Ukuqonda Imibandela Elawulayo: Indlela Abakukhonza Ngayo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo amisela isiseko sendlela urhulumente wase-United States anikela ngayo iinkonzo, anyanzelisa imithetho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika suku ngalunye. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya namanzi ethu ukuze kulondolozwe ukhuseleko loluntu nokuze kungenelwe iintlekele zemvelo, ezi ntlangano zikhethekileyo zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni iinjongo zomthetho kwinyathelo lokwenene lehlabathi. Ukuqonda indlela abameli abalawulayo abasebenza ngayo, igunya labo elingokwasemthethweni, neendlela abakhonza ngazo uwonke wonke zingakunika amandla okusebenzisa kakuhle ukhuseleko lorhulumente, ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zakho zemvelo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi boluntu.

Yintoni Imibandela Elawulayo?

Imibutho elawulayo yimibutho ekhethekileyo kurhulumente wesizwe ejongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo, esebenza phantsi kwegunya lomongameli kwaye ilawula imisebenzi ehlukahlukeneyo enjengemithetho, ulawulo, kunye nokugcinwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente. La masebe ngamaziko alawulayo aphathiswe ukuzalisekisa, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo lomthetho wethu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Umbutho olawulayo, kwimeko yomthetho wolawulo, ngumbutho wesizwe ogcinwe phantsi kweOfisi enoLawulo oluPhezulu kaMongameli okanye elinye lamasebe eKhabhinethi ali-15 kwisebe elilawulayo. Njengoko urhulumente wakhula, amasebe aphetheyo akhula njengendlela yokunceda umongameli aphumeze imisebenzi yakhe aze angenelele kwimicimbi yakhe. Namhlanje, ezi ofisi zibandakanyeke kulawulo lwamihla yonke kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wegunya elilawulayo.

Umlinganiselo wamaziko alawulayo uphangalele ngendlela ephawulekayo. Oku kushiya uludwe olukhulu lwamasebe karhulumente, iibhunga, iikhomishini, iibhodi, ulawulo kunye namaqumrhu achaza "ubuchule". Kukho amakhulu amasebe namasebe karhulumente aneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, ngamnye ubhekisa kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo nolawulo lukawonke-wonke.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States awunikezi gunya elingqalileyo nelingqalileyo ekumiselweni kwabameli abaphetheyo okanye ekumiselweni kwamalungu eKhabhinethi. Noko ke, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko iyalinika igunya elipheleleyo. IGatya II, icandelo 2, umGaqo-siseko uthi umongameli anga "lufuna uluvo, ngokubhala, lomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko kwiSebe ngalinye elilawulayo, nakuyiphi na iNgxelo enxulumene nee-Damons zee-ofisi zabo.

Amaqumrhu alawulayo aphantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedure ("APA"), olawula inkqubo abayalela ngayo abameli bolawulo nokumisela imithetho. Phantsi koMthetho woLawulo lonyaka ka- 1946, u "ugunya" ligunya likarhulumente ngaphandle kweBhunga, iinkundla, kunye nomkhosi. Esi siseko somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu alandele iinkqubo ezisesikweni xa edala kwaye enza izigqibo ezichaphazela uluntu.

Imbali

ISebe leSizwe limiselwe ngowe-1789, lilona linesebe elilawulayo elidala. Ukususela ngoko, isebe lorhulumente liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zebutho elintsonkothileyo. Ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu amatsha kuye kwangqinelana nokuvela kwezinto eziphambili zesizwe, inkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa, kunye neemfuno zentlalo ezitshintshayo.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, amaqumrhu aphetheyo ayanda njengoko urhulumente wesizwe wathabatha iimbopheleleko ezandisiweyo kwimimandla enjengenkuselo yemekobume, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, imigangatho yomsebenzi, neenkqubo zoluntu. Oku kukhula kwabonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwebutho labantu lanamhlanje nokuqonda ukuba kufuneka ubuchule obukhethekileyo ukusingatha iingxaki zenkqubo yobugcisa nezobume obuhlukahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo zezicwangciso zolawulo oluphezulu

Ukuqonda le migaqo kunceda kucace indlela amaqela awahlukeneyo asebenza ngayo nendlela azimele ngayo nendlela ahlala ngayo elungelelaniswe ngayo okanye afumana ulwalamano olufanayo nomongameli kunye neNgqungquthela.

Amasebe alawula iCandelo

Amasebe olawulo lulawulo lwamaqela karhulumente phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo loMongameli, kwaye iKhabhinethi yoMongameli iquka uMongameli onguVinice, iintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 angezantsi, kunye neAttorney Jikelele. La masebe amele eyona nqanaba eliphezulu lesebe eliphetheyo.

Intloko nganye ibizwa ngokusemthethweni njengoNobhala wesebe layo, njengoNobhala weSebe, unobhala woMkhosi, okanye unobhala weSebe, kunye noonobhala abaquka amalungu eKhabhinethi yomongameli kwaye banike umongameli iingxelo zemihla ngemihla kunye nokhokelo kwimicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe. Ababenzi beSebe badlala iindima ezigxekayo ekuncedeni umongameli ukuba aphuhlise inkqubo yesizwe, aphendule kwiimeko zangaphandle, aze anyanzelise igunya eliphezulu lomongameli.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi ayinxalenye yomgca wokulandelelana kobumongameli kwisiganeko sokudlula komongameli, okanye ukuhla eofisini. Le ndima yomGaqo-siseko igxininisa ukubaluleka kwezi zikhundla kurhulumente worhulumente.

Isebe leKhabhinethi le-15 ligubungela imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente, kuquka uRhulumente, uNxaso, Ukhuselo, Ubulungisa, Umbindi, Urhwebo, Umsebenzi, Impilo NeeNkonzo Zoluntu, Uphuhliso, Izandiso, Imfundo, Imicimbi yeProjekthi, neNkcubeko yaseHomeland. Isebe ngalinye liqulethe iiprojekthi ezininzi ezincinci kunye nee-ofisi eziqhuba imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwimimandla yalo ebanzi.

Ingxamiseko yolawulo oluphezulu oluzimeleyo

Amanye amasebe angangeniyo kwiindidi ezintathu zokuqala abizwa ngokuba ngamasebe azimeleyo, afana kakhulu namasebe eKhabhinethi, kodwa ancinane kwaye anzima kakhulu kwaye aqhele ukuba neendawo ezimxinwa zoxanduva kunezo amasebe ekhabhinethi.

Imizekelo yamaqumrhu azimeleyo azimeleyo azimeleyo aquka i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), iSebe leeNkonzo Jikelele (GSA), kunye noLawulo lweeNkonzo oluMancinci (SA). La masebe asebenza ngenkululeko engakumbi kumsebenzi wawo wemini yonke imihla ngexa ehlala ephendula kumongameli.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo oluzimeleyo

Kurhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States, abameli abazimeleyo bangamasebe angaphandle kolawulo lwesebe lorhulumente (lawo alawulwa ngunobhala weKhabhinethi) kunye neOfisi yoMongameli enoLawulo oluPhezulu, yaye ngengqiqo encinane, eli gama libhekisela kuphela kwabo basemasebeni azimeleyo, ngoxa begqalwa njengenxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, abanegunya okanye abalawulayo yaye bagqunywa kulawulo lomongameli, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba amandla kamongameli okugxotha intloko yombutho okanye ilungu elithile lilinganiselwe.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zamasebe olawulo: amaqumrhu alawulayo namaqumrhu azimeleyo, yaye uMongameli usoloko elawula abameli abalawulayo kunamaziko azimeleyo.

Ibhodi, okanye isiqu esinamalungu aphakathi kwamahlanu nasixhenxe, kwelinye icala, sikhokela amaqumrhu azimeleyo, nomongameli emisela ibhodi okanye amalungu omsebenzi phantsi kwesiqinisekiso sikaSenate, ilungu ngalinye elisebenza ixesha elilinganiselweyo, elidla ngokuba yiminyaka emine, kwaye amalungu akhubeka ukuze kuthintelwe ukujika okupheleleyo kwebhodi konke ngexesha elinye.

IReduction Act yePhepha idwelisa i-19 "amasebe azimeleyo olawulo", anjengeKhomishini yoBungameli kunye ne-Exchange, iKhomishini yeNtloko, iKhomishini yeZimo zeMyuziyam, iKhomishini yeDeposit Inishuwarensi, kunye neKhomishini yezeMali eLawula iLawulo yezeMali. La maqumrhu alawula amacandelo acebi ajongene noqoqo lezoqoqosho kunye nokuzimela inkululeko ukuqinisekisa izigqibo zawo zisekelwe kubuchule kunye neemfuno zemithetho kunokuba aqwalaselwe kwezobupolitika.

Amaqumrhu karhulumente

Iinkampani zikarhulumente zimela isakhiwo esineentlobo ezingafaniyo esidibanisa amacandelo oshishino lwabucala neentlanganiso zenkonzo karhulumente. La maqumrhu adalwa xa kufuneka urhulumente anikele iinkonzo ezingenakuzinceda iinkampani zabucala kodwa zibalulekile ukuze kulungelwe abantu.

