Isiseko esingokwasemthethweni: Ukubekwa kweGunya loMgaqo-siseko

Amaziko alawulayo afumana igunya lawo kwimithetho edluliselwe yiNgqungquthela, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba ngabathunywa begunya lowiso-mthetho. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iKhomishini inegunya lokumisela imithetho, kodwa ukuntsonkotha komthetho wangoku. Igubungela yonke into ukusuka ekukhuseleni amayeza ukuya ekuhendweni kwe-eprojekthi, kwaye imisebenzi yawo iphantsi kobuchule obusoloko bungekho. Ngenxa yoko, iBhunga limisela imithetho enika amaqumrhuluneli amandla okuza amandla okuzalisa iinkcukacha ngomthetho. Le nkonzo ayimele isebenze ngaphakathi kwemidathanga yemida emiselweyo, kwaye imele ikwazi ukuqwalasela okuqulungela imigaqo yomthetho emiselweyo, kwaye i-Regrance Registration iqinisekisa ukuba i-Admigrance i-odentirence i-A Procturedmentation Act [Foperations] kunye namandla awo athenjiswe ngokusetyenziswa yinkqubo e-opera.[Foperation.[Foperation] [Flact:1]]

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1984 [[FLT: 0] ICheveron U.S.A. neNkqutyana yeZibonelelo zemvelo iBhunga lokhuselo, Inc. iqinisa indima yamaqumrhu ekuchazeni imimiselo ecacileyo. Phantsi kwesigqibo [ IChevron [ imfundiso, iinkundla ezithiyeka imbono esengqiqweni yombutho womthetho, ibonelela ukusetyenziswa yimithetho, ibone ukuba ivumela ukuba ikhombekame ngokungqalileyo kwinkumba ecacileyo. Oku kuwiswa kwemithetho elawulayo kunika abameli isikhundla esiqinileyo kumgaqo oqhelekileyo, ngokunempumelelo i-conelo oluthiweyo lungakhokelela ekulawuleni kwemithetho elawulayo, kodwa luye luphawule iinkundla zobuchule obuchukulawulayo.

Ukuqonda esi siseko somthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abameli abaphembelela ngayo iziphumo zomthetho. Ngenxa yokuba abameli banobuchule obunzulu bemibandela kunye namandla okumisela imithetho ethwala amandla omthetho, abamisi-mthetho basoloko bekhangela kubo ukuze bafumane ukhokelo lobuchule xa besenza imimiselo. Iinjongo zikwanikezela uhlolo olunempembelelo elawulayo [ kwiBhunga, ukulinganisela iindleko, iinzuzo, kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ziziphumo zomthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Indlela Imigaqo-nkqubo Elawula Ngayo: Impembelelo Eqhelekileyo Nengacwangciswanga

Amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho aphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngazo zombini iinkqubo ezisesikweni ezimiselwe ngumthetho kunye nemijelo engacwangciswanga esekelwe kubuchule kunye nokusebenza. Eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yendlela ingumthetho yiyo yokwenza imithetho yomthetho kunye ne-oomasipala [ inkqubo phantsi kwe-APA. Xa umbutho ukhupha umthetho ocetywayo kwiSigqeba soburhulumente, ukhuthaza amagqabaza asoloko evela kumalungu eBhunga, oorhulumente, amaqela eshishini, kunye nemibutho yezoshishino-mthetho. Isiphumo somthetho siyakwazi ukutyhila iziphazamiso ezinzulu okanye iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, ukukhuthaza iziko ukuhlaziya ulawulo okanye ukucela utshintsho olusuka kwiBhunga-mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umaziko afumana oko kubangela ukuba igunya lobuchule obutsha, ulawulo lobuchule obusungulwayo kunye nemithetho obufanelekileyo kunye neekomiti ezifanelekileyo.

