Imfundiso yokhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe yimfundiso ekudala ikho esemthethweni ekhusela ukumangalelwa kwinkundla yesizwe okanye yesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Kubantu kunye namaqumrhu afuna ukuthethwa ngabantu emva kolawulo lwe-data okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi olubandakanya urhulumente wesizwe, le mfundiso isoloko ingumqobo omkhulu. Ukuqonda indlela ukhuseleko oluphezulu olusebenza ngayo, xa lunokupheliswa, kwaye oko kuthethwa yinkqubela-mthetho yakutshanje kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na olawula lo mmandla untsokothile womthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukudityaniswa phakathi kokhuseleko lwe-osikhuseli solawulo lukarhulumente kunye nokuqhambuka kwe-data kunye nokungafihliswa kwemicimbi yabangasese, linika imaphu yendlela ebanzi yezomthetho, igqweqweqwesi, igqwetha, kunye nabaquququ.

Ukuqonda Umanyano Lwaseburhulumenteni

Ingcamango yokuzikhusela ekuzimelanga ekubuyeleni kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isiBhulu sasingenakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. EUnited States, lo mgaqo wagunyaziswa ukuba umiselwe amazwe ngala umgaqo-Eventh Supment [ kuMgaqo-siseko, olinganisela amandla amaqela azimeleyo okumangalelwa kwinkundla yesizwe. Ngokwexesha elithile, inkundla ichaza i-Extentensteins trains trandment: "Igunya le-Optional of United States alizukuthathwa njengokwandiswa nasiphi na isakhono somthetho okanye i-egnity, eqala okanye eshwashwa ngokuchasene nomnye urhulumente waseUnited States, okanye abami okanye abalawulwayo belizwe okanye abalawulwa nguMgaqo-omatila welizwe. Ngexesha eli-A165%, ichaza ngokulingana netyala, ukukhuselwa kwetyala nakulelo lombuso.

Injongo engundoqo yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni ngokusisigxina kukuhlonela ulawulo lwamazwe nokukhusela ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke kwimigwebo enokuphazamisa imisebenzi karhulumente. Noko ke, le mfundiso ingakulinganisela kakhulu ukuphendula xa abameli besizwe bechaphazeleka okanye besilela ukukhusela ulwazi lwabucala. Umzekelo, ukuba isebe lezithuthi zemoto livuza amanani oKhuselo lweNtlalo kunye nemvume yokuqhuba yezigidi zabantu, amaxhoba angafumana ukuba ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lubekelwe nayiphi na ilahleko efuna ukumangalelwa — ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvume ngokucacileyo ukumangalelwa.

Indlela Amathuba Alawulayo Okufikelela Kugcino-lwazi Nezophulo

Xa ukwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi kwenzeka kumbutho worhulumente — njengesebe lezempilo yelizwe, iyunivesithi kawonke-wonke, okanye umbutho werhafu — amaxhoba asoloko equka abemi abalwazi olunzulu lobuqu. Iingxelo zobuntu eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo ziquka ukungakhathali, ukuhlaselwa kwemicimbi yangasese, ukuphazanyiswa komsebenzi wobugqwirha, kunye nokuphulwa komthetho wokwazisa. Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lungavala zonke ezi zinto ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngaphandle okanye kusetyenziswa imvume ethile ethile.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ukukhusela ukukhusela ulawulo akuwakhuseli amasebe aseburhulumenteni kumsebenzi wawo wobuqu xa esebenza ngaphandle komsebenzi wawo osemthethweni. Kodwa ukumangalela umqeshwa ngokobuqu akusebenzi ngenxa yokuba umqeshwa usenokuswela ubuncwane bokuhlawula amaxhoba, kwaye urhulumente usenokuba nembopheleleko yokufaka ityala kumqeshwa. Njengombandela osebenzayo, umqeshwa kufuneka agqobhoze ukhuseleko lukarhulumente ukuze afikelele kwiqumrhu likawonke-wonke.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zelifa lemveli

Ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba urhulumente we- othenjiweyo u-FTCA)[FFLT:1] unika indlela jikelele yeesuti ngokuchasene norhulumente ukuze unikezele ugcino-lwazi. IFTCA ivumela ukuba ikwazi ukuchaza izinto ezithile ngokuchasene norhulumente we-U.S. kodwa iyasebenza hayi [[[FLT:] ayisebenzi kurhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unolawulo lwezokhuselo lwendalo, olubhalwe ngokucacileyo kwimimiselo okanye kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Amanye amazwe ayazimisela ukhuseleko lwentlobo ezithile zentetho ethile, kodwa agcina izicwangciso ezininzi ze-enkqubo zobugocibo-mali — ezisoloko ziquka izigqibo ezibandakanya ii-e-e-comfalsethistionstions short kunye nolwabiwo-mali.

