Ilungelo lokulingana lidinga elisisiseko somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, eliqulunqwe lisekuguqulelweni kwalo ngokulungisa nokutolikwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zomthetho. Eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, imbonakalo yesini, ukukhubazeka, okanye naluphi na olunye uphawu. Kubafundisi-mbali kunye nabafundi bemibutho, ukuqonda indlela lomGaqo-siseko okhusela ngayo eli lungelo akuyomfundo nje kuphela. `Imfundo] ayibalulekanga kubami banini belizwe abanolwazi. UMgaqo-siseko awukhankathazi "ukulingana" kwisiqu sawo sawo santlandlo, kodwa ngokutshintsha kwawo, isenzo somthetho, kunye noluvo lwamatyala, iye yaba luxwebhu oluphilayo olukhuselayo kwaye lucinezela ukuqonda kwethu oko kulinganayo.

Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko: Ukususela Kwisiqalo Esiphosakeleyo Ukusa Kwimigaqo Ehlala Ihleli

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe wawunolwamkelo olunzulu ekulinganani, ngokukodwa ukwamkela ubukhoboka nokubalwa kwabantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu sesithathu somntu ukuze amele. Noko ke, abaxhasi bemithetho efakelweyo ababeza kusetyenziswa kamva ukukhuthaza ukulingana . njengokuqinisekisa uhlobo lukarhulumente weriphabliki kunye nokwalela amatyala okufumana imali. Utshintsho lokwenyaniso lwaqala emva kwemfazwe yeNondfamalsethi yeImplity, eyathi yagatya ukulala komthetho wokuqala nokungavumelani nomgaqo omgaqo-siseko yaye yabeka isiseko sokhuseleko lwale mihla.

ISindululo Se - 13, Se - 14 Nese - 15: Isithembiso Sokuphinda Sivuselelwe

Ukwenziwa kwalaa migaqo-siseko ilungelelaniswa phakathi ko1865 no1870, ezi zindululo ezintathu ngokusisiseko zaguqula umGaqo-siseko. wesi-13] IsiHlaziselo sobukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, ukuseka ilungelo lokuqala lobuqu lomgaqo-siseko wenkululeko. ISinyusombululo se-14 sanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States kwaye salela ukukhaba nabani na "ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho" okanye ukuncwaswa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engekho kwinkqubo efunekayo. [[FLD:]] Unyaka 15 [FLT] Unyakazolongo lwendawo [FLD] olulabelweyo] okanye ulwahluzo lomthetho obekiweyo lomthetho, okanye ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuyelelana kwemiqatha elungele ukuye."

Kanti, idinga lokwakhiwa kwakhona langcatshwa phantse inkulungwane ngemithetho yokwahlukana kwabantu, iiKhowudi Ezimnyama, kunye nemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo enjenge Pnety v. Ferguson [1896], eyaxhasa ucalulo lobuhlanga phantsi kwemfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo". Kwakungade kube phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-20 apho isiHlamlelo soMmiselo se-14 savuselelwa ukuba sirhoxiwe ucalulo lwesizwe. Isazi sembali yezi zi-mends zibonisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko ayifani nemfundiso yokwayayo; bafuna ukunyanzeleka okucothayo kunye nokuzibophelele.

IsiHlomelo Se - 14: Intsika Yomgangatho

IsiHlalisi se-14, esamkelwe ngo-1868, sisodwa selungiselelo elibalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko lokufumana ilungelo lokulingana. Amacandelo aso amahlanu athetha ngeengxaki ezininzi, kodwa amacandelo amabini kwicandelo 1 angundoqo: i-Equal Project Claus [ kunye ne- i-Duetial Processolution Claus [].

Ukukhusela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Unimetic Protection Claus ifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Akukho Rhulumente... eya kumkhanyela nabani na okwigunya layo ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho." Eli binzana lisebenza kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni (*." kunye noMthetho Wokonyuliswa Wesihlanu ka-Xanduva ka-X. Kufuna ukuba imithetho iphathe abantu kwiimeko ezifanayo. Noko ke, ayivumelekanga yonke imiqathango. IiNkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yophando ngokweelwano-mthetho ngokuxhomekeke kulwahlulo:

  • Uphando lwe-Strict lusebenza kumaqela asekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kumalungelo asisiseko. Phantsi kolu vavanyo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe ngokunqamlezileyo ukufikelela kuwo.
  • Uphando lweIntermeterte uphando lusebenza kulwahlulo olusekelwe kwi-screen okanye kugunyaziso. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla obalulekileyo kwaye umthetho unxulumene ngokunzulu nalo mdla.
  • Isiseko sesiseko sohlolo sisebenza kwezinye iinkalo ezininzi, ifuna kuphela ukuba umthetho unxulumene nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente.

Esi sakhiwo sinethala sivumela iinkundla ukuba zilungelelanise ukulingana neenjongo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente, kwaye ukhetho lomgangatho wokuhlola lusoloko lumisela iziphumo zetyala.

Inkqubela KaClaus

I-Bay Process Claus(*) "nonke uRhulumente uza kumhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho"". ngokusesikweni, ifuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo xa urhulumente esusa ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngokuphandle, ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente, nokokuba imigaqo elungileyo inikezelwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo esezantsi ekwamkeleni amalungelo obuqu, umtshato, kunye nokuzilawula komzimba, okuneengcinga eziphawulekayo. [[FLT:] ikhusela.[FLD:] [1267], (118], iNkuvolo yeNkundla elungele ukubhangisa imithetho ethintelayo, i-Grouecelcet, i-ecet provideodmentsmentsmental Doodmentmentmentmentmental.

Uphawu Lwenkundla Ephakamileyo Olwandisa Amalungelo Okulingana

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni nasekunyuseni ukulingana komGaqo-siseko. Ityala ngalinye eliphawula iziganeko lisichaze kwakhona isiHlaliso se-14 ngokuqwalasela izithethe ezigqwethekileyo zentlalo kunye nemiba evelayo. La matyala alandelayo abonisa iziganeko eziphambili ekuqondeni indlela umGaqo-siseko okhusela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokulingana.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954) kunye nesiphelo se "Indlela Kodwa Ilingana"

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo waziwayo wokulingana, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, ngamxhelo mnye, yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalwaphula i-Ulinganiselo luka-Claus. IJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuba "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani," ukubhukuqa [ iPanety [ imfundiso evumele ukukhutshwa kwe-awaka eli-6. Esi sigqibo, sixhomekeke kubungqina bezenzululwazi yendalo, saba sisiseko esisemthethweni samalungelo abantu kunye neengxaki eziphembelelayo kwimimandla yobomi babantu bonke.

Virginia (1967): Ilungelo lokutshata ngaphaya kwemida yohlanga

Ku ukuphuma , iNkundla yabetha umthetho nemithetho echasene nomthetho weVirginia kwamanye amazwe ali-16. Uluvo oludibeneyo lwathi umtshato lilungelo elisisiseko kwaye icandelo lobuhlanga "limele lihlolwe ngokungqongqo kakhulu." Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokutshata umntu wolunye uhlanga ikhuselwe yiyo yomibini iSikhuseli sobunyani kunye ne-Creement Proces Classies, kwaye imisela imizekelo yamatyala okulingana kwamva komtshato.

Reed v. Reed (1971) nomgangatho ophezulu

Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iNkundla yasebenzisa iCompal Protection Claus elinganayo ukubetha umthetho ocalucalulweyo ngesizinzi sesondo. .Iyawususa , iNkundla yayenza ingasebenzi umthetho okhethelwe amadoda phezu kwamabhinqa njengabalawuli bemihlaba. Nangona iNkundla ingasazisanga umgangatho ongqongqo wobufana, umba uvule ucango ukuze uphinde uhlole ngokungqongqo. Iimeko ezifana Craig v. Borten [6]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Umtshato wolinganayo kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezifanayo

Kwisigqibo esi-5-4, iNkundla yathi izibini ezingoononini ezifanayo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kwe-Act Programme kunye noKhuselo loMgaqo-nkqubo we-Akhawunti luka-14. Uluvo lukaJaji uAnthony Kennedy lwagxininisa ukuba umtshato ngumzekelo onamandla wendlela ukulingana kwemimiselo yethu yentlalo-ntle" nokungavumelani nezibini ezifanayo ezimele "zimela isidima" solwalamano lwazo. Obergefell ngumzekelo onamandla wokuqinisekisa indlela ukulingana komGaqo-siseko okuqinisekisa ngayo ukukhusela amaqela angenakubonwa.

Amanye Amatyala Abalulekileyo Alinganayo

Ezinye izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zibumbe ilungelo lokulingana, kuquka Gideon v. Wainwright (ii-63) (ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa abangeniswa), Roe v. [[FLT] Isenzo esiqinileyo] [777]] [ii-lifektrone]). [[FLT] [FLT:] [5] [inani elipheleleyo], [iiinani] [iiiiiimeko nganye yeYunive yeKlifa yoKhalifoni ne-FLT]. Imigaqo eqhubekayo phakathi kwemeko yemithetho eqhubekayo.

Amanyathelo oMthetho okuqinisa ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko unika inkqubo, kodwa iiNgqungquthela kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zamisela imithetho elawula ilungelo lokulingana.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 noweSihlomelo

Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo wawuluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. ISihlomelo VII sesenzo sisengumthetho oyintloko karhulumente ochasene nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi. Esi senzo sikwadala i-Uncilime Obship Opportountion Commission Commission (EOC) ukunyanzelisa ezi ntlekelelo. I-R. UMthetho we-Civil Rights Rights wawukukusabela ngqo ekusileleni komGaqo-siseko kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukulingana; uzalise imfuno ye-mqathango ye-yonome-yo-14 yezenzo zombuso ngokulawula ihambo yabucala emsebenzini nakwizithuba zikawonke.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Nangona isiHlamlisi se-15 salwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotelweni, amaphondo aseMazantsi asebenzisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, irhafu, kunye nogonyamelo ukudibanisa abemi abamnyama. UMthetho wamaLungelo wakwalela ukuvota ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni kunye nemithetho efuna imbali yocalulo ukuze kufumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yonyulo. Lo mzabalazo weNkulwano-mthetho ka-2013 u-2013 ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sokulingana komthetho kufuneka komthetho osebenzayo.

AmaMerika Anemiqathango Enzima (1990)

I-ADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo ngabantu abaneziphene emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye nee-telefoni. Kufuna abaqeshi namaqumrhu kawonke-wonke ukuba banikele iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. I-ADA ngumzekelo wendlela inyathelo lomthetho elinokwandisa ngayo imigaqo elinganayo kumaqela angakhuselwanga ngokucacileyo yimibhalo yesiseko.

UMthetho weZindlu ofanelekileyo ka-1968 noMthetho weSibonelelo

ISivumelwano seFair Howard saluvala ucalucalulo kwizindlu ezisekelwe kwisizwe, kunqulo, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, kunye (kamva) nemeko yobuzwe, kunye neziphene. UmThetho olinganayo wePaso wawufuna ukuba amadoda namabhinqa afumane intlawulo efanayo ngomsebenzi omnye kwisakhiwo esinye. Le mithetho, kunye neNkathi yeXesha ekwiSigqibo soMsebenzi sonyaka ka-1967 kunye noMthetho weGeneral Information Nodiscration Act ka-2008, ibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wemithetho yokufumana imigaqo-siseko elungelelanisa imibandela yonke yobomi.

Ucelomngeni lokulingana nokusikelwa komGaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunamandla lomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, ilungelo lokulingana lijongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi-lwazi nakubafundi abafuna ngokunyanzelekileyo ukubandakanyeka kwizithembiso zomGaqo-siseko.

Ucalucalulo Olusekelwe Kwinkqubo Nokunyanzelwa Okungagqibekanga

Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, izindlu, imfundo, kunye nobutyebi kuyaqhubeka phezu kwako nje ukulingana okusemthethweni. Ingxelo yokhuselo ye-14 elinganayo itolikwa ukulwa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kodwa hayi imigaqo echaphazelekayo echaphazela imilinganiselo ehlukeneyo. Olu mlinganiselo uthetha ukuba imithetho kunye nemisebenzi eyingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto eyingozi kumaqela amancinane avotayo, imithetho yokugweba iziyobisi, okanye imigaqo yezemfundo yesikolo ekwazi ukumelana nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba abathathu abachazi bobuhlanga-mthetho-mthetho abamele babonise ukulingana ngoko ke umqobo kufuneka bathethe ukuba abacalucalucalucalulo olucacileyo kodwa kwanemiqobo.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu Nokulwela UMthetho Olinganayo Wamalungelo

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yanika amabhinqa ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo phantsi koKhuselo oluManyeneyo lukaClaus, i-Applican Rights Amendment (ERA) (enokuthi ngokucacileyo iqinisekise amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini okanye sisini (_ayizange ivunywe ngokupheleleyo phezu kwayo nje iNgqungquthela edluliswayo). Ukungabikho kwesigqibo somgaqo-siseko kushiye ukulingana kwelungu nelungu elimele ukutshintsha iinkcazelo zomthetho. Okwangoku, imibandela efana nokuhlawula umsantsa, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, kunye namalungelo okuzalayo ayaqhubeka ekhuphisana kwiinkundla nakwiindlu zocawabo. [ibs v. Jackson'S Organization of Healthyment: [FLT] [202] [202] isigqibo sokubhukula i-'i-'i-'i-Roe. [[FT]

Abantu Abacalucalulo

Nangona [[Nkundla Ephakamileyo:0] yawisa [[FLT: 1] imisele ilungelo lomtshato olinganayo, uninzi lwamazwe alunazo izikhuseli ezicacileyo zokulwa nocalulo emsebenzini, izindlu, kunye neendawo zoluntu ezisekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufanasini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yama-2020 kwi Bostock v. County [Clayton County [] ikholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kumgangatho wesicakazana esisekelwe kumthetho wesiHloko seSigxina. Noko ke, urhulumente opheleleyo nomthetho uhlala ungahambelani. Ulwaphulo-mthetho wonqulo, izikovolo zezindlu zanga, iindleko zezindlu, kunye nemigudu yokuvala inxaxheba kwimidlalo eqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Isigulo

Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa izenzo ezijolise ekucombululeni ukungaphumeleli ngokwembali ngokuqwalasela uhlanga okanye ubufanasini kwizigqibo ezifana nokungena ekholejini okanye ukufunyanwa kukarhulumente. Ezi nkqubo ziye zajongana neengxaki eziphindaphindiweyo zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nabachasi bephikisa iSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus ngokuphatha abantu ngokwahlukileyo ngokwe-yo kwisizwe. Izinxulumanisi ze-Fair Adgistracts v. I-Harvard [2023], iNkuMbuko ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba imigaqo yoKhuselo olulinganayo noluvo lweSihlolo VI lwamaLungelo lwamaLungelo oMganga, ngokunelisayo isenzeka ngendlela elungileyo kwimfundo ephezulu. Esi sigqibo sibonisa indlela ulungelenelo-onke olunokuxina ngayo izixhobo ezikhoyo maxa wangoku ukunyanga ucalucalucalulo.

Indima yemfundo ekugcineni ukulingana komGaqo-siseko

Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, ukuqonda amalungiselelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle. Imfundo inokuba luncedo ekuchaphazeleni imisantsa phakathi kwesithembiso noqheliselo kwaye inike abantu amandla okuxhasa utshintsho.

Ukufundisa Imbali

Imiyalelo esebenzayo yokulingana komGaqo-siseko kufuneka ibeke ulungiso kunye namatyala embali. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ngexesha lobukhoboka, ukulalanisa komGaqo-siseko wokuqala, ukusilela kokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo, ukunyuka kwe-Jim Crow, kunye nempumelelo yombutho wamalungelo abantu. Le mbono yembali ityhila ukuba ukulingana komGaqo-siseko kuqinisekisiwe ngumphumo wokulwa, hayi ukungakwazi ukuguquka. Ikwakhuthaza ukucingelana ngokubalulekileyo ngesizathu sokuba amaqela athile ajongene nolwano lwamanani namhlanje.

Incopho engundoqo

Ukuqwalasela imithombo engundoqo ``Iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo', iingxoxo zongquzulwano, iileta ezivela kubaxhasi-phambili , inceda abafundi baqonde indlela intsingiselo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko etshintsha ngayo. Umzekelo, ukuthelekisa ukubamba kungabinamsebenzi kunye [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [2] Brown [iiiiiimpikiswano] ibonisa indlela ukuqiqaqa kwasemthethweni okunokuyixhasa ngayo inkcazelo eyahlukileyo. Olu buchule bubalulekileyo.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Ulwazi lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko luthetha okuncinane ngaphandle kwesenzo. Abafundisi-maya kufuneka bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi: ukuvota, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukunxibelelana nabameli, kwanokwenza amatyala xa amalungelo ephulwa. Imibutho emininzi, njenge iLiberties zangaphakathi zaseMelika kunye ne-[FLT] [FLT]NAACP, inikela ubuncwane bokuqonda nokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Umlo Oqhubekayo Wokulingana Phantsi komGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko esinamandla sokukhusela ilungelo lokulingana, kodwa asiluxwebhu oluzimelayo. NgoMgaqo-nkqubo we-14 kunye nenzala yawo, ngamatyala enkqubano yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangezenzo zowiso-mthetho, intsingiselo yokulingana iye yakhula kwizizukulwana. Kodwa iingxaki zokungalingani kwamalungu ohlanga, ukungalingani kwamabhinqa, kunye nocalucalucalulo ngokuchasene ne-LGBTQ zisikhumbuza ukuba ukhuseleko lwezimelo lomgaqo-siseko asizibulali. Bafuna abemi abalumkisi, abathenjiweyo, kunye nenkqubo engomthetho ewiselwe ukugwetyelwa.

Njengoko sihambela phambili, umlo wokulingana phantsi komGaqo-siseko usafuneka. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siwachaze kwakhona amagama "ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho" kulwahlulo lweemeko ezintsha kunye nokuqondwa okutsha kwesidima somntu. Kubafundi abafunda ngamalungelo abo, nakubafundisi abakhokelayo, umGaqo-siseko ulikhaphelo kunye noxwebhu lwemap /a olungcono, olukwindawo elungele ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Ngokufunda imbali, inkcaza intsingiselo yayo, kunye nokuxhasa ukufezeka kwayo ngokupheleleyo, singasihlonela isithembiso sokulingana okusentliziyweni yokuvavanya kweMerika.

Ukuhlahlela ngokubhekele phaya iziseko zomgaqo-siseko zokulingana, abafundi bangajongana noovimba bomGaqo-siseko wohlanga kunye neZiko lolwazi loMgaqo-siseko we- neZiko loLwazi loLwimi eCornell Law School[[FL:3]. La manxuwa anika imibhalo, amaphetshana embali, kunye nokushwankathela kwemeko ezingundoqo.