Ngokwethutyana, amasebe aphembelela ngenkxaso yezolwazi kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Isebe ngalinye ligcina iofisi yemicimbi yequmrhu ephendula imibuzo evela kubenzi bemithetho kunye nabasebenzi babo. Iingcali ze-arhente zingqina ukuva kweekomiti, zinika uhlolo-lwazi lweengxaki zenkqubo kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Ezi zingqinela intelekelelo zisoloko zibumba iintelekelelo ezifakwe kwintelekelelo ye-ftifti. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga liqwalasela imida eqinisayo kwigesi engenisa igesi eshushu, i-Arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo Engqongileyo (EPA) idlulisela imizekelo ebanzi ebonisa impilo kunye neempembelelo zezoqoqosho zemidalo-okhatho. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa ugcino-data ekumiseleni ii-okshoptting kwimiststings wish kumthetho wokugqibela.

Ngaphandle konxibelelwano lwabantu ngabanye, abameli bakwathatha inxaxheba kumanyano lwamaqumrhu [[FLT: 1] olunxulumene norhulumente [[FLT]] ngezixhobo ezinjenge-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) kunye neWhite House Office of Information and Reguralary Affairs (OIRA). Ngala majelo, amaqumrhu ayakwazi ukumisela izicwangciso zawo zolawulo kunye nempembelelo ephambili yolawulo lomthetho, ngokunempumelelo edibanisa i-ofisi yempatho-bhunga kunye nezenzo zowiso-mthetho.

Oomatshini Abaphambili Bempembelelo

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkcubeko yobugcisa nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi: Imisebenzi eqokelela uphando olujongiwe koontanga, uhlolo lwendlela yokuqhuba iziphumo eziyingozi, kunye nokuvelisa imodeli yezoqoqosho eziba ngundoqo weziphumo zemithetho-mthetho.
  • Uvavanyo kunye nohlolo: Amagosa amaqumrhu aphezulu avela phambi kweekomiti zengqungquthela, ephendula imibuzo kwaye enika ukhokelo ngokufaneleka kwemiyalelo ecetyiweyo.
  • Ukurhweba okubhaliweyo okusesikweni: Kwiimeko ezininzi, amagqwetha ombutho kunye neengcali zenkqubo zilungiselela amacandelo onke amatyala, aziswa ngoko ngabamisi-mthetho abanovelwano.
  • Ukwenza njengentshukumisa yomthetho: [ Xa umbutho ukhupha umthetho ophikisayo, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokudlulisa umthetho wokubhukuqa, wokuguqula, okanye ukudibanisa umthetho] oku kuthetha inyathelo lombutho elibangela uqhushululu oluthe ngqo lomsebenzi womthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Public i-advocation kunye nomxhasi wokhuphiswano: Izikhululo zibamba ukuchotshelwa kwabantu, ii-webinars, kunye neeverhe ezidibanisa amazwi ahlukeneyo. Ezi ziganeko zingabangela uvukelo lotshintsho lowiso-mthetho oluthi umbutho ulwenze.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Kwimpembelelo Yolawulo

I-arhente yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye noMthetho ococekileyo womoya

Impembelelo ye-EPA kuMthetho we-Cepul Air (CAA) inika umzekelo obalaseleyo wecandelo elilawulayo elibumba umthetho omkhulu. Xa iKhomyutha yalungisa i-CAA ngo1970, 1977, kunye no-1990, i-EPA yanikela uhlolo olunzulu lwenzululwazi ngeziphumo zempilo ze-sulfure dioxide, nitrogen oxide, kunye nodweliso lwento ekhoyo kuqhagamshelwano oluphakathi kongcoliseko lomoya kunye nezifo zokuphefumla. Uphando oluphakathi koqhagamshelwano phakathi kongcoliseko lwe-asidi kunye nenkqubo ye-asidi ye-acid, lwaxhasa ngqo ukudalwa kwe- kwe-National Ambent Moyeal Ubunjani obunewundileyo (NAQS)[FLT] inkqubo yorhwebo oluqhelekileyo. Kunyaka wonyaka we-1990909, uphazaliso lwe-trademode, inkqubo yezoqoqosho eyabonisa ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso ye-ekiso ye-ethe ye-entuke ye-ethe yorhwebo esezantsi.

