Indlela Umlinganiselo ka-Claus olindelekileyo osetyenziswa ngayo kwimichiza yombane kunye nemfihlo yogcino-lwazi

Ngokwembali, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo elandelelanayo kutshintsho lobugcisa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Olstead v. United States [1928] (1928) ekuqaleni yayikholelwa ukuba ukuphanda akuzange kuququzelele phantsi koMphetho-Mphetho-mvakaliso wesine kuba kwakungekho luchaphazelo lokwenyama. Umthetho weJaji Brandeis odumileyo waphikisayo uthetha ukuba ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko kufuneka luqhubeke notshintsho lobugcisa, qhatha uluvo oluzakuba nempembelelo kwindlela efanelekileyo yokuhlalutyathwa kwenkqubo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkuqululo yaqonda ukuba ukupheliswa komthetho wesine kuchasene nophando olungekho ngqiqwenileyo nolungekho luchaziweyo lweMgalelo lweMgalelo loMgaqo- siseko kaClaus Claus.

I-elgrafiki yombane: Iinkcazelo kunye nomsebenzi wesakhelo esisemthethweni

Ukujonga ngekhompyutha kubandakanya uludwe oluninzi lwemisebenzi: ukufowuna kweminxeba, ukudibana nee-imeyili, ukuhlola i-Internet, ukuqokelela imetadata, ukusebenzisa i-cell-siretees Act (Ii-SSRA), kunye nokuphatha ukuqokelelwa kwedata engalinganiyo phantsi kweenkqubo ezifana nezibhedethi zikaEdward Snowden. Isiseko somthetho sisebenza ngokulandelelana kwemimiselo, iimiyalelo zolawulo, nezigqibo zokwayamatyala. [[FLT:] Umthetho womthetho wobuChobe obu-Chobe-bucala (FT) [FLT] [FT:] [FTY:1] [UT] [UT] [UMT] [umphatho] wemijelotho], kunye nootho lwezibonelelo lwe-Fogne] [FFF].[4]

I-Bacted Process Claus idibana nezi zicwangciso ezininzi. Xa urhulumente efuna ukusebenzisa ubungqina obuphenjelelweyo obuvela ngokubophayo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa kufuneka afumane isaziso esisesikweni sobungqina kunye nethuba lokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwalo. Kwimeko yokhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo efunekayo isenokubekwa phantsi ngezantsi. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla yeFISA isebenza njengesalatha, ngoorhulumente kuphela okhoyo. Abagxeki baphikisa le nkqubo ifanelekileyo ngokukhaba naliphi na ithuba lokulwa namathuba lokukhuphisana nemiyalelo yokuhlola. Inkundla ephakamileyo ithethe ngezi zinto kodwa ishiye ingalungiswangalungiswanga.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

