Table of Contents

Unyulo lusebenza njengesiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, ngokusisiseko ekwakheni indlela oorhulumente abakhula ngayo, abasebenzisa ngayo, kunye nokulungisa iinkqubo zokulawula uluntu. Ulwalamano phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo neenkqubo zikarhulumente luntsonkothile kwaye luneentlobo ezininzi, lubandakanya imiqathango engqalileyo, izinto eziphambili zemithetho, iinkqubo zolawulo-mthetho, iinkqubo zokuphendula uwonke wonke, kunye nokudibanisa okuqhubekayo phakathi kokhetho lovoti nokwenza izigqibo zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lunempembelelo luyimfuneko kubemi, abenzi benkqubo yedemokhrasi, kunye naye nawuphi na umntu onomdla kwindlela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi eziguqulela phambili ngayo inkqubo yolawulo oluqhelekileyo luza kusetyenziswa kwisenzo esiqhelekileyo sikarhulumente.

Isiseko Sempembelelo Ephakamileyo Kumgaqo - siseko

Unyulo lunikezela ngonxulumano phakathi kokhetho lwabemi kunye nenkqubo karhulumente, ludala indlela esisiseko apho uluntu lwedemokhrasi luzilawula khona. Olu qhagamshelwano lusebenza kwimijelo emininzi, nganye ifak' isandla kwindlela iziphumo zonyulo ezithi ekugqibeleni zilungise ngayo iinkqubo nemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Abavoteli bangaphembelela inkqubo ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: abakhuphiswano bezobupolitika banezikhuthazo ezikhuphisanayo zokwamkela izikhundla ezibonisa iinketho zonyulo kuba ukwenjenjalo kunyusa amathuba abaza kuwaphumelela kunyulo. Oku kwenza oko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuba "affect" indlela, apho abezobupolitika baguqula iindawo zabo ukubhenela kwivoti. Okanye, abavoti basoloko bechasa inkqubo yemiyalelo ngokukhetha inkokeli phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba, abasenokuba ngamnye sele egqibele kwinkqubo ethile ethile esekelwe kwezinye izizathu, uvoti u-ccoffain angasuka nje afake kwiinkqubo zokhetho.

Umahluko phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini `nokuba uvoti "affect" okanye "ukhetho" iinkqubo-zomthetho/ezinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokuqonda umelo lwedemokhrasi. Kwenye imbono, abavoti bangachaphazela ukhetho lwenkqubo yabavoti: ukhuphiswano lwabavoti bezobupolitika ababhenela kwinkangeleko, kwaye unyulo lunesiphumo sokuzisa umlinganiselo othile wenkqubo elalanyathisiweyo. Le mbono icebisa ukuba ukhuphiswano lokhetho ngokwalo lulungeleleneyo kwizikhundla eziphezulu kwaye lukhuthaza ulwakhiwo.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yangaphambili

Enye yeengcamango ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene nonyulo kwinkqubo karhulumente kukugunyaziswa ngokhetho. Iinkqubo zonyulo zidluliselwa ngonyulo, apho abavoti bakhetha amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabavoti abasekelwe kwimithetho yabo ekhethelweyo, kwaye iziphumo zonyulo zitolikwa ukufumanisa ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo exhaswa ngokubanzi.

Into Ebangela Ukuba Kubekho Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Xa abavoti belixhasa ngokugqithisileyo iqela elithile okanye umvoti kunyulo, kusenokuchazwa njengonxibelelwano oluvela kubavoti ukuba banqwenele ukuba iqonga elinxulumene nezopolitiko liphunyezwe, kuvezwe umyalelo weqonga. Noko ke, amandla nokucaca kwemiyalelo kungahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Urhulumente omninzi unika ugunyaziso olucacileyo, lo gama intlupheko okanye urhulumente odibanisayo ecebisa ukuba kunikwe imvume encinane, efuna ulalaniso olungakumbi phakathi kwamaqela .(iiqela elinamandla) likhululekile ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithandwayo ngokuqonda ukuba zixhaswa ngabantu. Lo mahluko uneziphumo ezinzulu zokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, njengoko oorhulumente abachananga kakhulu xa belandela iingcinga zabo.

Igunya linika imiyalelo enzulu echaphazela kakhulu ukwenza inkqubo ngokunika iinkokeli igunya lokucombulula amaphulo aphakathi, kunye nogunyaziso olunamandla lokukhuthaza ulawulo ukuba lucebise iinguqu ezikhoyo kungakhathaliseki inkcaso. Oku kugunyazisa kuba bubuvimba obalulekileyo wezopolitiko obunokusetyenziswa ngamagosa anyuliweyo xa ejamelene nenkcaso okanye ezama ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo ephikisayo.

Ixesha Lenyuki Nelokudambisa Amandla

Uninzi loomongameli luphumeza olona sukelo lwalo lubalulekileyo kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala yesikhundla ngeli xesha ugunyaziso lwabo lusandul' ukuhla ``lixesha'' kwaye impumelelo yomongameli iyehla njengoko ibinzana liqhubeka, ngokwenxenye njengoko umongameli eqhubeka ukusuka kwigunya lakhe lokuqala. Lo mlinganiso wegunya lonyulo ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kwexesha ekuphunyezweni kwemithetho.

Ixesha lasemva komtshato limele iwindow enzima xa amagosa asandul' ukunyulwa enandipha ikomkhulu lezobupolitika kunye nokuthand ’ iziqu zoluntu. Ngeli xesha, oorhulumente banokusukela imiba yezobugxwayiba enokuba nempumelelo engakumbi. Njengoko ixesha lihamba kwaye unyulo olulandelayo lusondela, amandla ogunyaziso asenokuncipha, ingakumbi ukuba uluvo lukawonke-wonke okanye ukuba urhulumente ujongene neengxaki ekuzalisekiseni iinkqubo zakhe ezithenjisiweyo.

Indlela Ukhetho Lomgaqo-nkqubo Wedrive

Impembelelo yonyulo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ibonakala ngeendlela eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inendima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni iziphumo zonyulo kwimiqathango eyinyaniso.

Ukukhethwa kokhokelo nomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukwenziwa koxwebhu lukarhulumente kuphembelela iinkqubo zokwenene, kwaye oorhulumente abangakumbi abakhohlo abahlalisanayo kufuneka baphumeze iinkqubo ezithe tye ezithe tye, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Lo mgaqo usisiseko ubonisa ukuba umba wonyulo awungongomfuziselo kodwa ungowona uphantsi kwemibutho efumana amandla uzisa kunye nayo indlela eyahlukileyo yenkqubo ebumba iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunqamleze onke amacandelo.

Impembelelo yokhetho lwemithetho elawulayo, emva koko ephembelela iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo ngenxa yokuba amaqela akulungeleyo kwaye akwazi ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithenjisiweyo. Oku kwenza itsheyina elithe ngqo letsheyina elisuka kwizinto ezikhethwayo zovoti ngeziphumo zokoqobo kuzalisekiso lwenkqubo yokwenene, nangona amandla olu nxibelelwano esenokuyahluka ngokusekelwe kwizithintelo zezibonelelo kunye neemeko zezobupolitika.