Umzekelo, umchasi akanakuxhomekeka kwi FTCA ukucela umbutho worhulumente. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka bajonge kwi-okanye yezwe [[FLT: 0] itheth'ethe thaca izenzo okanye nawuphi na omnye umthetho we-raver. Le mithetho yorhulumente iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Kumazwe athile, ukukhusela kukhutshwa kuphela ngenxa yokubala okuvela ku "propietary" kunoku "umsebenzi we siseko". Ugcino-data kunye nokhuthulo lwe-computer lungawela kudidi olunye, kuxhomekeka kwindlela umsebenzi ophawulwe ngayo.

IiWaivers Nezizodwa: Unokulifumana Nini Urhulumente ukuze Ufumane Ugcino-lwazi?

Ngenxa yokuba ukukhusela ulawulo kukukhusela urhulumente, umthwalo uwela kummandla othe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyavuma ukuvumelana. Zintathu iindlela eziphambili urhulumente angawuphazamisa ngazo ukhuseleko: uvakalisa ukhuseleko lomthetho, ukhuphiso olupheleleyo ngehambo okanye ngokucazululwa, kunye nokukhutshwa kwengqungquthela (kuloo matyala ogcino-lwazi, ukukhutshwa kolwazi oluthe ngqo kunqabile). Ukuqonda ezi zenzo kuyingozi kuye kumntu osukela ukuphembelela ukhuseleko lwe-intanethi.

Imithetho Egqithiseleyo

Amatyala amaninzi aye amisela i-State Actions Act (ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho we-Rhulumente) ukuba uthintelo lwezokhuselo kwiindidi ezithile zentengiso. Ezi zenzo zidla ngokungakhethwa kwitorts zengozi, okanye zifake imposiso kwimali ethile (umz., ii-$500,000 ngenkani). Kwalapho umxhasi ekhoyo, ulwaphulo logcino-data lungasuswa ukuba umsebenzi wetyala uqulathel'umtya wokuzi. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente ubeka umthetho wokuba isigqibo sakhe sokusebenzisa urhwebo oluthile lwe-computha singumgaqo osemthethweni, uzibanga usithi umele u-o-onki.

Iqaqobana lamatyala lidlulise imithetho ethetha ngokungqalileyo ngokwaphuka kogcino-lwazi. Umzekelo, California Ikhowudi kaRhulumente icwangcisa iinkqubo zokwaphula ugcino-lwazi ngamasebe karhulumente, kodwa ayizenzeki ngokuzenzekela ilahleko yezokhuseleko lweziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengo Florida kunye ne New York, ayile imigaqo elinganiselweyo yokulungisa iindlela zabantu abanolwazi lwabo siqu luphulwe liqumrhu — kodwa ezi ndlela zisoloko zilawula kwaye azinikezeli ukuvavanywa komvo okanye ukuvalelwa kwetyala.

Iintsontela ezipheleleyo kunye "Nomsebenzi Obalulekileyo" Okhethekileyo

Xa urhulumente ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ethathwa njengeyokwembali "umbutho" okanye "ipropitorial" — efana nokusebenza kwi-university, ukuthengisa impahla, okanye ukusebenza kwigalaji yokupaka imoto — isenokuthathwa njengeyeyona ikhuselweyo ukukhusela ulawulo lwezo zinto zikhoyo. Noko ke, ukuthengiswa kogcino-lwazi (umz., urhulumente uthengisa ulwazi lomqhubi kwiinkampani zabucala) akukhange kuphathwe jikelele njengomsebenzi worhwebo okhuthayo. Iinkundla zidla ngokungafuni ukufumana ii-raphithi ze-active projectives, ingakumbi xa umgaqo womthetho ocacileyo okhusela i-octive.