• Katz v. United States (1967): INkundla yathi uHlaziyo lweSine lukhusela abantu, hayi iindawo, kwaye ukulindela komntu ukuba imfihlo kuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba ukuphendla kwenzeka na. Ukuncamathela kukarhulumente isixhobo sokuphulaphula umnxeba kuqinisekiswe kwindlu yocingo kumele isiqinisekiso. Ngoxa ityala lisigqibo esingundoqo seSine sokuHlamlamliselo, ukuqiqa okusengqiqweni ngokokulindelwe kwemfihlo kuphakathi kungundoqo wohlalutyo olufanelekileyo kwiimeko zokhangelo. [[FLT] [FLT:], urhulumente akanakuphinda athi ukuphendla nasiphi na i-temgono-gracki.
• [FLT]Smith v. Maryland [1997]]. Kumlinganiselo obalulekileyo, iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umntu akanalo ulindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo kumanani omnxeba ufowuniweyo ufowunelwe kuba la manani adluliselwa ngokuqhutywa yimfonomfono- mfono- mfono. Le “mfundiso yesithathu yecandelo” ivumela urhulumente ukuba afumane ulwazi lokubhalisela ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Emashumi eminyaka kamva, usetyenziso lwendawo enkulu ye-metam-data-mfono--mfono--- eququkwa no-data yeNkundla ukuba iphinde i-intengo.
• [FLT] United States v. Jones (202): INkundla yavumelana ukuba ukudibanisa umthuthi weGPS kwinqwelo erhanelwayo kubandakanya uphendlo, nangona abagwebi abangavumiyo kwi-gray. Umthetho uSotomay's contrence ubuza ukusebenziseka okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso yesithathu yecandelo lolwazi ngexesha apho abantu bavelisa khona ubuninzi benkcazelo yamanani. Ukuqiqaqaza okufanelekileyo: ukuba urhulumente angaqokelela kwaye ahlolisise iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kolawulo lwezomthetho, abantu abahlawulwa ngentsingiselo yolwazi lwabo.
• Amatyala e-Atlantia, i- (208): Le ntlanganiso yengqikelelo-mbali ibambe ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lwendawo ekwimbali-leseli esuka kwisithwali sendlela engenacingo. IJaji enkulu Roberts, ibhalela uninzi, iqikeleze ukuba imfundiso yesithathu-catalthis ayisebenzi ku-ikhthathu lobukho lomntu ngokoqobo eqokelelwa yonke imihla, mzuzu ngamnye, kwiminyaka emininzi.” Isigqibo sisenzo esifanelekileyo soloyilo: ifuna unobangela nesiqinisekiso, iqinisekisa ukuba imeko yemeko ebanzi ye-data ebonakalisa indawo engaphakathi ye-cell.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe

Ngeli xesha [ ithetha ngophando lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo yecalculus iyahluka kumongo wobuntlola basemzini. [ I-AMENT International USA (20203]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalukhupha ucelomngeni kwicandelo 702 leFISA (evumela ukungaqiniseki kweeprojekthi ezinge-U.S.) abantu abaphesheya kwelizwe) bashiya inzuzo ingathintelwanga. Noko ke, [[FLT:] Inkundla yeQumlgraystein (FISC)) ekhoyo (FFULT) phantsi kwendlela ezikhoyo.[2] I-FFULT] ipapathe izimvo zahlukeneyo ezinye iiprojekthi ze-ethi ye-othothotho ye-Genethi.[12]

I-Bactive Processource Claus ikhusela ukuncitshiswa kwe- “enkuka-.” ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo. Kumongo wamanani, umbuzo kukuba umntu ngamnye unemdla wobuqu kwi-data yakhe. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingathethi ngokungqalileyo oku, iinkundla ezincinci zibonile ukuba idata ethile . "ezinjengee-email okanye iifayile zamafu" zinokuba yimpahla. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] United States] v. Imithetho ye-Ganianians [2d CIT] [2014]), inkundla ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente ukulungele ukubuyiselwa kwe-dd presed pread presed pready, ukukhulula okungaphaya komfanele umniniyo. Ngoko kufune ukuba urhulumente abuye okanye atshabalalise i-data efunyenwe ngokungafanelekanga. Imithetho enjenge-Complunters C C iphathe i-oc) ilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa koog. Xa kuthensit, i-mo yomthetho i-modut. Inter

Ukuphawula Neemfuneko Zokuva

Umgaqo-nkqubo ongundoqo osisiseko wokukhusela lilungelo lokuqaphela nokuphulaphula phambi korhulumente ukuhlupha umdla okhuselekileyo. Ngokusoloko ukhaphela, isaziso asikho: inkundla yesithili (ityala le-Keyth) urhulumente usenokusebenzisa uphando lwe-elektroniki ukuze aqokelele ubungqina ngaphandle kokunika uvavanyo lweziqinisekiso zokuhlola ityala de ityala libekwe phambi kokuba lichotshelwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo [FLT] iUnited States v. U.S. iNkundla yeSithilini (ityala le-Kanti) [72] ibambe ukuba kwana kumatyala okhuseleko esizwe, ukujongwa kwamaqela eencwadi eencwadi e-otho. Noko ke, iNkurhoqonga kufuna ukuphawula, ukuqiqanda kokuzingela imbono kokuzimondela.