Imiphumo Ebangela Ukukhetha

Ithuba lokubaleka ukuze kuphinde kukhethwe linika intshukumisa ebalulekileyo yokuba abalawuli abakwizikhundla ze-U.S. benze iziphumo zokuqeqesha eziphucula inkqubo yenkqubo nge-4,9 ekhulwini. Oku kufunyaniswa kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yempembelelo kukhetho lonyulo kungekhona kuphela ngokhokelo kodwa nangokudala iingcinezelo eziqhubekayo ezilawula indlela amagosa aziphatha ngayo ngoxa eseofisini.

Abenzi bomthetho belizwe basebenza ngokubonakalayo xa kufuneka basebenzele unyulo kwakhona. Xa bengenako ngenxa yemida yexesha, kwaye ekubeni abamisi-mthetho bakarhulumente bebonakala bekhathalela unyulo kwakhona, abavoti bangakwazi ukuphembelela inkqubo ngokuyila uxinzelelo oluthe kratya kubenzi bomthetho abafuna ukuphinda bakhethe. Oku kubonisa ukuba ithemba lokujongana nabavoti kwakhona likhuthaza amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba ahlale esabela kwiimfuno ze-Contents nokhetho.

Unyulo lukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili jikelele ekusabeleni ngokusondeleyo, ngokuhambelana nemizekelo emininzi yedemokhrasi yabameli, kunye nonyulo lubangela imijikelo ekungeneleni: abasebenzi balwandisa imigudu yabo njengoko kufikelelwa kunyulo, becebisa umgudu owenyuliweyo wokubonakalisa ubuchule babo bokuvota ngaphambi nje kokuba bakhokelwe. Le migaqo yenkcazo ibonisa ukuba ixesha lokhetho ngokwalo linguthunywa wenkqubo nolwamkelo lukarhulumente.

Iziphumo Zokhetho Kwinkqubo Ye-Electoral

Ngapha koko kuqeqeshwa kukuziphatha okulukileyo, unyulo lukwavelisa iziphumo zokukhetha eziphembelela inkqubo. Abalawuli abanyuliweyo balungelelaniswa kakhulu nabavoti kunabalawuli abangakhethwanga, ithetha ukuba unyulo lubangela iziphumo zokukhetha eziphucula inkqubo nge 2.9 ekhulwini. Oku kucebisa ukuba ukuphendula ngokhetho kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa ahlala enegunya ngabo baneenkqubo ezikhethelwe ngcono ezihambelana nezawo.

Iinguqulelo zoMthetho emva konyulo

Xa ukhokelo olutsha luthatha isikhundla emva konyulo, amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho adla ngokutshintsha kakhulu kwezona zinto ziphambili nemisebenzi. Ezi nguqu zichaphazela umgangatho, inkxaso-mali nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ukuguqulela iElectoral Platforms kwimithetho

Usebenzisa iziphumo ezizinzileyo kuvukelo lwe-Poisson kwimiqathango yonyulo nemithetho ephambili yamaJamani kwixesha elingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka (19983-2016), abaphandi bagqiba kwelokuba iinkqubo zibonisa ezona zinto ziphambili ezikhethiweyo kumlinganiselo omkhulu kunalowo uvunywe yingcaciso. Obu bungqina bemiqathango bubonisa ukuba imigangatho yephulo kunye nezithembiso zonyulo ziguqulela kwisenzo somthetho sokwenene, nangona iqondo loguqulelo lomahluko osekelwe kwimiba emininzi.

Ulwando lwesihlanu ekhulwini kwinkxalabo kulawulo lwamaqela lunxulunyaniswa nomlinganiselo wemithetho eyongezelelekileyo esixhenxe phezu kwegama, kwaye ngokulula, le miphumela idlulela ngaphaya kwele idla ngokufunyanwa xa kuphengululwa abathinteli benkqubo. Ezi zinto zifunyenweyo zinika ubungqina obuseko kubungqina bokuba iqonga elinyuliweyo elinobucebisi obunentsingiselo yemimiselo kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.

Izinto eziza Kuqala Kuqingqo-mali Nenkxaso yenkqubo

Unyulo luphembelela kungekuphela nje ukuba yiyiphi iinkqubo ezifumana ingqalelo kodwa nendlela oovimba bakarhulumente ababelwa ngayo. Abaphathi abatsha basoloko bethumela imali kwiinkqubo ezihambelana nezithembiso zabo zephulo kwaye kude namanyathelo anxulumene noorhulumente abangaphambili. Oku kuthatyathwa koovimba kumela enye yezona ndlela zibonakalayo zokukhetha ezichaphazela iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Unyango, imfundo, iinkonzo zentlalo, izibonelelo, kunye nokuzikhusela ekuchitheni konke oku kuxhomekeka kwiziphumo zonyulo. Xa amaqela aneembono ezahlukeneyo esebenzisa amandla, izinto eziphambili zoqingqo-mali zitshintshile ngokufanelekileyo. Oorhulumente abahambela phambili bandisa inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo zoluntu neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ngoxa abalawuli abathe ngxi besenokubeka phambili ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokuzikhusela, okanye amanyathelo amacandelo obuqu.

Iinguqu zolawulo nolawulo

Ngaphandle komthetho noqingqo-mali, unyulo luphembelela ukulawulwa kwemekobume kunye nezinto eziphambili zolawulo lwamaziko karhulumente. Ukhokelo olutsha ludla ngokuzisa iinguqu kwindlela imithetho ekhoyo enyanzeliswa ngayo, yiyiphi imithetho efumana ingqalelo ephambili, nendlela abasemagunyeni abawuchaza ngayo umyalelo wabo. Olu tshintsho lungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo nangaphandle komthetho omtsha.

Indima Yeembono Zasekuhlaleni Ekulahlekiseni Umgaqo - siseko

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lusebenza njengentsebenziswano yeziphumo zonyulo kunye nempembelelo eqhubekayo kwizigqibo zomthetho phakathi konyulo. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela unyulo oluyiyo ekugqibeleni kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ukuphenjelelwa Kwempikiswano Nobungqina Boburhulumente

Imikhosi engene kurhulumente idla ngokukwazi ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithandwayo ukuba abaxhasi benkqubo batshintshela amavoti abo kula maqela, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ukuvota kungakhokelela ekusabeleni korhulumente logama nje inganyanzelisi amaqela ukuba angavumelani nezikhundla zawo zangaphambili. Oku kufumana kubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokwenza ukhetho olusekelwe kwimibandela ethile yemigaqo esekelwe kukunyaniseka kweqela okanye kubuntu bomvoti.

Ingcaciso ephambili yokusabela kwemigaqo yezomthetho kukuba abemi balapho bavote amaqela asabelana ngokhetho lomthetho wawo, nabo oorhulumente, bamela ezo zinto zikhethwayo, boyika ukuba, ukuba bayasilela ukwenjenjalo, abemi baya kubaqeqesha ngexesha lonyulo olulandelayo. Oku kubangela intsalela eqhubekayo apho ithemba lonyulo lulawula izigqibo zale nkqubo.