Enye indlela yi-[QUE:0] ukuhlahlela yiKhomfa. Ngaphantsi koLawulo lweziNtloko zeshumi elinesine, iKhomyutha ingawulawula umgaqo-siseko ukuze unyanzelise amalungelo esizwe. Umzekelo, iHealth Inshorensince Portive and Active Act (HIPAA) ayilenzi ilungelo labucala lesenzo; ngaloo ndlela, ayinako ukukhusela ukuchasana nogcino-lwazi olubandakanya ulwazi lwempilo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Gram-Lam-BHLTSTELY Act noMthetho [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLP]]

Urhulumente unelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kuqikelelo

Kwanaxa urhulumente engakukhuphi ngokuphandle ukukhusela ukhuseleko, kungavuma ngokuzithandela ukumangalelwa ngokufaka ityala okanye ngokulamlamla kwimeko ethile. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente ufuna ukunyanzelisa ummiselo wakhe wokwaphula ugcino-lwazi ngokuchasene nenkampani yabucala, ummangalelwa unakho ukuzisa i-actaim ngokuchasene norhulumente — kodwa ukubandakanyeka kukarhulumente kwiligitation kungenza umxhasi wetyala kuphela ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka okuthile. Lo mzekelo awuqheleki kwimeko yokwaphula ugcino-lwazi.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni: Izigqibo zeNkundla KuMazwana Ongalawulekiyo Nokungakhuseleki

Iinkundla kulo lonke eli lizwe ziye zaqalisa ukuzama ukumelana nokudibana komgangatho wokuzikhusela nokugqogqeka kogcino-lwazi. Ngoxa kungekho mthetho uthile obonisa iziganeko zendalo oye wayicombulula ngokupheleleyo le mbambano, kuvela iziphumo eziliqela.

Izigwebo zeNkundla yeRhulumente

I-Alaska, inkundla ephakamileyo yathi, ukwaphuka kogcino-lwazi lweSebe lezeMpilo nezeNtlalo yeSebe lezeMpilo akuzange kubangele ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela ngenxa yokuba uqhawulo luvele ekusileleni okuthethwini ukukhusela kakuhle kogcino-lwazi — umsebenzi wobuchule phantsi kwe-Alaska Tortintens Act. Ngokufanayo, Missouri, inkundla yesicelo ilahla ukungakhathali ithetha ngokuchasene nemeko yama-202222 yeSebe leMis, ifumana ukuba imeko igcine ukuthintela kwayo nokungalawulwa kwayo.

Kodwa asiyiyo yonke imithetho evumela ulawulo esemthethweni. iColado, inkundla yamatyala yavumela ukuba iqhubeke ngokuchasene nombutho wesizwe wokwaphula inkqubo yawo yerhafu kwi-intanethi, iqiqa ukuba ukuphatha kwesebe le data kwakungu "umfundisi" kunokusebenza ngengqiqo. Ityala libekwe phambi kokubhenela, lishiye umba ungapheliswanga. ICalifornia, i-2023] ingumthetho ovulile ucango lokwaphulwa kwesivumelwano esichasene ne-mali ebekwe kwiyunivesithi yesizwe eyayithembise intente ekwayo yokukhusela i-compuza ekungeni kwayo — kodwa i-ethe trafiki yayinokuphinda ifumaneke ngenxa yesivumelwano sobugqeba ye-o-odvdvoti.

Iinkcazelo zeNkundla yoManyano

Iinkundla zomanyano zilinganise iDoe v. kurhulumente waseOhio, inkundla yesithili yephondo yagqiba kwelokuba ukhuseleko lodidi luthintelwe kukumangalelwa kwetyala lomgangatho wokhuselo lwezokhuselo lodidi ngamaxhoba okwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi kwiSebe loYobhi neSebe Lentsapho, nangona urhulumente wayenesenzo sokuzibanga esigqume ngokungenakugutyungelwa. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba urhulumente akakhange asophule ukhuseleko olucacileyo ekuchaphazelweni kwenkcazelo yedata, kwaye ukuchasana okubandayo kubandakanya izigqibo ezicacileyo ngokhuseleko lwenethwekhi. Ityala ngoku likwisibheno.

