Inkqubo yamakhaya yinkqubo yomthetho emisela imithetho nemilinganiselo elandelwa ziinkundla xa zikhupha ityala lamakhaya. Le mithetho ilawula zonke iinkalo zetyala loluntu, ukusuka ekufunyanisweni kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvavanywa, nasiphi na isibongozo esinokwenzeka. Kubafundi bomthetho, iparalegalis, kunye nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo inkqubo yezoburhulumente akuyomfundo kuphela ephambili xa kuthethwa ngezomthetho.

Imboniselo yenkqubo yamakhaya

Inkqubo yamakhaya ingumsebenzi omkhulu nontsonkothileyo. EUnited States, ilawulwa ngokuyintloko yimithetho ecwangcisiweyo ye-kivini Procedire (FLCP) kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwaye ngemithetho karhulumente esemthethweni kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Imithetho yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni, impumelelo, nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwisigqibo sengxube--gono yamakhaya. Bathetha yonke into ukusuka kwi-dibene yamaqela kunye neemfuno, ukucela iimfuno, ubuchule bokufumana, uqheliselo, kunye nenkqubo yokuvavanya. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekileyo kuba kwanento encinci enokuthi iphumele ekugxothweni kwetyala okanye ekucinyweni kwesitshixo sobungqina.

Injongo ephambili yenkqubo yasekuhlaleni kukunikezela ngenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo evumela abalawuli nabamangalelwa ukuba banikele amatyala abo, batyhile izibakala ezinxulumeneyo, baze bafumane isigqibo esisesikweni (ngokuba kunokwenzeka ngomgwebo, ukuhlaliswa, okanye esinye isigqibo sempikiswano. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphinda iphawule, imithetho yemiqathango yemiqathango icetyelwe ukukhusela ukuzimisela “ngokusesikweni, okukhawulezileyo, nokungabinelisi mali eninzi kwesenzo neqhubekekayo” (FRCP Lawulo 1).

Izithintelo Zetyala Laseburhulumenteni

Amatyala angaphakathi aqhubekeka ngokulandelelana kwemigangatho echaziweyo. Ngexa kungengazo zonke iimeko eziza kufikelela kwityala eliza kufikelelwa lityala.

1. Ulungiso lwangaphambili kunye nemfuneko

Phambi kokuba ityala libekwe ngokusemthethweni, amatheko adla ngokungenela imisebenzi yangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala. Eli qonga lingaquka ukunxibelelana okungacwangciswanga, ukuthumela uonobumba odifisiweyo [ (apho ummangali uchaza izikhalazo zawo kwaye acela unyango olungqalileyo), kwaye aqokelela ubungqina bokuqala. Iinkampani ezininzi zifuna ukudityaniswa okanye ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle phambi kokuba kuqaliswe. Uqikelelo lwento likwalelo xesha lokuvavanya amandla etyala labo, qwalasela iindleko zeligi, kunye novavanyo lokulungisa iindlela zokulungisa izinto. Iinkampani ze-inshorensile zisoloko zibanda kulo mgangatho, ingakumbi kukwenza umonakalo wobuqu okanye umonakalo wempahla.

Ukumangalelana kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kunika ixesha elininzi, amagqwetha anamava asoloko ezama ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kongenelelo lwenkundla. Kodwa ke, ukuba uthethwano aluphumelelanga, ityala liqhubela ekubongozeni okusesikweni.

Ukuzifica Izikhalazo

Ukumangalelana kuqalisa xa i-paltiff ifakela u- uhlaziyo ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo sisicelo esisisiseko esibeka izimvo zomcuphi. Phantsi kwe FRCP nemithetho emininzi yorhulumente, isikhalazo kufuneka siqulathe:

  • Amazwi amafutshane nacacileyo ezizathu zolawulo lwenkundla (umz., ulawulo lweendidi ezahlukeneyo okanye igunya lorhulumente).
  • Amazwi amafutshane nacacileyo abonisa ukuba umbongozi unelungelo lokufumana isiqabu.
  • Kwafunwa uncedo (umz., umonakalo wemali, isiqabu esidambisayo, okanye umgwebo ohlasimlayo).

Imilinganiselo yokuncenga yangoku, ebunjwe zisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iBell Atlantic Corp. v. Mngcungcu-mbini (2007) kunye Ashcroft v. Iqbal [209]), ifuna ukuba isikhalazo sibeneengxelo ezichanekileyo zokuchaza isikhalazo “esinokuthenjwa ebusweni." Oku kunyuse ibar yeplants, ekufuneka ngoku inikezele ngaphezulu kuneetafilezi neziphelo nje.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokuvala isikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka azise ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenkqubo yetyala . Oku kubandakanya ukuhambisa ikopi yesikhalazo kunye ne-off (okanye isaziso esifanayo) kummangalelwa. Inkonzo kufuneka ihambisane nemithetho engqongqo ebhaliweyo ngokugqithisileyo, ngokugqithisa, ngokushiya amaphepha kwindawo eqhelekileyo yokuhlala kommangalelwa kunye nomntu wobudala obufanelekileyo, okanye ngeposi etyikitywe. Inkonzo engagunyaziswanga ingakhokelela ekugxothweni kwetyala okanye ekulibaziseni ukuququzelelwa. I-FRCP nemithetho yezwe inika ezinye iindlela, njengoko kuveliswa, xa ummangalelwa engenako.

Ukusabela Kwamagqwetha

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elibaluliweyo (imihla engama-21 phantsi kwe-FRCP, nangona imithetho karhulumente yahluka). Ummangalelwa uneenketho ezininzi:

  • Impendulo: [ Ummangalelwa uyifakela impendulo, avume okanye akhanyele ityholo ngalinye kwisikhalazo. Ukungaphumeleli ukukhanyela isityholo kungathathwa njengokuvuma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Endaweni yempendulo, ummangalelwa angadala intshukumo yokurhoxa phantsi koMthetho 12(b) ngenxa yokunqongophala kolawulo, indawo engachananga, inkqubo enganelanga, ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza iqhaza, okanye ezinye iziphene.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalaumenti: Ummangalelwa angaqinisekisa ityala ngokufaka ibala elichaseneyo nomphathi-majoni kwisenzo esinye. I-Counterclaims inganyanzeleka (ukuphuma kwintengiselwano enye) okanye uvumelwano.
  • Crosclaim: Kwimeko nabamangalelwa abaninzi, omnye ummangalelwa angaqinisa ityala ngokuchasene nedefanti.

Ukuba inyathelo lokurhoxa liyakhanyelwa, inkundla izakuyalela ummangalelwa ukuba abhale impendulo. Iqonga lokucela likwavumela ukuba kulungiswe oko okanye ikhefu lenkundla.

5. Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufumanisa kudla ngokuba yeyona nqanaba likhulu nelibiza imali eninzi lokuchana kwemibutho. Yinkqubo apho omabini amaqela atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina bokulungiselela ukuvavanywa. I-FRCP ivumela ukuba kufunyanwe okubanzi “kowuphi na umbandela ongenamdla onxulumene nento okanye ukhuseleko lwawo nawuphi na umbutho kunye nokulingana kweemfuno zemeko” (Rule 26(b)(1). Iizixhobo zokufumana okungundoqo ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Ngokuqheleke kakhulu ipheleliselwe kwi 25 yemibuzo phantsi kwe FRCP.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwakhiwa:[ ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phambi komcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla okanye umzobo wevidiyo, kunye nethuba lokuhlola ukunqamleza. Ummiselo unokuba ngowamaqela, amangqina, okanye iingcali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Ezikhoyo ezi-e- mvume ziye zaba yindawo engundoqo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya iivolution ezinkulu zee-imeyili kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo ezithi iqela elichasayo livume okanye likhanye, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya.
  • [[UMTHLO] Uhlolo lwezimvo nolwengqondo: luyalelwe yinkundla kuphela xa imeko yelungu okanye yengqondo ixakene.