Ulwimi Lwezixhobo Zokuthengisa Amazwe Namajelo Omthetho

Ngokwendlela yokulungisa imicimbi yezobupolitika, amaqela alungelelanisa iinkqubo zawo zenkqubo kunye noorhulumente batshintsha inkqubo yabo ukuze balungelelanise iinkqubo zabo kunye nezoluntu, ukuze bandise isabelo sabo sokuvota, kwaye amaqela adibane nomvoti-manyeneyo kwaye oorhulumente bamkele iqondo elifanelekileyo lerhafu kunye neendleko zikarhulumente ukunyusa ukusondelana kwawo nalowo uvoti. Le ngcamango icebisa ukuba ukhuphiswano lweziko lokhetho luqhubele phambili ngokuzenzekelayo kwimiqathango yoluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke.

Ngoko, inyaniso idla ngokuba ntsonkothile kunemizekelo elula yabavoti bomgcini-ndaba icebisa. Ukukhetha ubuchule kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu kumaqela kuba iinketho zabavoti ziye zaya zisiba zizinto ezininzi ngexesha imikhosi efana nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ngokungqinelana nokunyanzela imenu ekhoyo yenkqubo. Abavoti bale mihla babamba izinto ezikhetheke ngokwahlukeneyo nangezinye eziphikisanayo kwiimo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngoorhulumente ukwanelisa zonke iinkcubeko ngexesha elinye.

Iimbono Zoluntu Njengemiqathango Engqongqo

Uphando luyavuma ukuba oorhulumente bayasabela ngokwenene, nangona ukungalingani kwiinkalo ezifana nengeniso kuqhubeka, kwaye oko oorhulumente bakuzalisekisayo ngokwenene kuphenjelelwa luluvo lukawonke-wonke. Oku kusabela kusebenza njengethuba kunye negunya elilawulayo.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo, lubangele imingeni kubenzi benkqubo. Inkqubo efumana inkxaso eqinileyo ekuqaleni kolawulo isenokungathandwa xa iimeko zitshintsha okanye njengoko ukuphunyezwa kutyhila iziphumo ezingabonwa kwangaphambili. Olu phawu lunamandla luthetha ukuba imiyalelo yonyulo ingaphela ngokuhamba kwexesha, ithintele amandla oorhulumente okulandela ucwangciso lwabo olupheleleyo lwenkqubo.

Iimpembelelo Ezinempembelelo Engalawulekiyo

Ngoxa unyulo luyiphembelela ngokucacileyo inkqubo neenkqubo zikarhulumente, oothunywashe abahlukeneyo banokuyilinganisela okanye bayibeke ngomlinganiselo ophakathi le mpembelelo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunika uluvo olupheleleyo lonxulumano phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo.

Ukungalungelelani kweziko nokwakhiwa

Abaphengululi abathe ngqo bacinga ukuba imiqobo (ethe tyaba nethe nkqo) yeenkqubo, imiqathango yoqingqo-mali kunye nokuncitshiswa kwempembelelo yezopolitiko, kodwa ubungqina obudidayo bokufuna le ngcamango ibalulekileyo buhlala bunqabile. Le miqathango iquka imiqathango esisiseko, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ulawulo, uhlalutyo lwezomthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo okunokuthi kuthintele ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yokukhetha.

Abaphandi baqinisekisa iziphumo ezinyanzelisayo zokwenziwa kweYurophu, ukuncitshiswa koqingqo-mali, ukungavumelani komgangatho woqingqo-mali, nokuthandwa kwegunya eliphezulu. Oku kufunyaniswe kuko kubonisa ukuba kwanaxa oorhulumente benezigunyaziso ezicacileyo, izithintelo eziluncedo zinokulinganisela amandla abo okuzalisekisa imigaqo ethenjisiweyo. Iindleko zoqingqo-mali, iimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe, ezopolitiko, kunye nokuhla kwenkxaso yoluntu zonke ezidala imiqobo ekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo.

Oorhulumente abanobudlelane nokulalanisa

Kwimeko karhulumente olungelelanisiweyo, akukho qela linye elinogunyaziso oluqhelekileyo, njengoko iqela ngalinye lalixhaswa yindawo engaphantsi kwesiqingatha sabavoti. Oorhulumente bezentengiselwano, abaxhaphakileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, bafuna ulalanisa kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwamaqela anemigangatho eyahlukeneyo nezinto eziphambili. Oku kuyimfuneko ukulalanisa kunokuphelisa okanye kuguqule imiyalelo yokukhetha, njengoko kungekho qela linye linokuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwalo ngaphandle kokuxhasa amaqabane ahlangeneyo.

Inkqubo ayihambelani neqonga leqela elilawulayo, njengokuba kusenokufuneka ukuba kuxoxwe namanye amaqela okanye ngenye indlela imilinganiselo yamandla ayo okuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithile. Oku kuthetha ukuba abavoti kwiinkqubo ezisebenzisanayo banokufumanisa kunzima ukuxela kwangaphambili ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo eza kwenziwa ekugqibeleni, njengokuba uthethwano lonyuselo lwasemva kombutho lungaguqula ngokuphawulekayo ummandla wenkqubo.

Indima Yamaqela Anomdla Nokuqhatha

Unyulo asilondlela yodwa apho inkqubo iphenjelelwayo. Amaqela anomdla, abaququzeleli, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ngamanye amaxesha ngeendlela ezisuka kwimiyalelo yonyulo. La maqela asebenza ngokuqhubekayo phakathi konyulo ukuphembelela inkqubo, enokuthi ikhuphise okanye iguqule indlela yenkqubo eboniswa yiziphumo zonyulo.

Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo phakathi kwemiqathango yonyulo kunye nempembelelo yeqela lenzala kubalulekile kumfanekiso opheleleyo wokwenziwa kwenkqubo. Ngeli xesha unyulo lunika umgaqo-nkqubo wedemokhrasi kunye nemigaqo ebanzi, amaqela enzala asoloko ebumba iinkcukacha zokuzalisekisa inkqubo ngolwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuncwane, kunye nokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo nabenzi benkqubo.

Iindidi Ezahlukileyo Zonyulo Nempembelelo Yenkqubo Yazo

Asilulo lonke unyulo olunempembelelo efanayo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Uhlobo lonyulo, umgangatho karhulumente, kunye nenkqubo yonyulo ekhethekileyo zonke zichaphazela indlela iziphumo zonyulo eziguqulela ngayo kwiinkqubo.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

Iinkqubo zomongameli, apho umphathi okhethwe ngokwahlukileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enza izinto ezahlukeneyo kuneenkqubo zepalamente, apho umphathi olawulayo ephuma kuninzi lwemithetho. Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, urhulumente ohluleleneyo./ apho amaqela ahlukeneyo alawula amasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho , angenza utshintsho lwenkqubo. Kwimigaqo-siseko, ukudityaniswa kwegunya lolawulo nemithetho kuvumela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-siseko xa iqela okanye umbutho uthelelaneno uninzi olucacileyo.

Ukhetho lwesizwe, loburhulumente, noloLonke

Urhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lunokuba nempembelelo enkulu kubomi bethu kunonyulo lwesizwe kwimimandla emininzi. Imfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, indawo yokuhlala, izibonelelo zengingqi, kunye neenkonzo ezininzi zoluntu zilawulwa ngokuyintloko kwimigangatho karhulumente neyoluntu. Unyulo kula manqanaba lumisela ngqo iinkqubo ezichaphazela amava emihla ngemihla abemi, ukusuka kumgangatho wesikolo ukuya kumgangatho werhafu yasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente baza kwenza indima enkulu ekulathiseni inkqubo yokwenene emhlabeni, kwaye iimbambano ezininzi ezibaluleke kakhulu nezineengxwabangxwaba kwiipolitiki zaseMelika zilawulwa ngokugqibeleleyo yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, kuquka ulawulo lwezifo ezimandundu, ukunyamekela impilo, imfundo, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nokuqhomfa. Oku kubekwa ngokwesidima kwegunya lenkqubo kuthetha ukuba urhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lunokuba nempembelelo enzulu kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, maxa wambi lungaphezulu kwempembelelo yonyulo lwesizwe.

Unyulo lweminyaka ephakathi kunye noluphelileyo

Unyulo lwemiba yexeshana, olubanjwe phakathi konyulo lomongameli, lusoloko lusebenza njengezinyusi kumsebenzi wolawulo oluluxanduva kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Olu nyulo lungaguqula ulawulo lwemithetho, lunyanzele oorhulumente ukuba balungise inkqubo yabo yokufikelela okanye bajongene neqhina le-projekthi. Kule nyaka karhulumente kunye nemigangatho yasekuhlaleni ngokufanayo lunika amathuba okubonisa imvume okanye ukungavunywa kwemigaqo ekhoyo, okunokwenzeka ukuxhobisa utshintsho lwenkqubo.

Izithembiso zephulo nokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ulwalamano phakathi koko kuthenjiswa ngabo bathenjiswayo ebudeni bamaphulo noko oorhulumente bakuzalisekisayo ngokwenene emva konyulo luntsonkothile yaye lwahluka gqitha kwiinkqubo neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zobupolitika.

Imali yokuzalisekisa idinga

Uphando oluphathelele ukuzaliseka kwezithembiso lubonisa ukuba oorhulumente bazalisekisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezithembiso zabo, nangona amanani ahlukeneyo. Iimeko ezichaphazela ukuzaliseka okuquka amandla ogunyaziso lonyulo, izithintelo, iimeko zezoqoqosho, iziganeko ezingalindelekanga, kunye nokuzichaza kwezithembiso ezithe ngqo. Iirhulumente ezinegunya elinamandla nolawulo olumanyeneyo lwamaziko karhulumente ziphumeza iipesenti eziphezulu zezifungo zazo.

Amagosa aqatshelweyo athi agunyaziswe ngokusekelwe kwimiqathango yawo ecacileyo kunye nokuqonda kokhetho kwezo zibopho ebudeni bephulo lonyulo, kunye nale nguqulelo yogunyaziso igxininisa inkqubo kunye nezithembiso kunokuba abonise ukhokelo oluphantsi okanye iziphumo ezikhethekileyo zonyulo. Le mizekelo yecandelo elinoxanduva lolawulo-moya igqiba kwelokuba amaqela agqibe izibophelelo ezicacileyo, abavoti bakhethe ngokusekelwe kwezo zibophelelo, baze baphumelele amaqela aphumeze aphumeze imigaqo yawo ethenjisiweyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuchaza Ubungqina Obuchanileyo

Izithembiso zephulo ziyahluka kakhulu ngokwendlela ezichazwe ngayo, ukusuka kwiinjongo ezingacacanga zokunqwenela ukuya kwiingcebiso ezineenkcukacha zenkqubo. Kulula ukuqwalasela izithembiso ezizizo ukuzalisekisa kodwa kusenokuba nzima ukuzalisekisa kanye njengoko kuthenjisiwe. Izithembiso ze-Vague zinika ubuchule obungakumbi kodwa zikwenza kube nzima kubavoti ukuba baphendule oorhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwemimiselo yemimiselo kudla ngokushiya indawo yokutolika – kwaye ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuphumele ekucwangcisweni kwesicelo esiye saxutyushwa salungiswa. Oku kuthetha ukuba naxa oorhulumente bezama ukuzalisekisa izithembiso zabo, imigaqo yokugqibela ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo koko kwakucetyiwe ekuqaleni ebudeni bephulo.

Ufundo lwetyala: Unyulo Luguqula Iinkqubo zikaRhulumente

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo engqalileyo yembali kubonisa indlela unyulo oluye lwabangela ngayo utshintsho oluphambili kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente.

IA New Deal Neectoral Date

U-Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Developt uphando lwe-1930 lwabonisa "ulwando olukhawulezileyo lukarhulumente" abaninzi abalubona njengoluxhaswa lukholoseko lukawonke-wonke ngexesha lengxaki yezoqoqosho, kunye nogunyaziso olunamandla lonyulo olunamandla lwe-Roosevelt ukusukela imigaqo yokuguqula. Uloyiso lwe-Roosevelt olunamandla olunyuliweyo ngo1912, ngexesha lobunzulu boxinzelelo oluKhulu, lwanika ugunyaziso olucacileyo kurhulumente lokuthetha ukuwa kwezoqoqosho.

INew Debate ngokusisiseko yaguqula indima karhulumente wengingqi kubomi baseMerika, idala iinkqubo ezifana noKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, imiqathango yeebhanki, kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Olu tshintsho lubonisa indlela igunya elinamandla lonyulo, lidityaniswe ngayo neemeko zamanqam kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika, elinako ukwenza utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo olubangela ulwalamano lukarhulumente noluntu.

Ukunyamekela Impilo Nokutshintsha Kwezobupolitika

Inkqubo yololongo lwempilo inika omnye umzekelo onyanzelisayo wendlela unyulo oluphembelela ngayo iinkqubo zikarhulumente zonyulo. Ukudlula koMthetho weNdlela yokuLawula eBalulekileyo ngo-2010 kwalandela iimpumelelo zeDemocraticocratic olweyisekileyo zolawulo lwezibonelelo zobuPhondo kunye nezindlu zombini zeBhunga. Unyulo lwamaRiphabliki olandelayo oluthi lwaqhutywa ngokwengxenye luchasene nomthetho wezonyango, kwabonisa indlela iziphumo zonyulo ezinokuthi zozibini zikwazi ngayo ukukwazi nokunyanzela inyathelo eliphambili lenkqubo.

Lo mzekelo ubonisa impembelelo eqhubekayo kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngezantsi kwenkqubo ewiswe emva konyulo olunye lungajongana nokulungiswa okanye ukuzama ukuphinda unyulo olulandelayo ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuxhaswa kwemigaqo kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kwimiyalelo yokuqala kodwa nakwinkxaso kawonke-wonke eqhubekayo kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo zonyulo.

Ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo womgangatho karhulumente

Unyulo lwezonyulo lwesizwe luye lwaqhubela phambili uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo kwimimandla esukela kukhuseleko lwemekobume ukuya kutshintsho lomthetho ohlaziyiweyo ukuya kugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni. Ama-United States asoloko esebenza njenge-"amaziko edemokhrasi," eneziphumo zonyulo kumgangatho karhulumente ovumela uvavanyo lwenkqubo enokuthi kamva isasazeke kwamanye amazwe okanye impembelelo yesizwe. Le mizekelo yomgangatho karhulumente ibonisa ukuba impembelelo yonyulo-mthetho isebenza kwimigangatho emininzi karhulumente ngexesha elinye.

Amanyathelo ebhola kunye nolawulo-lawulo-melo Oluthe Ngqo

Ukongeza kubameli abanyuliweyo abasenza izigqibo zenkqubo, amagunya amaninzi avumela abavoti ukuba bagqibe ngqo imibuzo yenkqubo ngemilinganiso ye-colletator, amasebe, kunye namanyathelo aphambili. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi lunika enye indlela apho iinkqubo zonyulo ziphembelela khona iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ubungakanani Bemilinganiselo Yebhola

AmaMerika kumazwe angama-41 kumazwe angama-41 aya kuba kukuvota kumanyathelo amalunga ne- 160 eenkqubo zorhulumente ngokubanzi, kuquka amanyathelo abandakanya ukukhutshwa komqhophotho, kunye namanye amanyathelo okuvota aya kubonakalisa ngoNovemba abandakanya lawo abhekisele kubemi, iinkqubo zonyulo, imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yobupolisa, irhafu, imivuzo, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yemithetho engqalileyo enxulumene nemigaqo-nkqubo yezopolitiko.

Idemokhrasi engqalileyo idlula ngokupheleleyo kwimbambano yogunyaziso njengoko ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe iinkqubo ngqo. Le nkqubo inika olona qhagamshelwano lungqalileyo phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, nangona iphakamisa imibuzo ngendima yokucalucalula, ubuchule, namalungelo amancinane ekwenzeni inkqubo.

Iingenelo Nemilinganiselo Yolawulo - melo Oluthe Tye

Amanyathelo ebhola anika iingenelo ezininzi: anika izindululo ezicacileyo kwimibandela ethile, ukwandisa umvoti, kwaye avumela abemi ukuba bawayeke amanyathelo omthetho angenanto okanye izigqibo ezingathandwayo. Noko ke, banayo imida: imiba enzima yenkqubo isenokunyuswa kakhulu, amaphulo aqhutywe kakuhle angaphembelela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, kwaye ulawulo oluninzi ngemilinganiselo yokuvota lungasongela amalungelo amancinane.

Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo yokukhetha kwiminyaka yakutshanje kubonisa ukuba omabini aqhubeka ekhula enqwenela impembelelo engqalileyo yenkqubo kunye nokunxunguphala kwamaziko abameli. Le meko ineziphumo ezibalulekileyo ngendlela ezibumba ngayo iinkqubo zikarhulumente zonyulo, njengoko idala indlela eyongezelelekileyo apho iziphumo zonyulo zimisa inkqubo ngqo.

Umjikelo Nomgaqo - siseko

Ixesha lokumiswa kwenkqubo elinxulumene nomjikelo wonyulo lichaphazela kakhulu amathuba okuzalisekisa kunye nohlobo lwemigaqo-nkqubo ephunyeziweyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo zexesha elifutshane kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iinkqubo zonyulo zikarhulumente eziphembelela ngayo

Iifestile Zenkqubo Yexesha Lokuqala

Njengoko bekuchaziwe ngaphambili, oorhulumente abasandul' ukunyulwa banandipha ixesha langaphambi komtshato xa ulawulo lwabo lunamandla yaye ikomkhulu labo lezobupolitika liphezulu. Oku kubangela ithuba lokusukela imigaqo yebhongo okanye yempikiswano. Oorhulumente abasilelayo ukuthabatha inyathelo elipheleleyo ebudeni beli xesha basenokukufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwabo njengoko unyulo olulandelayo lusondela kunye nokukhutshwa kwenkcaso yezobupolitika.

Uphando olungaphambili olubhekiselwe kwamanye amazwe luphawule ukuphunyezwa kogunyaziso kunyaka wonyulo, onokuthi ngokwenxenye ubonise amandla oorhulumente okwenza iinkqubo ezinamandla kwixesha langaphambi komtshato wesibini. Lo mlinganiselo ubonakala kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika kwaye ucebisa ukuba ixesha lenkqubo yezohlolo lixhomekeke kwimibandela elingana nokuqulethwe yimiyalelo yonyulo.

Uhlenga-hlengiso lomgaqo-nkqubo woKhetho lwangaphambili

Njengoko kufikelelwa kukhetho, oorhulumente basoloko belungisa iinkqubo zabo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala ukuze babhenele kubavoti. Oku kungakhokelela ekunyuseni ukuchithwa kweenkqubo ezidumileyo, ukukhawulezisa inyathelo elithenjiweyo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo engathandwayo kodwa eyimfuneko. Ngelixesha ukusabela kwiingcinezelo zonyuselo kunokubonwa njengoxanduva lwedemokhrasi emsebenzini, kwakhona kunokukhokelela ekucingeni okufutshane kunye nokhetho lwenkqubo olubeka phambili impumelelo yokhetho kumsebenzi wexesha elide.

Ukuzimela okuziintloko-nkqubo zempembelelo yonyulo kubangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokulawula okusebenzayo. Kwesinye isandla, unyulo oluthe rhoqo luqinisekisa ukuphendula okuqhubekayo nokusabela ekutshintsheni izinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke. Kwelinye icala, uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lokhetho oluzayo lungathintela oorhulumente ekulandeleni iinkqubo ezineengenelo zexesha elide kodwa iindleko zexesha elifutshane.

Iziphumo zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Umgangatho kunye nokwenziwa kovoti kuchaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo zonyulo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo ezilandelwa ngurhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo zinamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iinkqubo zonyulo zikarhulumente ezibumba ngayo.

Ukuguquka Kwahlukileyo Neenkqubo

Xa amaqela athile abemi evota ngexabiso eliphezulu kunamanye, amagosa anyuliweyo asenokusabela ngakumbi kwizinto ezikhethwa ngamaqela aphezulu ahambayo. Oku kunokudala ucalucalulo oluxhasa izilangazelelo zabemi abadala, abazizityebi, okanye abangakumbi abafunde kakhulu abavota ngokwemigangatho ephezulu. Ngokuchasene noko, amaqela angenazingalo eziphantsi anokufumana iinketho zawo zenkqubo phantsi kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Le nto ibalulekileyo inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwimiba yemfundo enjengezemfundo, ezonyango, iinkonzo zentlalo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu. Oorhulumente bangabeka iinkqubo ezincedayo ekungeneleni ii-asethi ezikhutshweyo eziluncedo ngeli xesha betyeshela imibaluleka ebalulekileyo kumaqela anokuthabatha inxaxheba ephantsi kokhetho. Imigudu yokwandisa umvoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela angaphantsi kolwazi, ngoko banokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokwenza unyulo lube ngummeli omkhulu.