Ezi zigqibo zibalaselisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo yomthetho wokukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu. Umxhasi kwelinye ilizwe angafumana isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo ukuba umchasi uchazwa ngokubanzi, ngelixesha i-fextifu ebekwe kwenye izwe ingashiywa ngaphandle kokufuna uncedo. Oku kubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuze kwandiswe okanye kuxhaswe abaxhasi be-intelekelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokondla Iintlanzi Neeattorney

Nabani na oye wehlelwa yintlekele ngenxa yokwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, indlela yokuchacha izaliswe ziingxaki. Ukuzikhusela kulawulo oluphezulu akunako ukuconjululwa kodwa kufuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo.

Imisebenzi Yokoyisa Umanyano Olulawulayo

  • Ibonisa izichasi ezicacileyo: Inyathelo lokuqala kukuphanda imithetho yeso sokhuseleko lombuso othile. Jonga kwizenzo zetort ezidwelisa ugcino-lwazi okanye "ukuzifica kwento yobuqu" njengentelekelelo. Nokuba isenzo sinentambo yomonakalo, singavumela ukuba imeko iqhubeke.
  • Guqula umsebenzi wolungiselelo onxaxhi: Amatyala amaninzi achaza into engaqhelekanga "izenzo zomfundisi" — izenzo ezingafuni buchule. Ukuba urhulumente unomsebenzi onyanzelekileyo (umz., imfuneko yemithetho yokufihla i-data ethile), ukungakwazi ukwenza loo msebenzi kungakhubaza ukhuseleko. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho othile awushiyi gumbi lobulumko ngumthwalo onzima.
  • Funa isiqabu esilinganayo: ukhuseleko oluPhakamileyo lusoloko lungasebenzi ukucela ukukhululeka okanye ukukhutshwa kwemvume phantsi koMthetho we-. Imfundiso ecacileyo ingafaka umlawuli wegosa kumandla awo ukunyanzela ukuthobela umthetho wesizwe — njengokufuna ukuthobelana kwixesha elizayo nomthetho we-Imfihlo okanye imimiselo yokwazisa. Noko ke, iziphumo azikho phantsi kwale ngcamango.
  • Iingcamango ze-Explore : Ukuba urhulumente ungene kwisivumelwano ne-placttiff (umz., isivumelwano somfundi sokubolekisa ngemali, isivumelwano somsebenzi, okanye isivumelwano senkonzo sengingqi ye Internet) esiqulethe izithembiso zokhuseleko logcino-lwazi, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano kusenokuwela phantsi kwesivumelwano sombuso sesivumelwano. Asisibonke esiphazamisa ukukhusela izivumelwano, kodwa abaninzi bayakwenza.
  • [[NTL:0] Lobby ukwenzela utshintsho lomthetho: Ngenxa yokuba iinkundla azifuni ukufumana ii-pareter ngaphandle kolwimi olucacileyo lomthetho, abaxhasi abachaphazelekayo kunye namaqela obuqu basoloko benyanzela imithetho karhulumente ephazamisa ukhuseleko olucacileyo lokwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi. Amazwana amaninzi azise izitya kwisiphumo, nangona ambalwa agqithile.

I-inshorensi Nokwandisa

Enye indlela kukuhlola ukuba urhulumente uthenge i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi e-i-icebralsecurestity enokuthi igqume iinte ezenziwe ngokuchasene norhulumente. Ezinye iinkqubo zifuna urhulumente ukuba akhusele ukhuseleko njengemeko yokugquma, enze umchasi ngokusebenza kwe-inshorensi. Amagqwetha afanele acele inkqubo ye-inshorensi karhulumente ngexesha lokufunyanwa (ukuba ityala livumelekile ukuqhubekeka). Ngaphezu koko, ukuba umthengisi wabucala ubangela ukwaphulwa kwetyala, ukhuseleko lukarhulumente lunganwebi kwityala lomthengisi — kwaye umlahli we-andle angamfaka i-mali kumthengisi ngqo ngenxa yokungakhathaleli okanye ukonakalisa isivumelwano.

