Imeko Yezoqoqosho Ngaphambi Kwesivumelwano Esihle SoLwesihlanu

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1998, uqoqosho lwe-Northern Ireland lwanyanzelwa kakhulu yimfazwe yezopolitiko eyaziwa ngokuba yiMida. Umda ophakathi kwe-Northern Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland waxhonywa kakhulu, uneepotimenti ezithelekisa urhwebo nohambo. Amashishini ajongana neendleko eziphezulu, ukungaqiniseki, kunye nentengiso eqhekekileyo. Urhwebo lwemali ephakathi komda wemida yelizwe ye-British nomkhosi wawuphantsi kakhulu, kwaye umsebenzi wezoqoqosho kwimimandla yomda yelizwe lomda wawuxineze. Ukungasebenzi eNorthern Ireland kwakukukhulu kakhulu kunomngcipheko wokhuseleko. Imfazwe yakhokelela kumgangatho womzimba womntu ophezulu, omalunga nowe-14% phakathi koo-19980, ngexesha i-GDP ephakathi kwe-Riphabliki yorhwebo oluphantsi kwe-2010%, i-5% i-Riphabliki yorhwebo oluthengingqiswe ngu-odwa. I-Fiscal kwi-odmiglobal ye-odmi, udidi lorhwebo lwaseBrist, uGrentshi worhwebo lwase-Rre

IRiphabliki yezoqoqosho yase-Ireland yachaphazeleka, nangona ikwiqondo elincinci. Ubalo lwemida lwafumana ukuqeshwa okuphezulu kunye nengeniso ephantsi kunezo zonke iphondo. Inkqubo ye-EU yokuMakethe Emone, eyaqaliswa ngo-192, yathembisa ukunciphisa imiqobo kodwa yayingenakukwazi ukuphelisa imiqobo yezopolitiko. Ukuyeka kwemikhosi yemfazwe kwabangela ukuba kubekho ithemba elifutshane kwezoqoqosho, ngokuhambela phambili korhwebo notyalo-mali, kodwa ukuwa komlilo ngo-19969 kwaziguqula ezo nzuzo. Kwacaca ukuba ukuhla kwemali eqinileyo yezopolitiko kwakuyimfuneko ukuze kuqhubeke uphuhlisoqoqo.

Indlela Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esazisusa Ngayo Izithintelo Nento Ebangela Ukungavisisani

Isivumelwano seGood Wear Agreement (GFA), ngokusemthethweni iSivumelwano saseBelfast, satyikitywa ngomhla we-10 ku-April 1998. Ngeli xesha ikona likhulu linendawo yokuhlalisana kwezobupolitika, yaqulathe amalungiselelo amaninzi akhuthaza ngokuthe ngqo ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho. Isivumelwano saseka iBhunga lolungiselelo laseMntla-Zantsi (NSMC) lokudibanisa inkqubo equka urhwebo, ezolimo, ezothutho, kunye nokhenke ukhenketho. Le nto ibangele ukuba amaqumrhu eetha amaqumrhu amaNtla ee, kuquka i-InterTradereland, enikezelwe ukukhuthaza ishishini elinqumlayo. Isivumelwano sabekwa soorhulumente bobabini ekususweni kwemidalizo zokhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ngonyaka wowe-20055, zonke iiko zomkhosi zokuhlolwa zomkhosi zahla zincitshisiwe, kunye nee-uhlolo lwemiba.

IGFA ikwaqinisekisa ukuba i-EU yaqhubeka ingamalungu e-Internal Ireland, ekwaqala ngayo i-European Union (njengenxalenye ye-UK) kunye namalungu eRiphabliki, iqinisekisa ukuba zombini imimandla zabelana ngesakhiwo esinye solawulo. Oku kulungelelaniswa kwabangela ukuba urhwebo olungakhuphi ngquzulwani nokuhamba ngentsebenziswano. Iinkqubo ze-EU zeRE zoxolo ne-INTERREG, ezaziqale ngoo-1990, zandiswa emva kwe-GFA, zinika amakhulu ezigidi zee-euro ukwenzela intsebenziswano enqamlezileyo, imfundo, kunye nophuhliso lwezoshishino. Le mali yanceda ukuphinda kuthemba nokuyila imiqobo engaphaya komda.