Umahluko okhoyo ngaphaya kohlobo lokhetho

Unyulo lwahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo, ngonyulo oluza kuba nenxaxheba kakhulu kunyulo oluphakathi kwexesha, oluthi ngokulandelayo lube nombono wonyulo oluphezulu kunenkoliso yoorhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho lusukayo lungenza imibutho eyahlukeneyo yonyulo kunye nemiyalelo exhomekeke kuhlobo lonyulo.

Unyulo olucuthayo lungalawulwa ngabavoti abagqithisileyo okanye abaqhutywa kakhulu, abanokuthi bakhokelele kwiziphumo zenkqubo ezisusela kwizinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke. Le nto ingaphawulwa ngokukhethekileyo kunyulo oluphambili, olusoloko lumisela ukhetho oluza kuthabatha kodwa lutsale iqhezu lovoti jikelele kuphela.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Iyahambelana Nomgaqo - siseko

Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza njengeengxubakaxaka ezibalulekileyo phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo kulo mlinganiselo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ulwalamano phakathi konyulo neenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Izakhono zeQela kunye neMigaqo-nkqubo

Amaqela ezobupolitika avelisa amaqonga achaza izikhundla zawo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwiindawo ezininzi. La maqonga asebenza imisebenzi emininzi: anceda abavoti baqonde ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo efunwa liqela ukuba linyulwe, anika ukhokelo kumagosa anyuliweyo malunga nezinto eziphambili kwiqela, kwaye adala iinkqubo zokuziphendulela ngokumisela iziko elinokuvavanywa kuzo iqela.

Iqondo apho amaqela agcina iindawo ezinxulumeneyo zenkqubo aphumeza izibophelelo zawo zeqonga ziyahluka kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zeqela elinamandla namalungu aqeqeshekileyo abonisa isantya esiphezulu sozalisekiso lweqonga, ngeli lixa iinkqubo zamaqela abuthathaka zinokubona umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezithembiso kunye nomsebenzi.

Ukusetyenziswa kweMidlalo

Ingqeqesho yeqela `iqondo apho amalungu eqela avota kunye kunye kunye kunye nesikhundla seqela elixhasayo", ngokuyintluphembelela ukuguqulelwa kwemiyalelo yonyulo kwinkqubo. Iinkqubo zePalamente ezinengqeqesho eqinileyo zibangela ukuba ukwenziwa kwemigaqo engqinelanayo okuthe kwanentsingiselo engakumbi, njengoko amaqela alawulayo ngokuthembeka ekwazi ukudlulisela imimiselo yawo yemithetho. Iinkqubo zobuongameli nengqeqesho ebuthathaka kakhulu yeqela zingabona ubunzima obukhulu ekuphumeleni imiyalelo yokhetho, njengoko abalawuli ngabanye bemithetho-mthetho benokukhubazeka kwimida yeqela.

Ulungelelwano phakathi koqeqesho lweqela kunye nozimeleyo lwemithetho yemithetho yezorhwebo lubandakanya ukurhwebelana. Uqeqesho olunamandla lubangela ukuba ukuphumeza okunempumelelo ngakumbi kwemiyalelo yonyulo kodwa lunganciphisa amandla abameli ngabanye okuphendula kwiimfuno ezithile ezithe ngqo. Ukungalawuleki kuvumela ukumela okungakumbi okungokomntu ngamnye kodwa kusenokuyahlula inkqubo enxulumeneyo kwaye kuyenze ibe nzima ukusungula iinkqubo ezibanzi.

Uthelekiso lwehlabathi: Iinkqubo zorhwebo kunye neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo zidala ulwalamano olwahlukileyo phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Ukuhlolisisa ezi ntlobo zinika ingqiqo ngendlela iprojekthi ecwangcisiweyo echaphazela ngayo ukuguqulelwa kweevoti kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Umelo lweProtical vs. Eyokuqala-Past-the- Post

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi, ezinika izihlalo zowiso-mthetho ezisekelwe kwisabelo sovoti yamaqela, ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa iinkqubo ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abamanyeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zinganika umelo olunentsingiselo ecacileyo lwezinto ezikhethwayo zabavoti abahlukeneyo kodwa zingenza uguqulelo lweziphumo zokhetho lube yimiqathango ecacileyo yemithetho efuna ingxubusho yengingqi.

Iinkqubo zentsika ezingaphambili, ezihlalisa abatshatisi abafumana ivoti eninzi kwisithili ngasinye, zivelisa iinkqubo ezizizahlulo ezimbini kunye noorhulumente abahlukeneyo. EUnited States, isixokelelwano sezahlulo ezimbini sisoloko siphumela ekubeni iqela elinye elinoninzi kurhulumente elinokuchazwa njengogunyaziso. Ezi nkqubo zinganika izindululo ezicacileyo kodwa ngaphantsi kokubonisa iimbono ezincinci kwaye zenze iziphumo ezithi zinyuke kwinkoliso yokhetho xa uvolo luvela.

Ulawulo-melo lwama-Majonithari

Isixokelelwano sezobupolitika siyahluka ekugxininiseni ekuqinisekeni kolwakhiwo lomanyano kunye nokwenza izigqibo eziphambili. Idemokhrasi yekomputha exhaphakileyo kumazwe ngomelo lolwahlulo kunye nezithethe ezomeleleyo zengxoxo, idla ngokuvelisa utshintsho oluthe chatha lwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye noxanduva olubanzi lwabaxhasi. Ulawulo-melo lolawulo-melo lwamazwe, oluxhaphakileyo oluqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zelixa lokuqala lemposiso, lungabangela utshintsho oluphawulekayo olulandela iinguqu zokhetho kodwa lungakhokelela ekuzinzeni ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo njengoko oorhulumente betshintshanamaqela amaqela abalulekileyo ahlukeneyo.

Ezi ndlela zokwahluka kwidemokhrasi zidala ulwalamano olwahlukileyo phakathi konyulo neziphumo nkqubo. Akukho nkqubo iphezulu ngokuyindalo, kwaye ibandakanya ukukhulula phakathi kokukhupha nokungaquki, ukuzinza nokusabela, ukucacisa nokuqonda.

Ucelomngeni Lwempembelelo Ephakamileyo Ekuphathweni

Inkqubela eninzi ezenzekayo ngexesha elililo zicel ’ umngeni ulwalamano olungokwesithethe phakathi konyulo nomgaqo - siseko karhulumente, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngekamva lempembelelo yonyulo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kweepolitiki kwidemokhrasi ezininzi kuye kwenza uhlengahlengiso lube nzima ngakumbi kwaye luqheleke kakhulu. Xa amaqela ephethe iimbono ezingqubanayo kwaye ejongana njengengenawo amaxwebhu, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunxibelelana kunye nenkqubela-phambili yenkqubo zingaphulwa. Oku kuthathi-nxaxheba kunokuthintela ukuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo yabanyuli, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe okanye amanqanaba karhulumente awahlukeneyo.

