mthetho bajonga ngokukhulayo kwamanye amazwe xa kusenziwa imithetho. Imibutho efana ne-OECD kunye neBhanki yehlabathi ipapasha uvavanyo oluthelekisayo lwemigaqo-nkqubo kwimimandla enjengemfundo, impilo, irhafu, kunye nomgaqo wemekobume. Ezi zixhobo zogcino-lwazi ezinqamlezileyo zinceda abenzi-mthetho bamazwe ngamazwe bahlole ukuba inkqubo inokwenzeka kusini na ukusebenza ngomongo wabo ngaphambi kokuba bafake imali kwingxelo yekhaya.

Ubulumko Bokuziphatha Nendlela Yovavanyo

Iyunithi ze-Dash kunye namaqela enzululwazi yokuziphatha (njengeqela le-UK’s Parapeal Insights Iqela) yenza uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lweenguqu ezincinci zenkqubo, ezifana noonobumba ababomvu ukucutha ukuqaqanjelwa irhafu okanye iindlela ezenziwe lula zokwandisa unikezelo lwenkqubo. Olu vavanyo lwentengiso lusezantsi lungalinganiswa lube ngumthetho opheleleyo ukuba iziphumo zilungile, ukwenza umbhobho othe ngqo ukusuka kuvavanyo kumsebenzi wemithetho-mthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha Isithethe Sokuhlola

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo asingomsebenzi oza kukhutshwa kwizikolo nokungahoywa ngabezobupolitika. Yinkqubo yentsingiselo esembindini evumela iziqu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zifunde, zilungelelene, zilawule ngokunempumelelo. Xa uhlolo luyilelwe kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukususela ekuqaleni, luvelisa ingqiqo esebenzayo enika ulwazi ngezigqibo ezilandelayo. /*

Imingeni yogcino-lwazi, yezobupolitika, kunye noovimba bokoyiswa kodwa banokuphumelela. Ngokutyalwa kwemali egocagoca ngokuzimeleyo ii-ofisi, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, abasebenzi boqeqesho, kunye nolwamkelo lweendlela ezintsha ezifana nokuhlola ixesha lokwenene kunye novavanyo lokwahlula, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingasuka ekwenzeni imithetho yokholo ukuze zenze imithetho esekelwe kubungqina. Ikamva lokulawula okusebenzayo lixhomekeke kuyo.