Urhwebo nokhuseleko lwasemva konyaka-1988

Ngawo nawuphi na umlinganiso, urhwebo lwemida lwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo emva kwe-GFA. Ngokutsho kwe- I-InterTradeireland , urhwebo ngezinto phakathi kwe-Inter Ireland kunye neRiphabliki lwakhula lusuka ku-$1.5 amawaka ezigidi nge1998 ukuya ngaphezu ko-$4.5 lamawaka ezigidi ngo-2016. Iinkonzo zorhwebo nazo zandisa. Inani lamashishini akhutshwa ngaphandle komda lanyuka ngama-50% kwishumi lokuqala leminyaka emva kwesivumelwano. Yonke ingcamango yezoqoqosho lwamazwe yafumana unikezelo, kunye nokuditya okuditya okuditya okufana ne-omatilokhwe. Abarhwebi be-obhinti abafana nee-Supervid bemveliso bemidabini, ii-ognognote, ii-ographics.

Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwamazwe angaphandle (FDI) ukuya kutsho kumantla e-Ireland ngobuninzi. Ukhuseleko lwenza ukuba ummandla ube nomtsalane ngakumbi kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi e-United States. Ngoo 2000, utyalo-mali olusuka kwiifemu ezinjengeSeagate, iBombardier, kunye neAlmac lwenze amawaka emisebenzi. Imali ephantsi yeshishini le-ofisi yengingqi kunye nabasebenzi abanobuchule bafumana i-Nowester shishino olunokungena kumashishini e-marike emazantsi e-Rhilandskompla. I-Tourism, eyayingangeni ncam kwimimandla yemida yeMda, iyanda. Inani labakhenkethi beze kuNyaka e-1.4 kunyaka ka19982017, kunye nezigidi zemali ezingaphezulu kakhulu ngo-2017, kunye nezi-omatiloshe.

Isiseko solawulo neeprojekthi zoPhuhliso

IGFA yenza ukuba utyalo-mali olungundoqo lwezibonelelo ezaphucula unxulumano. Indlela ye-A1/N1 enxulumanisa iBelfast eDublin yaphuculwa ngenkxaso-mali ye-EU, inciphisa amaxesha ohambo kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko. Uthungelwano lwesiporo lwabona utyalo-mali, nangona lungabonisi ngaphaya kwemdlalo. Ukuvulwa kweBelfast Peace Bridge kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezibuko leDublin kwalunceda urhwebo. I-EUNING system ye-EUP Programmes (SEUPB) yakwazi ukunqumla imiqobo empilweni, kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo. Umzekelo, umnqamlezo we-mqobo we-CA (iKholonity kunye nokusebenza kunye nokulungisa) kwaphucula ushishino lwezombane kwimimandla yasemdeni. Zonke iimarishini ezisungulwe ngowama-e 2007, ezihlayo ezihlayo kunye nokhuseleko lombane.

IGFA yakwayila imeko-bume engazinziyo. I-Celtic Tiger yaseMntla Ireland yafumana amagunya akhutshweyo kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho, kwaye ulawulo olulandelayo lwasebenzisa iindlela zokutsala utyalo-mali nokukhulisa icandelo labucala. Ukusekwa kwe-Invector Northern Ireland ngo-2002 kwaqinisa inkxaso yoshishino. I-Celt Tiger yeRiphabliki yaphela yangena kwi-Nyakatho Ireland, iinkampani zasezantsi zifaka imali kwimpahla nakuthengiselwa. Ngo-2008, uqoqosho lwaseNorthern Ireland lwamantla lwaye lwafumana amava okukhula, ngokungasebenzi kweyangaphantsi kwe-5%.

Indima Yentlangano YaseYurophu Ekudibaniseni Ulwando

Amalungu e-EU kwiinkqubo zoMbutho ne-UK ne-Ireland anikezela ngomgaqo oqhelekileyo kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo. Urhwebo olunye lwaphelisa imisebenzi yamasiko kunye nemigangatho yolwaluko. Inkqubo ye-Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) yanyusa inkxaso-mali yokulima macala omabini. Imali yokwakha, ingakumbi uTyelelo ne-INTERREG, yafakelwa ngaphezu kwe-0202 lamawaka ezigidi eNyaka nenani eliphakathi konyaka ka-1995 kunye no-2020. Le mali ixhasa yonke into ukusuka kwiipaki zoshishino zoluntu ukuya kwiiprojelo zoxoliseko zoluntu. IGFA ivuma ngokucacileyo imeko ye-EU yoxolo kwaye yoorhulumente bobabini basebenza kuyo.

I-EU yakhuthaza ngokungangqalanga ukuhlanganiswa ngokufuna ukuba i-Northern Ireland isebenzisane nemigaqo yemekobume kunye nentlalo ehambelana neRiphabliki. Amaqela oshishino adityanisiweyo, njenge-Irish Business kunye ne-Gerciers Confederation (IBEC) kunye noNxulumaniso lweBritish Industry Irland (CBI NI), asebenzisana namaphulo enkqubo. Lo qoqo lelizwe laba lixesha elamkelekileyo, elisetyenziswa kumaxwebhu asemthethweni nakwiinkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka-2016, iRiphabliki yayiyindawo enkulu yokurhweba izinto kuMntla Ireland, ityala malunga ne25% yentengiso zayo.

IBrexit Nomthetho - siseko Omntla Ireland – Umsebenzi Omtsha

Isigqibo se-UK sokushiya i-EU ngo-2016 sayisongelo olukhoyo kumalungiselelo e-GFA ezoqoqosho. Ukuba umda onzima ubunokubuyiselwa, urhwebo luza kutshabalala, uxolo lungasuswa, kwaye zonke izoqoqosho zase-island zingaqhekeka. Ukuphepha oku, iEU ne-UK zathethana ne-Northern Ireland Protocol, ezathi zasebenza ku-1 kweyoMqungu 202. Umthetho wagcina i-Ireland ingakho intengiso yentengiso enye ye-EUU-o ithetha ukuba akukho vavanyo lwemida phakathi kwe-Ireland yasentla neRiphabliki. Endaweni, kwafakelwa i-Great Britain esuka eNorthern Ireland, yenza ummandla obizwa ngokuba yi-Irish Sea.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yaqinisekisa ukuba amashishini amacala omabini omda wase-Ireland aqhubekeka ukurhweba ngaphandle komda womthetho, imiqobo yokulawula, okanye izibonelelo ezisemzimbeni. Oku kwagcina impumelelo yomanyano lweGFA-era. Noko ke, kwaza kwaveza iimyuyuziyam ezintsha. Iifemu zasemntla Ireland zajamelana nemithetho eyahlukileyo kunaleyo yaseGreat Britain, ibangela ukudilika kwamatya kunye nokwanda kwamaphepha. Amanye amashishini, ingakumbi ekutyeni okutya okuzinzisa, kwakufuneka alungelelanise kumgaqo omthetho ombini. UK wandisa amaxesha obubele obulungileyo, wafuna ii-Renegoties, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungahambiseni kwezobupolitika.

NgoFebruwari 2023, iUK neEU zavuma iDindsor Framework, evumela ukuba kusetyenziswe imigaqo ye-freyimu ehambayo, enciphisa ii-checks kwimpahla emiselwe ukuya kuMntla Ireland kuphela, yaza yanika iNdibano ye-EU yomNtla Ireland inkqubo yedemokhrasi ukuphembelela imithetho ye-EU. Ngoxa umsebenzi weFrames wasombulula imibandela emininzi eluncedo, ayizange iphelise ukuma okuphakathi kwemeko ephakathi phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland njengenxalenye yelizwe lelizwe lelizwe le-UK kunye nenxalenye yezorhwebo enye ye-EU.