Omnye umlinganiso lilungelo lokujongana nobungqina bokhangelo. United States v. Jones (imeko yeGPS), ukungavumelani kwaphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba imfuneko ye-GPS yokulandelela inokuthi inyanzele umthwalo kumthetho onyanzeliswayo, kodwa uninzi lwagxininisa ukuba imvume ilukhuseleko lwexesha. Inkqubo isiseko semfuneko sokuba urhulumente atyhile ubungqina obudibeneyo ( Brady v. Maryland). Kwimeko ezibandakanya ukhangelo, urhulumente ingafuneka ukuba atyhile iinkqubo zolawulo neempazamo ezenziweyo. Umzekelo, ukungaphumeleli kukarhulumente ukuqhuba iinkqubo zokuthobanisa, ezinye iimeko, ukuchaphaza kwe-dentiyo.

Ukudibana Kwenkqubo Elindelekileyo Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Nangona uMthetho-Mpanzi wesine owenzelwe ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni udla ngokuphuhlisa iingxoxo zokuhlola, i-Acted Procesme Claus inika umthombo ozimeleyo wokuzikhusela. UMthetho weSine wokuHlaziya ufuna ukuba uphengululo lube lusengqiqweni ```ngokusekelwe kusizathu esilindelekileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso. I-CST Procession Claus, kwelinye icala, igxininisa kwimigaqo esesikweni esetyenziswayo ukufumana nokusebenzisa ubungqina. Nokuba uphando lunengqiqo phantsi koMthetho weSine, lusenokuyichasa ngendlela efunekayo ukuba urhulumente usebenzise iindlela ezingafanelekanga okanye umphazamla ithuba elinelo lokuviwa.

Qwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwe ILeta zoKhuseleko lwesizwe[NSANT].

Ngokufanayo, ummiselo we- wobubhali obusezantsi kunye ne TRAP ummiselo ufuna kuphela isiqinisekiso sokuba ulwazi lufaneleke kuphendlo oluqhubekayo, olusezantsi kakhulu kunolunokwenzeka. Iinkundla zahlulele ukuba lento eyaneleyo phantsi koMphetho-woMda-Mda-Mdabi, kodwa inkqubela-nkqubo efanelekileyo iphakanyisiwe ukuze urhulumente aqokelele izinqumlisi zexesha elide ngaphandle kolawulo lomthetho, abantu ngabanye bahlulwa imfihlo yabo ngaphandle kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela. [[FLT]] [FLT:], kufuneka ngoku urhulumente afumane indawo ye-data, kodwa ezinye ii-metafiletisss, phantsi kwe-email, iyasebenza phantsi kwemigangatho esezantsi.

Iingxabaxa Ezingomgaqo-nkqubo Nengxoxo Eqhubekayo

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Curreate Process Claus kukhangelo lwe-elektroniki akumi ndawonye. IBhunga, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisoloko zihlaziya imithetho ephendulayo kwimimiselo yenkundla nakutshintsho lobugcisa. Imimandla engundoqo yengxoxo iquka:

Iimfuno ezisisram sogcino-lwazi lwamanani

Nge Amacebo. Amaziko amaninzi agqithise imithetho efuna zonke ii-odolo ze-electal zokhangelo lwezombane, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwe-dronic plate elula. I-'FLT'' ifaka isiqinisekiso sendlela-mfono'. Izixhobo ezininzi zishiyeka zikhuselekile: imigaqo yexesha logcino-mkhondo, isalatha socingo, kunye ne data esuka kwi Internet yezinto (IOT). Iimeko ezininzi zigqithise imithetho efuna isiqinisekiso sobukhongozelo lwe-elektroniki, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwe-dronametrias methi. I-'EFFFFF', i-ective i-ective i-', [FFFFFFFF' ifuna i-ective', i-'', i-''' i-ective Active'.[5]