Ikamva Lokungavisisani Kolawulo Olusekuhleni

Njengoko oorhulumente beqokelela irejista yolwazi oluchukumis ’ umbilini othe rhoqo — ukusuka kumalayisensi omqhubi ukuya kwiingxelo zempilo ukuya kumaxwebhu ahlaziyiweyo erhafu — ubungozi bokwaphulwa kwemali eninzi kuyakhula. Izakhamuzi eziphulukana nogcino-lwazi lwazo kubagebi okanye izisongelo ziya zifuna ukuphendula. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni nabaxhasi babathengi baphikisa ukuba ukukhusela ukhuseleko akumele kukhuseleke kwiiziphumo zokungalingani kwe-i-inthaneti, ingakumbi xa amazwe eshishina nokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ngenjongo yokufumana ingeniso.

Utshintsho Olucetyiswayo

Amanye amaphondo aye aqwalasela umthetho [ wokulinganisa oza kuphazamisa ukhuseleko lolawulo loburhulumente ukwenzela ukuthelekisa okuvela kulwaphuko logcino-lwazi olwenzeka ngenxa yobungozi obugqithisileyo okanye ngenxa yokunganyaniseki okungabom. Amanye ahlola ukudalwa kwemali ekhethekileyo "yemali efunyenweyo yexhoba lembuyiselo" enokuthi inikezele amayeza alinganiselweyo ngaphandle kokufuna ukumangalelwa. Kumgangatho karhulumente, kukho ingxubusho malunga nokudibanisa ugcino-data oluchaphazekileyo lwe-data ye-computersssssss ukunikezela iinkqubo ezinikezela iinkqubo zekhompyutha — ukwenza ukuxhasa kwemali yesivumelwano sikarhulumente ukuba inyuswe kwisivumelwano sokwaphulo-onzakalo.

Enye into enokwenzeka kumsebenzi owenzelwe abantu owenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukuba urhulumente uqhuba intengiso ye-inshorensi yempilo, ulawula inkqubo ye-irrensislation, okanye uqhuba ibhanki esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, iinkundla zingafumana ukuba le misebenzi inophawu olwaneleyo lorhwebo lokuthethelela ukophulwa kwemiqathango ye-data enxulumene nayo.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ekugqibeleni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingafuna ukusombulula uxinezeleko phakathi kwezilangazelelo zamazwe ekukhuseleni abantu kunye nezilangazelelo zabantu ekukhuseleni ngasese. Noko ke, iNkundla isoloko ixhasa ukukhusela ulawulo olubanzi xa kungekho kunyuswa kombutho ocacileyo. Ukutshintshwa okukhulu, iBhunga kufuneka lidlulise isuti ecacileyo ngokuchasene namagunya okuqhekeza ugcino-lwazi (okuya kufuna ingxelo ecacileyo yenjongo nesiseko somgaqo-siseko esisemthethweni), okanye la mazwe ngokwawo amele athathe isenzo ngokuzithandela.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe luhlala lungomnye wemiqobo ebalulekileyo esemthethweni yabahlali abafuna unyango lwabemi emva kokungabikho kogcino-lwazi okanye ungquzulwano lwekhompyutha olubandakanya urhulumente wesizwe. Isiseko samandulo kunye nesicelo esibanzi sidla ngokushiya amaxhoba ngaphandle kwe-forum ukuze afumane umonakalo, kwanaxa ukungabikho kwe-data esemthethweni. Noko ke, ngaphandle kwamalungu asemthethweni akhona, kwaye izakhiwo zihlala kancinci njengeenkundla kunye nemithetho-siseko zixabana neenyaniso zolawulo lwamanani.

Nabani na ocinga ukuba kuthethwana nelizwe elichasene nolwahlulo logcino-lwazi kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko imithetho ethile engokwahlulelwa kwelo lizwe, achaze nayiphi na imithetho enokuba yiyo ephazamisayo, kwaye ahlole ezinye iingcamango zetyala. Njengoko izisongelo zokungakhuseleki kwikhompyutha zikhula ngomlinganiselo nangendlela entsonkothileyo, umthetho unganyanzeleka ngakumbi ukuba ulungelelanise — mhlawumbi ngokuyandisa abaxhasi okanye ngokudala izinto ezintsha zokulungisa ezilungelelanisa ulawulo lukarhulumente nemfuno ebalulekileyo yokuphendula nokulungisa. Okwangoku, icebiso elingcono kukuhlala ufundile, uqhagamshelane negqwetha elinamavayo, kwaye uhlale usazi ukuba ukhuseleko lolawulo loburhulumente alungomthi opheleleyo kodwa luntsokothile noluntsonkothile kwaye luzikhusela.