I-gridlock ingakhokelela ekumisweni kwenkqubo, apho utshintsho olufunekayo lungalibaziseka okanye luthintelwe naxa kuxhaswa uluntu. Kwakhona lunganyusa ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zolawulo, izigqibo zolawulo, nezinye iinkqubo ezidlula iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ezinokuthi zibangele ukuncitshiswa kwedemokhrasi.

Impembelelo Yemali Kwezobupolitika

Indima yemali kwezobupolitika ezikhethiweyo inyusa inkxalabo yokuba ngaba unyulo luguqulela ukhetho lokwenyaniso kumgaqo-nkqubo okanye nokuba ngaba abanikeli bezityebi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo banegalelo elingenakulinganiswa. Iinkqubo zemali zekampathi yeCampeni ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali okungenasiphelo zingenza izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo zokongeza iziphumo zonyulo kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo ezilandelayo ezithi zinyuke kwiinketho zikawonke wonke.

Olu celomngeni luqatha ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezingenayo imimiselo yezemali eqinileyo. Kwanaxa unyulo luvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo, impembelelo yemali kumaphulo nakukhuthuzo ingagqwetha ukuguqulelwa kwemiyalelo yabanyuli kwimithetho, ixhasa ukhetho lwabavoti.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nemiqathango

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwabangela imiqathango emitsha kwimigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, iingcinezelo zemali, iinguqulelo zemozulu, neminye imicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe ilinganisela amandla oorhulumente okuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kuphela kwimiyalelo yonyulo lwasekhaya. Abasebenzi basenokuthi bakhethe oorhulumente abathembisa iinkqubo ezithile, kodwa bafumanise ukuba imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ithintela ukuphunyezwa okupheleleyo.

Olu ngquzulwano luphakathi kwemiqathango yesizwe kunye nemiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe idala imingeni kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente kufuneka balungelelanise ukusabela kwabavoti basekhaya kunye nenyaniso yokuxhomekeka kwimali yehlabathi lonke, maxa wambi ikhokelela kwiziphumo zenkqubo ezidanisayo ulindelo lwabachongi.

Ukuqinisa Unxulumano Olunee-Electory

Ngokunikwa kokubaluleka konyulo ekulungiseni iinkqubo neenkqubo zikarhulumente, iinguqu ezahlukeneyo ziye zacetyiswa ukuqinisa unxulumano phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Utshintsho olucetyiswayo luquka utshintsho kwiinkqubo zokuvota, imimiselo yezemali, iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa inkqubo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi olu tshintsho lungenza unyulo lube ngabameli abangakumbi, lunciphise impembelelo yemali nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, kwaye luvelise imiyalelo ecacileyo yokusebenza kwenkqubo. Abahlalutyi baxhalabisa ukuba ezinye izintso zinokuba neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye zixhase izilangazelelo ezithile zezobupolitika.

Izindululo ezikhethekileyo ziquka ukuvota okucetyiweyo, okuvumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izikhethelo phakathi kwabavoti abaninzi; ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, okunokunyusa ukubhaliswa komvoti; inkxaso yephulo likawonke-wonke, enokunciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli abazizityebi; kunye neekhomishini zokuzimela, ezinokunciphisa ukuvota okungalawuleki. Lunye olu tshintsho lungachaphazela indlela unyulo oluguqulela ngayo kwiiziphumo zenkqubo.

Ukuphucula ulwazi lombane nobungqina

Ukuqinisa uqhagamshelwano lwevoti-polic lufuna ukuphucula ulwazi lwabavoti kunye nokuganana. Xa abavoti benolwazi olungcono malunga neemeko zomgaqo-nkqubo zabatshati-nxaxheba neerekhodi zogcino-rekhodi, bangenza ukhetho olungcono olubonisa ubuchule bokhetho lwabo lwenkqubo. Izithathi-nxaxheba ukuphucula imfundo yoluntu, ukukhangela isibakala, kunye nolwazi lwenkqubo olufikelelekayo lungafak' isandla kwimpembelelo enzulu yokhetho olunentsingiselo kwinkqubo.

Ubugcisa bamanani bunika amathuba amatsha okubotshwa kovoti kunye nolwazi, kodwa kwakhona yenza imingeni enxulumene nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, amagumbi eentlokoma kunye nokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi. Iindlela zokuphuhlisa ezisebenzisa amandla alungileyo ezixhobo zamanani ngeli lixa ukunciphisa ubungozi bazo kungucelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekomelezeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Umatshini onokuphendula

Ukuqinisa iinkqubo zokuziphendulela kunokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo ayayiphumeza imiqathango yawo. Ezi nkqubo ziquka iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukulandelela iphulo eliqinisekisa ukuzaliseka, ukusetyenziswa kwengxelo rhoqo, amaqumrhu ajongene nolawulo lwabemi, kunye nokuvavanywa kobundlobongela obunamandla bosasazo. Xa abavoti benokukwazi ukufumanisa lula ukuba oorhulumente baye basebenzisa imigaqo yabo ethenjisiweyo, unyulo lunokuba zizixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo iyasabela.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweliso ekwenzeni izigqibo zikarhulumente kukwaxhasa ukuphendula. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo zenziwe njani yaye kutheni zisenziwa, banokuqwalasela bhetele enoba ezo zigqibo zibonakalisa imiyalelo yonyulo okanye zigcina amagosa ephendula ngonyulo olulandelayo.

Ikamva Lempembelelo Engummangaliso Kwiinkqubo Zorhulumente

Xa ukhangela phambili, utyekelo oluninzi lunokuyichaphazela indlela iinkqubo zonyulo zikarhulumente eziphembelela ngayo kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Iinguqu Zobudala Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Utshintsho lobomi, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabemi kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili, ukwanda kolwahlulo, kunye nokutshintsha kwezakhiwo zentsapho, kuza kuchaphazela zombini iziphumo zonyulo kunye nenkqubo ephambili. Njengokuba iinguqu zonyulo, ngokufanayo nemigaqo ephunyelelwa ngurhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zokwaluphala kwabantu kubalulekile ekulindeleni imigaqo yexesha elizayo.

Umahluko wenkqubo ekhethwayo zisizukulwana usenokubaluleka ngakumbi, ingakumbi kwimibandela efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iinkqubo zoluntu, kunye nomgaqo wobugcisa. Unyulo luza kusebenza njengenkqubo yokulungisa le migaqo-nkqubo yokungqubana phakathi kwesizukulwana kunye nokugqiba ukuba ziziphi izinto eziphambili ezifumana ingqalelo noovimba bakarhulumente.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi

Uphuhliso lobugcisa luza kuqhubeka luguqula indlela esebenza ngayo unyulo nendlela oluphembelela ngayo inkqubo. Uvota ngomnxeba, ukukhutshelwa kwemivo, ukuququzelelwa kwamajelo onxibelelwano, kunye nokujoliswa kogcino-lwazi ngeenkqubo zonyulo neziphumo. Ezi tekilknoloji zivelisa amathuba okwanda kokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye noqhaqho-volo kunye nomngcipheko onxulumene nokuxhatshazwa, ukuzifihla, nokungalingani.

Ucelomngeni lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi luya kusebenzisa amandla obugcisa ukomeleza impembelelo yonyulo kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomntu ngeli lixa kugadwa kwiingozi zalo. Oku kuya kufuna ukuba kuqhubekeke ukuqhelaniswa kwemimiselo yokukhetha, imfundo yoluntu, kunye nemigangatho yedemokhrasi kwiimeko zezobupolitika zamanani.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nocelomngeni Lokuba Sele Kude

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezinye iingxaki zexesha elide zidala ubunzima obuthile bempembelelo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo. Le miba ifuna isenzo esithe rhoqo ukudlula amashumi eminyaka, kodwa imijikelo yonyulo ijolise ingqalelo kwiingqiniba zexesha elifutshane. Iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa ezivumela unyulo ukuba luyimodeli ephumelelayo yomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elide ngeli lixa ukulondoloza uxanduva olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ezinye izisombululo ezicetyiweyo ziquka uthotho oluzimeleyo lwemozulu, inkqubo yexesha elide egqitha kwimijikelo yemijikelo yokhetho, kunye nokwandisa indima yobuchule benzululwazi kwinkqubela-phambili yenkqubo. Ukulungelelanisa ezi ndlela zobugcisa noxanduva lwedemokhrasi kunyulo kuyimfuneko ukusingatha iingxaki zexesha elide ngokunempumelelo.

Amaqhosha Athathiweyo: Ukhetho nomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi konyulo nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwiinkqubo luneembono ezininzi kwaye lunamandla, lusebenza kwiinkqubo ezininzi kwaye luphantsi kwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo. Uluvo oluninzi olubalulekileyo luvela ekuhloleni olu lwalamano:

  • unyulo lunika ugunyaziso olungundoqo lweenguqu zenkqubo ngokwenza imiqathango egunyazisa oorhulumente ukuba baqhubeke nezakhelo zabo. Amandla ezi miyalelo ahlukahluka ngokweziphumo zonyulo, kunye noloyiso olukhawulezileyo olunika ugunyaziso olucacileyo lwesenzo somthetho.
  • Iindlela zokudibanisa unyulo nenkqubo , kuquka iziphumo zokuqeqesha zezihlomelo zokhetho, iziphumo zokukhetha ezixhasa abameli abalungelelanisiweyo, kunye nedemokhrasi ethe ngqo kwimilinganiselo yokusebenza. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kunye ukuguqulela iziphumo zococo kwiinguqu zenkqubo.
  • Impembelelo yorhwebo isebenza rhoqo, hayi emva konyulo. Ithemba lokumisela unyulo lwexesha elizayo lwezigqibo eziqhubekayo zenkqubo njengoko amagosa efuna ukugcina inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nendawo ngokwawo ukwenzela unyulo kwakhona.
  • Impembelelo ephakathi nesebenzayo yempembelelo yabanyuli elungeleleneyo kwinkqubo. Imiqathango yezoqingqo-mali, imiqathango yoqingqo-mali, imicimbi yezobupolitika edibeneyo, impembelelo yeqela lenzala, kunye nezibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe zonke zonke zonke zichaphazela ukukwazi koorhulumente ukuzalisekisa iimfuno ezinyuliweyo ngokupheleleyo.
  • Uluvo lwePublic lusebenza njengee-driver kunye ne-drive, luphembelela iziphumo zokhetho kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo yokubumba phakathi konyulo. Ulwalamano phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo luntsonkothile, noorhulumente basabela kwaye bazame ukubumba izikhethelo zikawonke-wonke.
  • Iinkqubo zokhetho ezizimo zokoqobo zenza inkqubo eyahlukileyo. Umelo lweprojekthi, umelo lokuqala-mva wepopu, ipalamente, kunye neenkqubo zomongameli nganye yenza ulwalamano olwahlukileyo phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.
  • Imicimbi ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni izigunyaziso zonyulo kwinkqubo. Ixesha lasemva konyulo linika ithuba elinamandla lokutshintsha inkqubo, ngeli lixa unyulo lusondelayo ludala iintshukumisa ezahlukileyo nezithintelo.
  • [[UMHLA] Ingxaki yexesha elizayo iquka ukurhoxa kwemimandla engaphandle, imali kwezobupolitika, kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi jikelele kudala imiqobo yokuphumelela kwempembelelo kumgaqo-nkqubo, ifuna ukuqhelaniswa okuqhubekayo kwamaziko nezenzo zedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Unyulo luhlala lungumsebenzi ophambili apho abemi kumazwe olawulo-mpukane baphembelela iinkqubo zikarhulumente neenkqubo. Ngoxa unxulumano phakathi kweziphumo zonyulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo luntsonkothile kwaye luphantsi kwemiqathango emininzi, unyulo lubalulekile ekugqibeni ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo ephunyezwe ngoorhulumente, indlela oovimba abayabelwe ngayo, kwaye yiyiphi iinkqubo efumana ingqalelo ephambili.

Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile ukuze kubekho ubumi obuphumelelayo. Abasebenzi abaqonda indlela inkqubo yempembelelo yonyulo enokwenza ngayo ukhetho lolwazi olungakumbi, bagcina amagosa ephendula ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi, kwaye babandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo ngakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Abenzi benkqubo abaqonda amandla onyulo bayakwazi ukuyisebenzisa kakuhle imingeni yokusebenzisa imibango yabo ngoxa begcina igunya lobudemokhrasi nenkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Ikamva lempembelelo yonyulo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente liya kuxhomekeka kwindlela ibutho lobudemokhrasi eliyisingatha ngayo imingeni yanamhlanje ngeli xesha linjalo ligcina lize liqinise unxibelelwano olusisiseko phakathi kolawulo oluphambili kunye neziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Oku kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kutshintsho lonyulo, ukunyulwa kwebutho, ukwenziwa kombutho, kunye nokulungelelaniswa phakathi kokusabela nokuphumelela ekulawuleni.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo zonyulo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, oovimba bakhona ngemibutho efana International andformation for Democracy kunye neElectoral helper, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho-mthetho yeSizwe elawulayo , kunye namaziko emfundo afunda ngokwezobugqeba bezobupolitika kunye nenkqubo kawonke wonke. Ukusebenzisana nezi zixhobo kunokunyusa ukuqonda indlela imigaqo yonyulo echaphazela ngayo ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kunye nexesha lethu elizayo.

Unxulumano oluphakathi konyulo nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente lubonisa ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lolawulo-demokhrasi: ukuguqulela iinketho zabemi ezahlukahlukeneyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke engqinelanayo, esebenzayo, nesemthethweni. Nangona singafezekanga, unyulo lusesona sixhobo sethu sibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu kwaye zinceda umdla woluntu. Ukuqinisa olu nxulumano phakathi kweziphumo ezikhethiweyo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo kumela omnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi lwanamhlanje.