Kutshanje, i-EPA inyanzelise ukuba kumiselwe umthetho wokujoliswe kwigesi ezishushu. Ngelixesha inyathelo lombutho kutshintsho lwemozulu lithe lakhawuleziswa kumgangatho karhulumente, i-FLT [[0] yeli qumrhu loMbutho] I-EFLT Ukufumana [ phantsi kwe-CAA inyanzelisa le mbambano kucwangciso lwemithetho ngokugqiba ukuba ikharbon diokside ibeka impilo kawonke-wonke engozini. Ngokuphendula, kuye kwaveliswa iindleko ezininzi ukudiza okanye ukudibaniselwa kwegunya le-EPA ukulawula igesi eshushu, ibonisa indlela ukuzimisela kombutho omnye okunokuthi ngayo kuqhube ingxoxo ye-provision.

Ulawulo lokutya neziyobisi noMthetho weSicwangciso sokuKhuselwa Kokudla

Umthetho we-FFFF uSinyuko soKhuseleko lwe-FSMA [FFLT:1], otyikitywe kumthetho ngo-2011, umela olona tshintsho lubanzi lokhuseleko lokutya e-U. Umthetho wayeka ukujolisa ekuthinteleni ukungcoliswa. IFFFF yadlala indima engundoqo ekulungiseni i-FSMA ngokunika ugcino-lwazi oluvelayo, ukuchaza amaxabiso okuziintlawulo oluzinzileyo lokukhusela abavelisi, abarhwebi, nabathuthi. Phambi kweFSMA, i-FDA eswele ukukhunjulwa kwezixhobo ezininzi zokutya; iziko eziphinda-phinda-phindwayo zezo mandla zaboniswa kumthetho. Ngokuthe kongezelela, i-FDAPD [FDY] kunye nee-SCrietingsting (HPTrective-S) ezithenjiweyo: [3]

Impembelelo yequmrhu ayiphelanga ngokudlula. Phantsi kweFSMA, iFDA kufuneka inikezele imimiselo yokuzalisekisa umthetho, kwaye loo mithetho idla ngokuthetha ngezithuba ezishiywe yiBhunga. Umzekelo, xa i-FDA yayalela iFDA ukuba ibumbe inkqubo yokugunyaziswa kwabaqwalaseli becandelo lesithathu, isibonelelo sasebenzisa umthetho ukuchaza imilinganiselo ye-consolity, ukuhlolwa, kunye nokuxelwa kweemfanelo. Ngale ndlela, i-FDA yaqinisa isakhiwo somthetho ngemfuno enzulu, ilungisa ngokunempumelelo impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi.

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano lwamaPhondo noBundilele beNethi

IKhomishini Yonxibelelwano Yomanyano lwamaFCC ibiphakathi kwengxoxo ye-natmone ukususela ekuqaleni kowama- 2000. Ngowama-2010, i-FCC yamkela i-FLT evulekileyo I-Internet , ibeka izithuba ezibanzi njengenkonzo yolwazi phantsi kweSihloko ISihloko Sonxibelelwano I. Xa loo myalelo wacetyiswa enkundlelweni, iD.C. isekelo li-D. [FFLT.C.2] iVREzown.[FFLT:3] [20]] [FLT] [i3] [iiiindlela] (indlela ebanzi yokusebenza phantsi kwendlela engundoqo, kodwa inkundla yamema iFCCC ukuze iphinde ifumane isigqeqekelo somthetho othelelwe phantsi komthetho othe ngqo, i-FCPC. Ngexesha eliphantsi komthetho othe siseko soburhulumente somthetho othe siseko se-E.

Umzekelo we-FCC ubonisa indlela abameli abanokuqhuba ngayo imimiselo yomthetho ngokusebenzisa igunya labo lokutolika. Kwaso isenzo sokulawula sibangela ukuba iBhunga livume, lilawule okanye liguqule isikhundla seli sebe.