Impembelelo yeBreexit kurhwebo lwasemntla-semazantsi

Ngaphandle kwemithetho yokuziphatha, urhwebo phakathi kwe-Riphabliki yasemntla neRiphabliki lubambene kakuhle. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Rland ibonise ukuba ukuthengiselana ngemida kwimpahla kwaxabisa kwi-02022, ukusuka kwi-1060.5 lamawaka ezigidi ngo-2019. Kodwa ke, urhwebo phakathi kwe-Great Britain ne-Northern Ireland luyenyuka lubiza kakhulu luze lucothoza, kunye namanye amashishini arhweba kwiRiphabliki okanye kwamanye amazwe e-EU. Umzekelo, ezinye iiventskitski ezisuka kwiRiphabliki ye-2022, ukusukela kwi-Riphabliki ukuphepha ukunqanda ukulisela. Zonke ii-ingingqi zorhwebo zelizwe zithelekele ukufikelela kwi-e-engile ye-EURLAND.

Noko ke, asizizo zonke iziphumo ezizizo. Amashishini amancinci kwimimandla yemida ajongene nomthwalo wolawulo owongeziweyo ukuba athengise ngeGreat Britain. Olunye urhwebo lwenkonzo, ingakumbi kwiinkonzo zemali kunye neemfaneleko zengcali, luhlala lunyanzelekile. INdibano yaseMantla e-Ireland yokungakwazi ukusebenza ngokubhomboloza ngexesha loma 2022-1623 ilibazisa ulwabiso lwe-EU (inkqubo ye-POST PLUS). I-URGUS SOURFS ExPS , ezimisele ukubuyisela i-EUBracracty, iye yacotha ukuthatha indawo yokumisa nokungasakazinzi.

Ucelomngeni Namathuba Okufumana Izinto

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo ye-GFA, ukudibana kwezoqoqosho akuphelelanga. Ukufumana imali eninzi kumntu ngamnye kuMntla Ireland kuhlala malunga nama-80% omgangatho weRiphabliki kwaye ngaphantsi komlinganiselo we-UK. Imveliso iphantsi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yelifa lemfazwe kunye nobuchule obuphantsi. Lo mmandla uxhomekeke kakhulu kwicandelo likawonke-wonke, nto leyo ebangela ukuba icandelo le-30% lomsebenzi likhule, i-Belfast kunye nempuma. Umlinganiselo womda onjengo-Derry ~Londondry, Newry, kunye ne-Strabane ujongene nokungabikho komsebenzi nomvuzo ophantsi.

Ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika kuMntla-ntshona we-Ireland uthintele ucwangciso lwezoqoqosho lwexesha elide. Ukuwa kweNdibano ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-202020, kwakhona ngo-2022, ukulibaziseka kwezigqibo zezibonelelo, amazinga, kunye nenkxaso yeshishini. Ukunqongophala kwegunya elisebenzayo kwakwathintela urhulumente wase-Northern Ireland ekungeneni ngokunempumelelo kwintsebenziswano yasemva kweBrreat. Ukuxakeka okuqhubekayo ngenxa yomsebenzi wemithetho-Protocom/we-Windsracm kubangele ukungaqiniseki kwabangeni, nangona abaninzi beye bagweba iingozi zokulawulwa.

Urhwebo lwe-Demographic kunye noMarkets

Zonke iintengiso zezomsebenzi zidibene kakhulu, namakhuluwaka abasebenzi abahamba benqumla umda yonke imihla. Oku kuhamba kuphezulu kwiidolophu ezisemideni njenge Newry ne Dundalk. Noko ke, umahluko kwirhafu, iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, kunye neemfaneleko zobugcisa zibangela ukhuphiswano. Imivuzo ephezulu yeRiphabliki itsala abanye abasebenzi basemntla Ireland, kodwa kwakhona iqhubela phezulu iindleko zabaqeshi basekuhlaleni. Amandla omsebenzi waseNorthern Ireland nawo ayaluphala, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, ngokufuduka okubi, ukunqongophala kobuchule kuvela kwimimandla efana neIT, ubuchule obuphathekayo, ubuchule bokwakha.

Amathuba alele kuqoqosho oluluhlaza kunye notshintsho lwamanani. Zonke iintengiso zamandla avuselelwayo ziyakhula, ngomoya kunye neeprojekthi zelanga kumacala omabini omda. Oku kungatsala inkampani yangaphandle efuna indawo yentengiso kwintengiso.

Ukutyelela Nokuqhekeka Koxolo

Ulwahlulo loxolo kukhenketho luye lwaba lukhulu. I-UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Giants’s Calway, i-Titanic Belfast etyelele i-Foto, kunye neGard of Thrones yemifanekiso yeendawo ezitsala izigidi. Ukukhenketha okunqamleza okunqamlezayo kunyuswa ngemizimba enjenge-Tourism Ireland, ethengisa esi siqithi njengendawo enye. Ngo-2019, uMntla Ireland wafumana iindwendwe ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ze-ibhiliyoni, ii-ira eziyi-$1.2. I-pande-pandemic idis idiza enzima, kodwa iquka iindleko zobugxando ezinxulumene ne-omfolo ye-Brexit-ix kukhuthulo lwabasebenzi be-EURS ngobubele, kunye nokhuphiswano oluqhubekayo oluvela kwezinye iindawo eziya.

Imida Yezisekelo Nengeniso Yexesha Elizayo

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuhlala kungumqobo. Umgangatho ophezulu wendlela edibanisa i-Derry ~Londonderry ukuya eDublin, uvaliwe ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka ngenxa yocelomngeni olusemthethweni kunye neengxabano zemali. Uloliwe waseBelfast-Dublin ucotha kwaye akathembeki xa uthelekiswa nezinye iipaseji zaseYurophu. Ibhedi engqukuva kwimimandla yomda idityaniswe. Noko ke, inkqubo ye-EURCOMPOS COR PLUS, evunyiweyo ngo-20222, iza kunikezela ngezigidi zemisebenzi enqamleza imingcele, kuquka iprojekthi eluhlaza, ukunxibelelana kwamanani, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemichiza yemichiza, kunye nobugcisa bezempilo. UK’U.

Isiphelo - Isigqibo Esichaphazela Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement yaguqula ngokusisiseko imeko yezoqoqosho yesiqithi sase-Ireland. Yathatha indawo yomda wemikhosi owenziwe ngentengiso evulekileyo, yentsebenziswano; yathabathela indawo ukukrokrelana ngemiqathango yequmrhu yentsebenziswano; kwaye yadala iimeko zolwahlulo loxolo oluye lwanceda izigidi zabantu. Nangona isivumelwano ngokwaso sasingesosivumelwano sezoqoqosho, amalungiselelo aso enza ukuba umanyano lwezoqoqosho olubalulekileyo kwinkqubela yamazwe asemntla Ireland. Intengiso enye ye-EUU-ir isongelele impumelelo, idala umanyano olunzulu oludityaniswe kakhulu noqoqo belizwe ngoku olulungeleneyo ucelomngeni lwe-Brexit.

Iminyaka eza kuvavanya ukuqina kolu manyano. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland/iWindsor Frames kufuneka yenziwe ngendlela egcina urhwebo olungakhuhlananga lwasemntla-ntshona ngexesha lokuphazamiseka okuncinane kweMpuma-West. Uzinzo lwezobupolitika eBelfast lubalulekile kucwangciso lwexesha elide. Ukuqhubeka kotyalo-mali kwisiseko sesiseko, imfundo, namandla aluhlaza kuyakufuneka ukuvala isithuba semveliso. Amaziko e-GFA, ingakumbi iBhunga lolungiselelo lobulungiseleli laseMntla-ntshona kunye neZiko loMkhosi woMkhosi woLawulo, zihlala zibalulekile ekulungiseni ukungavumelani kunye nokuhambelana kwezoqoqosho.

Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha kumalungiselelo e-GFA ezoqoqosho, bona i- yeBritish-Irish yeencwadi zeBhunga. I-interTraireland inika uphando lwe-Press-Britting kunye ne-Foctal Monitor ye- kunye ne-Business. Urhwebo lwezoqoqosho oluxokozele phantsi kwe-Profethi entle luphumele ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa lufuna ukufezekisa okuqhubekayo ukuguquka kwayo kwiYurophu.