Ukufunyanwa kwamaqela kufuna ukuba aququzelela ayenze isicwangciso sokufumana, kwaye iinkundla zimisela izigwebo zokungasasebenzi. Unyuko lwe-e- corensing ludibanise imaleko entsonkothileyo, kuquka umsebenzi wokulondoloza i-ESI kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhowudi exeliweyo kuhlolo loxwebhu. Icebo eliluncedo kwimithetho e-e-oficedrosel i- Imithetho ye-Federal Procediation njenge-dictedrose

6. Intshukumo neNgqungquthela zangaphambi kwedinga

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angayila iinguqu ezahlukeneyo ezijoliswe ekucombululeni ityala okanye ekuthinteleni imiba. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: Phantsi koMthetho 56, iqela lingathatha uhambo lomgwebo kwizicelo kunye nezinto zokufumana ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene malunga nento yento ephathekayo kwaye imovant inelungelo lokugweba njengomcimbi womthetho. Umgangatho uphezulu; iinkundla zijonga ubungqina ekukhanyeni ngokulungileyo kwiqela elingahambiyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine: Intshukumo yokususa ubungqina ekulingweni, ngokufuthi malunga nolutyelelo, ilungelo, okanye izinto ezicalucalucayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Motion to Compel Discovery: ifayile izakuvulwa xa iqela lingasaphenduli kwizicelo ezifunyanisiweyo okanye linika iimpendulo ezaneleyo.
  • Ukujongwa kweNkangeleko: ukwenzela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yokufumana okanye imiyalelo yenkundla.

Inkundla izakubamba iingqungquthela zangaphambili (umthetho 16) ukuxubusha ucwangciso, ukuhlaliswa, kunye nolawulo lokuvavanya. Ingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi kovavanyo iziphumo zomyalelo olawula ikhondo lokuvavanya.

7. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokuhlaziywa, ngokucatshulwa ngokufutshane, okanye ngokugxothwa, liqhubekeka licinywe. Iimvavanyo zebhedi (zigweba kuphela) okanye izilingo ze-jury[ (ukuba imfuneko yabachopheli-mthetho yenziwa ngokufanelekileyo). Inkqubo yokuvavanya ityhilwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (Indawo yeVoir): Kumatyala abachopheli-tyala, amagqwetha nabagwebi babuza ukuba abagwebi abanokuba nolwamkelo lokuchonga baze baqinisekise ukuba abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi buso.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza ubungqina abaceba ukubunikela, ngaphandle kokuphikisa izibakala.
  • Umzekelo wetyala lomntu okwindawo efihlakeleyo: IPlacttiff inikela ubungqina ngamangqina kunye nemiboniso, iphantsi kokukhomba nokuhlola ukunqamleza.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umzekelo wetyala lomntu ongomnye: Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bakhe namangqina.
  • I-[FTLT:0] Engalawulekiyo kunye negalelo: Ilinganisela ubungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuphikisa imeko yelinye icala.
  • Impikiswano ezichazayo: IiAttorney zishwankathela ubungqina zize ziphikisane ngesigqibo ukuze zivunelwe.
  • Imiyalelo ecwangcisiweyo: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho osebenzayo. Icala ngalinye linganika imiyalelo ecetyisiweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigqibo se-Jurlibration neVerdict: Abachopheli betyala ngasese babuyisela isigqibo. Kwinkundla yequmrhu lesizwe, izigqibo zabachopheli-tyala zasekuhlaleni azifuni kuvumelana ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe ngamaqela.

[[Umthwalo:0] wobungqina kwiimeko zabemi ngu uxakekisa ngobungqina, kungoko ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yityala. Oku kumgangatho osezantsi kunelithi “kuthandabuza ngokusengqiqweni” umgangatho kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

8. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifakela ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo, kuquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela umgwebo njengeManute yoMthetho (JOL): Intshukumo evuselelekileyo phantsi koMthetho 50(b), iphikisa ngelithi akukho bungqina obaneleyo obuxhasa isigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wovavanyo olutsha: Phantsi komthetho 59, esekelwe kwiimpazamo kwityala, kwihambo engalunganga, okanye kwisigqibo esichasene nobunzima bobungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kuAlter okanye kuMgwebo oGciniweyo : Phantsi komthetho 59(e), ukulungisa iimpazamo ezibonakalisayo zomthetho okanye inyani.

Ukuba ezi ntshukumo ziyakhatywa, iqela lingafumana ityala eliphezulu. Izibheno zijolise kwiimpazamo zomthetho, hayi iimpikiswano ezibunyani (ngaphandle kokuphosa inyani). Inkundla ye-appelte ingaqinisekisa, ibuyisela umva, okanye iphinde ilungise ityala. Kwinkundla yequmrhu lephondo, izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili ziya kwiiNkundla zezibheno, yaye ekugqibeleni zinikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwenkqubo ye-Ellateptic. [[FFLT:2]

Enye iNkxaso

Asizizo zonke iimpikiswano zamakhaya ezimele ziphele kwityala. Iinkundla zikhuthaza ngamandla impikiswano echaseneyo nesigqibo somthetho iindlela zokunciphisa ukulayishwa kwetyala kunye neendleko. Iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ze-ADR yi:

  • Uququzelelo: Iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba linceda amaqela ukuba afumane indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ukuququzelela akunyanzelisi ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sityikityikiswe.
  • I-Arbitation: Isihlanganisi sobundilele siva ubungqina kwaye sinikezela ngesidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. Izivumelwano ezininzi zorhwebo ziquka izivakalisi ezinyanzelekileyo zokwahlula.
  • [[NTL: 0] Uvavanyo lwe-Jury kunye Preeutality instification zezinye iindlela ze-ADR ezisetyenziswayo kwezinye iindawo.

Iinkundla zisoloko zinemithetho yasekuhlaleni efuna amaqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwi ADR phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. [[FLT: 0] Icandelo leMelika Bar Association elikwiSigqibo seDispute [[[FLT: 1] linika ukhokelo oluthe vetshe.

Iindima Zabathabathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani owenza oko kukwimeko yasekuhlaleni kubalulekile. Inxaxheba nganye inemisebenzi neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo.

Upoltiff

Ummangali uqala ityala aze athwale ubungqina. Kufuneka achaze imbono esengqiqweni, abeke ityala ngetyala, aze athobele ixesha elimiselweyo. Umntu othe tye usenokuba ngumntu, ishishini, okanye iqumrhu likarhulumente. Kwizenzo zeklasi, ummangaleli umela iqela labantu abakwindawo efanayo (obekelwe ityala phantsi koMthetho 23).

I-Iatlebar

Ummangalelwa uphendula kwisikhalazo aze akhusele izikhalazo. Ummangalelwa angazisa ii-claims okanye icandelo lesithathu lengxelo (umthetheli-mkhosi). Izigqibo zeqhinga ````ukuphendula okanye ukunduluka'' ukulahla/ukulungisa uphengululo lonke.' Ummangalelwa oye wasilela ukuphendula angajongana nomgwebo ongagqibekanga.

Umgwebi

Ijaji iyawongamela umcimbi, ilawula kwizenzo, ijonge ityala, iqinisekisa ukuba lichaziwe kakuhle. Kumatyala ebhentshi, ijaji ikwagqiba izibakala. Abagwebi banobuchule obuphawulekayo ekucwangcisweni kwetyala nasekulawuleni amatyala, kwaye basenokumisela izigwebo kwihambo evakalala. Abagwebi boManyane bamiselwa ubomi, ngoxa abagwebi besizwe benokunyulwa okanye bamiselwe.

Iiattorney

Ii-attorney zimela amatheko. Imisebenzi yazo iquka ukuphanda izibakala, ukubongoza, ukwenza izingxungxo, ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukuxoxa ngeendawo zokuhlala, nokuphikisana ekuvavanyeni. Iimfanelo ze-Intelligist Respoints phantsi kweModel of Professional Pavel zifuna amagqwetha asebenze ngokufanelekileyo, anxibelelane nabaxhasi, kwaye aphephe iingxabano zenzala. Igqwetha elinobuchule lingenza umahluko phakathi koloyiso nakoyiswa.

Jury

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala basebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso. Abachopheli-tyala bayabuphulaphula ubungqina, bafumana imiyalelo yomthetho evela kumgwebi, yaye ngabom bafumane isigqibo. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lenkundla yetyala likarhulumente liqinisekiswe ngeSimi sokuHlalisa Isambatho seSesixhenxe sesuti kumthetho oqhelekileyo apho ityala lempikiswano lingaphezulu kwama-2020.

Abanye Abathabathi-nxaxheba

[[FLT: 0] Oomabhalana bobungcali baphatha iifasti needokisi; intatheli zomboni zesikhululo yenza iirekhodiskripthi; [ amangqina ochwepheshe anika ulwazi olukhethekileyo; kunye namagwegwe [ anceda amagqwetha ngophando nolawulo loxwebhu.

Inkcazo Ebalulekileyo

Phambi kokumisa ityala, inkundla ecacileyo kufuneka igqibe ukuba inkundla ekhethiweyo inegunya elipheleleyo elipheleleyo [[FLT:] kunye no ulawulo lwangasese [ kuMmangalelwa. Igunya lenkundla elibhekiselele kwigunya lenkundla elipheleleyo lithetha amandla enkundla okuva uhlobo lwetyala (umz., iinkundla zelizwe zimise ulawulo phantsi kwemithetho III, kuquka ulawulo lwemiba ephantsi kwe-U.C. . . . . . . .[5]] [5]]]

Ukucingisisa Ngezinto Ezifanelekileyo

Imithetho iquka nangaphezulu kwendlela yokuziphatha yamagqwetha. Abalawuli kufuneka bathobele imithetho yembopheleleko yobugcisa, baphephe iintelekelelo ezingekho ngqiqweni (Izigwebo ezili-11), baze bagcine imfihlo yabaxhasi. Ukuxilolonga ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwekhompyutha `njengendawo yokuzibekela amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo okanye ukuphepha iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo/ukukhokelela kwisigwebo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kwexabiso leengcinezelo zamaqela ukuze ahlale, kwanokuba bakholelwa ukuba aya kuphumelela ekuvavanyweni. Ukuqonda inkqubo yamakhaya kuyawagunyazisa amaqela namagqwetha ukwenza izigqibo ezithenjiweyo ngolwazi, ukubuyisana nokuvavanywa.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yamakhaya lizikhundla eziphambili zomthetho. Ngokulawula amacandelo angaphambili ngokuncedwa, ukufunyanwa, ukuqukunjelwa, ukuvavanywa, kunye nesibheno, ``iimfefesthri''', ubuchule, kunye nokulunga okuchaza izindululo zenkqubo yokusesikweni. Isiseko esimiswe yiFederal Pages of Civil Procedure kwaye simisela ukuba iingxabano ziconjululwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, enolungelelwaniso. Ngoxa indlela yeprocedatura inokuba neyona nto inzima, yenziwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamaqela onke nokuxhasa umthetho. Nabani na ofunda umthetho okanye osebenzayo kwimisebenzi esemthethweni, ukuqonda okunzulu kwenkqubo yoluntu akunyanzelekanga kulungile.