Imicimbi Nentsebenziswano Yotshintshiselwano noHlaziyo Lwezemali

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, i-Sectural and Exchange Commission (SEC) yayingumdlali ongundoqo ekulungiseni uHlaziyo lweWall Street kunye noMthetho weNxulumaniso we-Consumer Protection ka-2010]. I-SEC inika iKhomishini yogcino-lwazi olusemngciphekweni wemarifini, ukungaphumeleli koomeli betyala, kunye nezithuba kwi-scredi yokhuseleko lomgcini-mali. Ngokusekelwe kwicebiso lombutho, Dodd-Flafsting yaquka ilungiselelo elifuna ukubhaliswa kwabarhwebi, umgaqo wolawulo lokuthenga ngetyala, kunye nokudalwa koovimba bemali [[FLT:] be-Arectorctorortial [FFFOLT] ngaphakathi kwe-SEC. I-SEC i-PURC ebizwa ngokuba ngumthetho (omatisiGeneRGenel-out) kunye nezinye ii-omati.

Ukusukela ku-Dodd-Frank, i-SEC iqhubeke ukuphembelela umthetho wemali ngokunikezela iingxelo zonyaka kwiNgqungquthela yemisebenzi yayo yokunyanzelisa nangokumisela imithetho ebangela ukuba ingqungquthela iphinde ihlolwe phantsi ICorgational Review Act (CRA)[FL:1]. Umzekelo, umthetho we-SEC ka-2020 uqhube i-progractive izama ukuyibhukuqa ngokusebenzisa i-CRA, icacisa irhintyelelo olungapheliyo phakathi komthetho kunye nomthetho.

Iipolitiki Zempembelelo Elawulayo: Ukulawula Nengxabano

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamaqumrhu alawulayo kunye neBhunga alusoloko lulungelelana. Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika, ukutshintsha kwezibalulekileyo zolawulo, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo zingabangela ungquzulwano. Indlela engundoqo yokulawula nguMthetho Conregational Review Act [ ka-19, ovumela iKhomishini ukuba ingawuvumeli umthetho omkhulu ngokudibanisa izigqibo, ngokubhekiselele kwimiqathango yomongameli, ngokokungamelani nomthetho owe-CRA, kuquka lowo ubunokubeka imiqathango ebanzi kunye nomnye omalunga nombhobho we-methane. ICRA inika iBhunga-mthetho engqalileyo, kodwa engacacimiyo, isixhobo sokuyinyanzela ukuba iqhube emva kwemimiselo yemithetho ejongeneyo njengenjongo ephezulu kakhulu.

Omnye umthombo woxinezeleko yi- Office yolwazi kunye neMicimbi yoGunyazo (OIRA) ngaphakathi kweNdlu emhlophe. OIRA uhlolo olubalulekileyo lokuyila imithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana neemfuno zophando lomongameli, amaxabiso-entlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo, kunye nolungelelwaniso. Xa ulawulo olutsha luthatha iofisi, i-OIRA ingamisa, okanye ilungise imithetho evela kulawulo lwangaphambili (*) ilawula umhlaba wemithetho yemithetho yowiso-mthetho ngokukhuthaza oko kucetyiswa yiBhunga. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwe-Crump lufuna ukuba kushenxwe imimiselo emibini yemimiselo entsha, umyalelo owachaphazela amandla e-EPA ukuqhubela phambili ngemozulu kunye notshintsho lohlobo lomthetho ofanelekileyo.

Iingxaki Zomdla Nokubanjwa Kwe-arhente

Ngamanye amaxesha amaqumrhu alawulayo agxekwa ngokuba “akhutshiwe” ngamashishini abawalawulayo. Xa amagosa esebe evela okanye elindele ukubuyela kwicandelo labucala, angakhetha ngokungenangqondo iindawo zoshishino ekumiseleni ulawulo kunye nokuncomela imithetho. Le ntshukumo inamandla ikhokelela kumaqumrhu okufumana ii-arhente zolwimi olulawulayo oludambisa ulawulo okanye oludala iindleko. Umzekelo, imigudu yokuphembelela ukuphuma kwemali ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990 yaqhutyelwa ngamaqela embonini, abalawuli abaxhasa imicimbi yezoshishino abaxhasa imicimbi yezo [igram-Lat-iach-Bli Act , ekwathiwayithiwe i-ondleko-onke. Abagxeki abachanileyo banikela kwimeko yonyaka wamatyala ka-Glass-Stagn.

Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela abantu anomdla angabamba abameli, anyanzelele imithetho engqongqo enyanzelisa iindleko eziphezulu ngaphandle kwengenelo engqinelanayo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kweentlobo zokufumana inkxaso yowiso-mthetho evela kumaqumrhu olawulo alunalo impembelelo yezobugcisa boburhulumente; isoloko ixabisekile kwaye ikhuphiswano.

Ukutyunjwa Kwezobupolitika Nolwalathiso Lweengqikelelo

Abameli bamisela iintloko zolawulo oluyintloko lwamaziko alawulayo, nabo bamiselwe ukunyanzelisa ulawulo kunye nocwangciso lolawulo. Ukutshintsha kolawulo kungaguqula ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo yemithetho yequmrhu. Umzekelo, phantsi kolawulo lwe-Obama, iEPA iqhube ngokuzimisela imimiselo yemozulu, ethi ngokunyanzelekileyo imigaqo yezomthetho wemozulu. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lweTrump, i-EPA okanye i-edetad mentsty ments systems, i-mossioner greant. Oku kuthetha ukuba impembelelo yesebe le-ocractive ixhomekeke kulungelelaniso lwezopolitiko phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nolawulo. Xa iBhite House kunye neBreast Congress zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, iziko zokuncomela-onkenezelo okanye iingcences, xa zisebenza njengezixhobo zegunya elikhulu lokuphumeza imicimbi.

Uxanduva loLawulo nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente

Indima yamaqumrhu alawulayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi nangokwahlukana kwamagunya. Kwesinye isandla, amaqumrhu anika ubuchule obubalulekileyo, ukuphumelela, nokuvumelana nemeko. Avumela iBhunga ukuba liphume kwimiba yobugcisa emikhulu kwaye enze imigaqo elungelelanisayo enokuthi ilungiswe ngaphandle kwamadabi apheleleyo owiso-mthetho. Kwelinye icala, ulwandiso lwamandla oluziko lweziko lungaphelisa ukuphakama kwabenzi bomthetho abanyuliweyo. Njengoko abaqulukileyo bemithetho besiba ngabalawuli bezozibaluleko, ukuphendula okuza nemicimbi yezobupolitika ekhoyo kusenokuphela.

Kubafundisi nabafundi bolawulo, ukuqonda le nkqubo yolawulo kubalulekile. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayiyondlela elula, elandelelanayo ukusuka kwingxelo yomthetho ukuya kumthetho; yimekobume entsonkothileyo apho abameli, amaqela abantu abanomdla, amajelo eendaba, kunye neenkundla zonke zisebenzisa impembelelo. Amasebe olawulo, ingakumbi, akangoovimba abanobundilele abanolwazi ngeenkonzo zabo kunye neemeko zezobupolitika. Ukukwazi kwabo ukubhala imithetho echaza injongo, ukunikezela ngolwazi oluyila ingxoxo, nokuxhobisa iimpendulo zemithetho ngezenzo zabo zolawulo lwezikomkhulu.

Ukuphawula oku, uqheliselo olungcono loyilo lowiso-mthetho luquka ukhokelo olucacileyo lwabameli, uphatho-zincwadi ngamaxesha athile, kunye nolwalathiso olomeleleyo lweekomiti zombutho. I-ofisi yeGovernment Accounting (GAO) kunye nolulo lweNkonzo yophando olukhethekileyo [CRLT)[FLT] ] inika iziphumo ezingadityaniselwanga ekuncedeni abenzi bomthetho bavavanye izicelo zomdlalelo. Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo ephicothatho oluphiweyo lwezibonelelo lolawulo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-Genegalelo-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini lubonakalisa ulwazi olukhethekileyo kunye nokuthanda kukawonke.

[[UMTL] izibonelelo ze-External: