Ulwakhiwo lwe-Indiya lorhulumente luyenye yezona nkqubo zintsonkothileyo nezinamandla zolawulo kwihlabathi. I-Enshrin kuMgaqo-siseko, iyahlulahlula amagunya phakathi korhulumente ombindi we-Union kunye nemimandla nganye, idala isakhiwo esinempembelelo enzulu ngendlela edityanisiweyo yemigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, exhaswayo, kwaye isetyenzisiwe. Ulwahlulo lomthetho, ulawulo lwezolawulo, kunye negunya lemali lithetha ukuba injongo enye yesizwe (hhlwiphi na) iphucula ukufikelela kwempilo, ukuhambela phambili kwemfundo yehlabathi lonke, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolwazi oluneyo (*) lumele luqhube imidabalwano yemida yemithetho yezopoliti, kunye nobuchule borhulumente bolawulo. Ukuqonda indlela oluchaphazela ngayo umgangatho wenkqubo yezomthetho, umgangatho wezongameli-orhulumente, abemi, kunye nabemi belizwe ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuphumelela kwempumelelo okanye ukuphumelela kwe-oventi yolawulo phakathi kwephondo eliphakathi.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko woBuzwe bamaIndiya

I-Indiya isoloko ichazwa njenge- “FULT:1], [[FOLT:2] Uluhlu lweSizwe oluneembono ezingqukuva], noluhlu lwamandla olukhoyo ngeShedyuli yeSebethi, oluqulathe . ULuhlu lwe-Uniontion [, , [[FLT]], [uluhlu lweSizwe] lweSizwe], [[FLT], kunye [[FLT]]] noluhlu lwezintwini . Uludwe luquka amaqela amaziko abalulekileyo esizwe, imicimbi yesizwe, imicimbi yezobuxhaso, amandla enyukzi, imali, imali, nemali, nemali, nemithetho-onke egqugqiweyo, kunye neendawo ze-omati-omati, apho i-okhemistordioti ye-ographic, kunye ne-Unians, zomthetho, zomthetho, zomthetho, zomthetho, zombi

Ukongeza, amagunya alawulayo (awukhankanywa nangaluphi na uluhlu) ``Icandelo lomanyano phantsi kweGatya 248. Oku kujikelezwa kwezakhiwo ezisembindini kuqiniswa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko afana namandla kaMongameli okugxotha oorhulumente (Artle 356) kunye nemfuneko yokuba abalawuli borhulumente bamiselwe nguMongameli (ngokunokwenzeka urhulumente we-Union). Amazwe anemiqathango ekhethekileyo engaphantsi kweQumrhu lama-31 kunye neentlobo-ekhomputha zawo ezahlukeneyo zokulawula lo mmandla, njengaseNagaland, Mizoram, kunye neAssam-enombox ebanzi kwimicimbi yezenkcube nezoqoqosho. Ukuqulukwa kweCandelo lweSigqeqeqeshi seSizwe seSizwe se-1970051 kweyee, ngokweebhusayithi yeminyaka ephambili kodwa anegalelo ngokuthe ngqo kwiminkile yobomi.

Indlela Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa Komanyano Okuchaphazela Ngayo Ukuthotywa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sinempembelelo ephindiweyo kuzalisekiso lwenkqubo. Kwesinye isandla, ivumela iinkqubo zesizwe zivumelane nezobuzwe kwizinto zazo ezikhoyo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, ingenza ukulibazisa, ukhuhlano, kunye nomahluko xa izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente kunye ne-Union zinyibilika okanye xa ubuchule kurhulumente bubuthathaka. Ukuzalisekisa itsheyina kubandakanya umthetho ophakathi okanye uyilo lweqhinga, kulandelwa lungeniso lomgangatho wombuso, ukwabiniswa kwemali, ukuphunyezwa ngoomatshini borhulumente, ukusetyenziswa ngoomatshini bombini umgangatho. Inyathelo ngalinye lizisa ii-ehansi zebhotile.

Ukuhambelana kunye nokuzimela

Ngenxa yokuba udweliso lwezixhobo zelizwe ezihamba phambili lubandakanya imixholo ekhoyo yemibutho enxulumene nemeko-ntle, imfundo, kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle-yoluntu. Zombini ezona manyano kunye nezoburhulumente zobunini. I-National Health Mission, ngokwemo, ixhaswe kakhulu kodwa ixhomekeke kakhulu kumasebe esizwe empilo esizwe ekunikezeleni. Xa urhulumente egqiba ukuphucula ucwangciso lodweliso lwenkqubo (`e.g.., ukubeka phambili impilo kamama kwizifo zokuhlola /iziphumo zezifo/iziphumo ezinokusuka kwiinkxalabo zamazwe. Ngokufanayo, iLilungelo labantwana lokufumana i-Free ne-CRTrective Imfundo Act (Umthetho), 2009, ngumthetho osembindi, kodwa ukwenziwa kwayo kuxhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente, imigaqo-nkqubo yokufundisa, kunye nokusebenzisa inkxaso yemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla, ulawulo olulungele ukuphithana.

I-Fiscal Freestlist kunye nokufuduka kwezibonelelo

I-Indiya iphawulwe ngomkhamo ophakamileyo wokuqokelelwa kwengeniso kunye nenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yenkcitho. Urhulumente we-Union uqokelela malunga nama-60% emali yerhafu iyonke kodwa uchitha kuphela malunga nama-40% enkcitho kawonke-wonke, ngelixesha inye isithi kuchitheke okuseleyo. Oku kungalingani kuthe ngqo kubhekiswe kwi-[FOL:0] iKhomishini [[[FLT:]][FLD][1] [12]] [1] [1] [iiiindlela ezikhuthaza ukuba irhafuthezo ezingundoqo], kunye neKhomishini (ngokunje ithenjiswa yimali ebekelwe yi-NTS, ibonelelana i-NFOgggs, ibonelelana leyo ingumzekelo wemeko. [[5]][5]], ngokwee-Sam-FT], i-FT], i-PNT] esetyenziswa ngu-oglovedt , ngokweefolayyeeforl

Umthamo wokuboleka wemeko unyanzelwa ngezantsi. Iziko kufuneka zifumane imvume esembindini yokuboleka ukuba ityala labo lingaphezulu komda ochaziweyo. Oku kudala imeko apho oorhulumente bomcebo-onke belizwe (umz., Gujarat, Maharashtra) banokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezithe kratya, ngelixa amazwana ogcino-mali (umz., Bahar, Utar Pradesh) ezama ukuthelekisa iimfuno zemali ezisemgangathweni, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiiziphumo zemithetho engalinganiyo. Iziphumo ezikwizwe GDPP ngonyaka kunye ne-mastifishthi yerhafu ziguqulela kukuziphatha okungalinganiyo [[FLT: 0] [FLT]]

Umanyano Lwezobupolitika: Ulawulo Lweqela Elahlukileyo

Ulungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika phakathi kwe-Union kunye noorhulumente belizwe lungakhawulezisa okanye luthintele ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Xa iqela elinye lezobupolitika okanye umnqongo othile ulawula kuwo omabini amanqanaba .-so-obizwa “ulawulo lwamaqumrhu olawulo” kusetyenziso "aphos" luhamba ngokucocene ngakumbi, amabhunu alungelelanisa iingshukumisa, kwaye oorhulumente abanamathuba amancinane okuvavanya imigaqo ephakathi. Noko ke, xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula, zingavela umzekelo osungulo: emva kokundululwa kwawo, oorhulumente bangalibazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ebekwe phambili, ukuxanduliswa kweengxelo ezithiweyo, okanye kwanefayile yetyala kwiNkundla ephakamileyo. [[FLT:] kunye neeNkonzo ze-Cheast , ezithi zibangela ukurhoxiswa kwe-Rhosa i-RGPTS, i-offsethi ye-ocet. I-Amplitivence, i-ethe ukurhoxina kwenye i-orhorhorhorho ekufuneka, i-omele i-

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Impembelelo Yomanyano Ngaphaya Kwamahlelo Angundoqo

Impilo

Ubuchule bempilo ngokuyintloko ngumbandela wesizwe, kodwa i-Union imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe, iqhuba ucwangciso oluphambili olufana [noluthi [FLT: 0] noluyiyo i-Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Mantray Yhoina (PM-JAY), kunye nemali engundoqo kwiinkqubo zempilo (umz. National AIDS, National National Increadiation Program). Amazwe asebenzisa ezi nkqubo ngoooooooooooooooooooooooooodar abaphathi bezempilo bawo, kodwa anokukwazi ukuchapha okungcono nokufumana izibonelo ezisempilweni ezikhoyo, imigaqo yonyango yasekuhlaleni, i-FU.[4] kunye nendlela ezifake ngayo uphazaliso lweziko lwezezopolitiki. Umba-A. Umba-A. Umbathi .[FU.N.[10]

Imfundo

Imfundo ikwiNqanawa ehambelanayo, kodwa ukuphunyezwa koMthetho weRTE akulingani. Ngoxa urhulumente osembindini encodweni encomela imigangatho encinci([papul- teachers] umlinganiselo wemali efunekayo, isiseko sesiseko semfundo (iimeko-smemo/iindawo zokufundisa, uqeqesho, uqeqesho lwezi: iiklasi 9-12, kunye nomfundisi-lwazi-. [[FLT:]]] [[FLT:][3][FLT]] ne[FTLT]][FFFOL:1] kodwa amatyala kufuneka anikele isahlulo esifanayo.[FFFFOT][5] kunye neziphumo zemfundo ezisezantsi zemfundo esezantsi zemfundo esezantsi.[FUT][NFLANT] kunye ne-FOLT]

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

[[FLT: 0] I-Pradhan Gram Sadak Yoyaya (PMGSY)[[FTL:1] yeendlela zasemakhaya kunye izintlu zombini zibandakanya inkxaso-mali kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemeko-ntle. Amazwe amele achaze imiphanda ephambili, ukusungula izivumelwano, nokugcina impahla. Ngokufuthi zenzeka ngenxa yemiba yetyala (ilizwe lingumbandela wezwe), impikiswano ephakathi yamanzi (imisebenzi yokurhweba ngerhafu), okanye amandla kwisebe likarhulumente loluntu. Imisebenzi emikhulu efana ne-MMbaikhuni ye-Cornity okanye i-Prodist, i-Coridred ephakathi kwe-odt, i-octivessssss (imeko eziqhelekileyo) enokwenza ii-tolikidiyo (injini elingunxa-onke) anokuthi azive kwiphondo eliphantsi kwelizwe eliphantsi eliphantsi kwegunya eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi kwegunya eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi kwela kumazwe, eliphantsi

Ucelomngeni Kumsebenzi Wokwenza Imisebenzi

Umahluko kumsebenzi welizwe

Asingawo onke amaphondo anegunya elinye, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule bemali bokuzalisekisa ucwangciso oluxhaswe ngokusembindini. Ama-United States anesabelo esikhulu semali eyabelwe embindini enxulumene nengeniso yawo (umz., amaphondo asemntla-mpuma, i-Uttankankand, i-Bihar) asoloko exhomekeke kakhulu kwi-New Delhi kwinkcitho yawo. Oku kwenza ukuxhomekeka okunokuthi kuthintele ukutshintsha kwemeko yasekuhlaleni. Okwangoku, [[FLT: 0] umgangatho okhethekileyo wemali [ (ngoku ukhutshwe yiKhomishini yeshumi elinesihlanu leMalitili)) yanika amazwe athile unyango olubalulekileyo kwinkciciso yemali nakuhlahloko, nto leyo ebangela ukusetyenziswa konyango olufanayo kunye nokwenza ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiki. Ngokutshona kwendlela ye-Chentinatnatting kumgangatho senkqubo ye-Chelting.

Iimephu zolungelelwaniso lwesivakalisi sombutho woku tyobelana

Imigaqo emininzi ifuna ukulungelelana kobuzwe obuninzi: ulwahlulo lwamanzi omlambo (umz., iCauvery yamanzi phakathi kweKarnataka neTamil Nadu), ulawulo longcoliso (NCR-Gangetic caadis), kunye nolawulo lwentlekele. IBhunga leNCR lingumthetho obalaseleyo owenzelwe ukudlulayo: iBhunga leSizwe i-Inter-Sigqeba, imiswe phantsi kweQumrhu lama-26, ikho ukulungiselela ukuqhuba incoko, kodwa iintlanganiso zalo azikho ukubophana kwaye imigaqo eqinileyo ayibophi. IBhunga le GST lisebenza njengempumelelo: i-Cquasi-federalder apho ithetha ngezingathotho neenkqubo zokuthobela, nangona izigqibo zalo zifuna impembelelo ezintathu kwezine ezinesine kunye nezininzi ze-Unignognomenti ezitheneyo.

Umbindi wonikezelo olungaphezulu kunye nengxaki yeqela

Abaphengululi abaninzi besizwe baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente we-Indiya usebenzise uLuhlu oluhambelanayo ekwenzeni inkqubo. Umzekelo, iNational Education Policy 2020 yayilwa sisiziko kwaye yabongoza amazwe ukuba amkele isakhiwo esitsha seklasi, nangona imfundo ingumbandela okhoyo. Ayushman [ umcimbi wokufundisa wezemfundo uphantse wayilwe ngokusemgangathweni. Ukusetyenziswa kweCandelo 356 (Umthetho woMlawuli) isenokuyekile kwinkulungwane yama-21 (ngeemeko ezimbalwa kuphela, ngokuphawulekayo kwi-201919, kodwa kunika i-Union ekhoyo kuphela. Umthetho ombini othe ngqo, kodwa unika i-Nt.[5] Ukusetyenziswa kweNt.[5] ukusetyenziswa kweNt.umphatho-othelela kumbini wolawulo oluncinci, urhulumente, uthelela kungeneyo, uninzi lwe-Frando, umba-X.[3]

Amathuba: Ukubuyiselwa Ngolingelo Lomanyano

Ulwahlulo oluthe qongqotha ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yequmrhu luyenza i-Indiya ibe yi- umsebenzi we-compution [. Ama- States azama ii-console (ukusuka ku]] uDileshi ukunikezelwa kweminyango kawonke-wonke [[[FFFFFF:]]] ... [Nkqukunye]] kulawulo lwendawo ye-fakkim [[FFFFFF]]]] [umphalt:] [ulawulo lwe-AFTP] [FT]] [uhlu lwama] [uhlu lwama-Amandla , i-Apption: [NT] kunye ne-Appins sykein: [iiiiiiiphereagogogogogogogogogogogogogogo [[10] [iiie, i-ayimeko-ayikhompume] [iethe :[10]

Ukusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi olunokwahlulwa

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganciphisa ukuvuza. [[[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yeMali ye-PFMS [[FFFMS]] inceda ukulandelelana kwemali ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka kwi-New Delhi ukuya kumatyala edolophana, inciphisa ukuvuza. [ Indawo yolwazi lwelizwe (I-NKULULE] [[FLT]]][FLT]]] inikezela ngesiseko esahlukeneyo sikarhulumente. Xa amaziko evumelana ngemilinganiselo elungeleleneyo yogcino-data [[FLT]] isebenzisa i-AFLT [5]] [ADARD], i-UPUP], i-Dhouckergicray [effective sylces systems sylces syndomes systems syms syms symbiction, umba woncedo lwaziboljing sync, e-At symple symplifi

Ubuchule bokuphucula umgaqo-nkqubo

Ngenxa yezinto ezikhoyo zokwakha zegunya loburhulumente baseIndiya, amaqhinga amaninzi anokuqinisa ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ngaphandle kokuthob ’ isidima.

1. Ukuqinisa izidumbu ezikwicandelo lombane

Yenza intsebenziswano yeBhunga leSizwe leNtloko-Msitho-Mpuma ngekota yeentlanganiso kunye ne-odoli abagunyazisiweyo ukudibanisa iimbambano. Zonal Commissions[ [iiNtla] [iiNtlanga] (iNyaka, iMpuma, iNtshona, iMbindi) kufuneka ivuselelwe kwimicimbi yengingqi phambi kokuba ikhule. [[FLT: 4.] IKhomishini yeFLD [FLT] ifanele icinge ukuba inike inkxaso-yokusebenza okuthiwathethayo ngenxa yeziphumo, hayi igalelo nje, ngelixa kusenziwa ngokwenzeka.

2. Ukucaciswa kobutyala kucwangciso lwangoku

Kwisicwangciso ngasinye esixhaswe ngombindi, oorhulumente abasembindini kunye norhulumente kufuneka batyikitye iMemorandium yokuqonda ichaza iindima, iilayini zexesha, kunye neminikelo yemali. Oku kunciphisa ukungaqondakali kwaye kuthintele ukubekwa ityala. Ikhampani yogcino-lwazi [[FLT:] [phambi kokuphelelwa kwayo] ingasebenza njengemodeli yengeniso ekhanyayo.

3. Isakhiwo sobugorha kumgangatho weRhulumente

Amaziko esizwe afana [[FLT: 0] Abaphathi-mikhosi beKholeji yaseIndiya okanye UNITI Ayayog's uHlomelo loPhuhliso noHlololo-Nyaka [ kufuneka baqhube iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezizodwa zezwe zabaphathi be-IAS nabaqokeleli besithili kulawulo lweprojekthi, uqingqo-mali, kunye nogcino-lwazi. Uncedo lobugcisa ngamaqela axhasayo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] amaqela anikezelo-mali abuthathaka kakhulu anokubanceda bahlangabezane neemfuno zobucetlo oluphakathi.

4. Uqheliselo olungcono lokuphelisa amadlozi

Yenza indawo yokugcina yamanani [[FLT: 0] (i www.states actives.gov.in) apho oorhulumente bezwe badlelana khona ngempumelelo ungenelelo: umzekelo, Rajanhah Yahoya [iiimali] yokuthutha ngemali, [[FLT:] iKERA] iKudumshree[[FLT:]] [iindlela] yokunika amabhinqa amandla, okanye i-Maharta’s Jakta [FUT] [FLT] [i-FLT] amanzi okulondololonga.[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.NT.NT.NTBBEN [iKT]][5]

5. Imithetho Engekho Ngqongqo Nemiqathango

Vumela ulwamkelo oluthe xhaxhe kwimali ekhoyo kwimibutho exhaswe ngokuphakathi (kuthi, ukuya kutsho kuma-25%) logama nje zifikelela kwiinjongo zodweliso lwenkqubo jikelele. Nciphisa inani lodweliso lwezicwangciso ezixhaswe ngokuxhasweyo[ [ngokunjalo] (ukuya kutsho kwikhulu elinamakhulu amahlanu) ngokuzidibanisa zibe zimbalwa, zithambeke ngokunjalo iinkqubo zeambrela. Faurententh Monicity Commissionssions icebiso lokwandisa ukukhulula amatyala 32% ukuya ku 42% erhafuno eziphakathi ezithenjiweyo, kodwa zidityaniswe ngokulawula.

Isiphelo: Ukuqhuba iSivumelwano sikaRhulumente

Ulwakhiwo lwezwe lwama-Indiya luyintsebenziswano kunye nezixhobo zokuzalisekisa inkqubo. Luzisa ukuntsonkotha okungenakuphepheka kokukhawuleziswa kwemeko-bume, ukungalingani okungalawulekiyo, ukungquzulana kwezobupolitika, okunokuba selulibazise kwaye kugqwethe iinkqubo zesizwe ezizinzileyo. Kodwa kunika ubuchule bokuphuhlisa iinguqu zengingqi, ukutshintsha kwemimandla, nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Undoqo ekuphuculeni ukuphucula ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi akuyo ekupheliseni urhulumente okanye ekuqhubeni phambili, kodwa kuqinisela imigaqo enceda iBhunga le `Interveyidia-mouse, iKhomishini yemali, i-NITI, i-Aywog, kunye nomgangatho wesizwe. Ngokukhuthaza umoya wokwenyaniso wolawulo lwedemokhrasi nokhuphini. [FLDS: 0]

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, uphando: PRS Legist Infigueting on contifingism, iingxelo ze-Ayayog kwintsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yezwelonke, okanye i-[FLT] Finance Commission of India’s with recuments [].