I-United States Postal Service (USPS) mhlawumbi yeyona mbutho karhulumente owaziwayo, inikela iinkonzo zokuhambisa iposi kwidilesi nganye yelizwe nokuba ingeniso ingaphi. IAmtrak, inkonzo yesizwe yabakhweli, ngomnye umzekelo wombutho karhulumente osebenza kwiindawo apho iinkampani zabucala zisenokungakufumani kuphumelela ngokwezoqoqosho ukulungiselela inkonzo ebanzi.

Iinkampani zikarhulumente ziyakwazi ukutshintsha indlela ezisebenza ngayo, kuquka ukuvelisa ingeniso, ukulawula uqingqo-mali lwazo, nokugqiba ngezoshishino ngaphandle kokuphatha oorhulumente. Noko ke, zihlala zinoxanduva kwiNkqutyana kwaye zimele zikhonze iinjongo zikarhulumente zengeniso kunokuba ziphumeze iinjongo zengeniso.

Amandla nemisebenzi yeZimo zeNkqubo eziLawulayo

Amaziko alawulayo anamandla gqitha kurhulumente waseMerika, enza imisebenzi echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje. Ukuqonda la magunya kunceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela ababuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla nendlela abanokubandakanyeka ngayo kula maziko.

Ukumisela Igunya

Amagosa alawulayo anamandla okumisela imithetho kumgangatho wegunya lawo, aqhube uphando, anyanzelise imithetho ayiqulunqayo ngokufanelekileyo. Amiswe ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo edluliswa yiBhunga, imvume nganye engoorhulumente ichaza iinjongo ezimele zisetyenziselwe yili sebe, kwakunye nezi ndawo zincinci, ukuba kukho, apho linokuba linamandla okulawula, kunye nale mithetho yesebe (okanye imimiselo), xa lisebenza, elinamandla omthetho worhulumente.

La maqumrhu anegunya lokudala imithetho echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, njengemilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Oku kulawula kuvumela abameli ukuba baphuhlise iinkcukacha, imimiselo yobugcisa ezalisekisa imithetho ebanzi yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga linikezela umthetho ofuna imigangatho yomoya ococekileyo, i-EPA iveza imimiselo engqalileyo echaza ungcoliso, iimfuno zokujonga, kunye nendlela yokuthobela.

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Iinkqubo kufuneka zipapashe imithetho ecetyiswayo, zamkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, ziqwalasele ingxelo echaziwe, zipapashe imithetho yokugqibela kunye neengcaciso zezigqibo zazo. Le nkqubo, elawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo oluPhezulu, inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo iqwalaselwe kakuhle kwaye iyasabela kwimicimbi yabafaki-mali.

Unyanzeliso kunye nonikezelo

Amasebe alawulayo anendima ebalulekileyo ekuqukunjelweni kwemithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngokuphuhlisa, ngokunyanzelisa ukuthobela nokulawula iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke. Imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa isenokusuka kuhlolo oluqhelekileyo nokugada ukulungiselela ukuphanda okucwangcisiweyo kunye nezenzo ezisemthethweni nxamnye nabo baphula umthetho.

Izikhululo zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa, kuquka isohlwayo samakhaya, amatyala (ngokufuthi asebenzisana neSebe leMithetho), ukurhoxiswa kwephepha-mvume, kunye nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo. Injongo ayikokokohlwaya ukohlwaya nje kuphela ukwaphula umthetho kodwa kukukhuthaza ukuthobela nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukwahlulwa

Amasebe amaninzi aphetheyo anamandla okuphelisa, athetha ukuba ayakwazi ukuqhuba iindlebe aze enze izigqibo kwiingxoxo ezinxulumene nemimandla yawo yegunya. Ezi zigqibo zolawulo zicombulula iingxabano phakathi korhulumente namaqela azimeleyo okanye phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo azimeleyo akwigunya lombutho.

Abagwebi bomthetho (ALJ) abaphambili kwezi zindululo, ezilandela iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile ngoxa zingekho sesikweni kunetyala lenkundla. Iziphendu ezinganelisekanga zizigqibo zeziko zidla ngokubhenela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, zinika ulwaleko olongezelelekileyo lokuphendula.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo

Umbutho olawulayo uyinxalenye karhulumente wesizwe ojongene nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ethile karhulumente nokuzalisekisa imithetho, imimiselo nemigaqo, yaye la masebe asebenza phantsi kwegunya lesebe yaye asebenza ngokulawula iinkonzo zikawonke - wonke ezahlukeneyo nolawulo.

Ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo kungumsebenzi ongundoqo wamaqumrhu amaninzi aphetheyo. Iinkqubo zoKhuseleko loLuntu kunye neenzuzo zezigidi zabantu baseMerika. ISebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi linika amagqala onyango kunye nezinye iinkonzo zomkhosi. INkonzo yeNguqulo iqokelela irhafu kunye neenkqubo ezibuyiselweyo. Le misebenzi yenkonzo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla kwaye imela olona mbono ubonakalayo karhulumente kubantu abaninzi.

Indlela Imicimbi Elawulayo Elusebenzise Ngayo Uluntu

Amaziko alawulayo achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ngokufuthi ngeendlela abemi abasenokungaziqondi ngoko nangoko. Ukuqonda ezi nkonzo kunokukunceda ufumane izinto, uqonde amalungelo akho, uze ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Impilo Kawonke - wonke Nokhuseleko

Amaqumrhu amaninzi aphetheyo asebenza ukukhusela amaMerika kwiingozi zempilo nokhuseleko. IFOO and Drug Administration (FDA) iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, amayeza, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nezithambiso. I-Occational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imisela kwaye inyanzelise imigaqo yokhuseleko emsebenzini. I-National Highway Traffy Safety Administration (NHSA) ilawula ukhuseleko lwezithuthi zemoto ize ihlole iziphengululo.

Xa usebenzisa amayeza kagqirha, utya kwivenkile yokutyela, okanye uqhuba imoto, abasemagunyeni bamisela baze banyanzelise imilinganiselo elungiselelwe ukunciphisa iingozi nokukhusela impilo yakho.

Ukulawula Imithombo Yemvelo Nemekobume

I-Epa imisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya namanzi, ilawula inkunkuma eyingozi, inyanzelisa imithetho yemekobume.

Amanye amaqumrhu afeza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphatheni indalo. ISebe leMbali lilawula amazwe kawonke-wonke, kuquka iipaki zesizwe kunye neendawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana zasendle. I-National Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOA) ihlola imozulu, ilawula imimandla yokuloba, kunye nophando ngemozulu. La maqumrhu alungelelanisa usukelo lokulondolozwa kwemeko-bume kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho nokufikelela koluntu kwimichiza yendalo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko

Amaqumrhu alawulayo enza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ugcino-mali nasekukhuseleni abathengi kubuqhetseba nakwizenzo ezingekho sesikweni. IKhomishini yeSecreties ne-Exchange (SEC) ilawula iimarike zokuvalwa kwetyala kwaye ikhusela abatyali-mali. IKhomishini yeFederal Trade (FTC) ithintela izenzo zorhwebo ezingekho semthethweni kwaye ikhusela abathengi ekubhengezweni ngenkohliso.

I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ijonge iimveliso zemali neenkonzo, kuquka ityala lendlu, amakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kunye neemboleko zabafundi.

Ukubonelela Ngeenkonzo Neengenelo Zoluntu

Uninzi lwamaMerika lusebenzisana ngqo namaqumrhu alawulayo xa efumana iinkonzo zezentlalo neengenelo. ISebe lezezonyango nezoBuntu linika izigidi zabantu abasele bekhubazekile, bekhubazekile, besindile. ISebe lezempilo neleeNkonzo zoLuntu lijonge iinkqubo zeMedicare kunye neMedicaid ezinika ingxubusho yempilo kubantu abakhulileyo, abakhubazekileyo, nabangenamali.

ISebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi yezeMpilo, inika inkxaso yemfundo, imali-mali yasekhaya, nezinye iinkonzo kumarhente asemkhosini kunye neentsapho zawo.

Ukulawulwa kwentlekele nokusabela

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ilungelelanisa indlela urhulumente wesizwe asabela ngayo kwiintlekele zemvelo nezinye iingozi. Xa iinkanyamba, izikhukula, imililo, okanye ezinye iintlekele zihlasela, i-FEMA inika uncedo lwemali kubantu ngabanye nakuluntu, ilungelelanisa imigudu yoncedo, kwaye inceda ngokuchacha kwithuba elide.

IFEMA isebenza nasekulungiseleleni intlekele, inceda abantu bacinge ukuba baza kujamelana neentlekele zexesha elizayo baze banyamezele.

Ukuxhasa Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

ISebe lezothutho (DOT) lijonge iinkqubo zezothutho zelizwe, eziquka uhola wendlela, uloliwe, inqwelo-moya, kunye nezithuthi zaselwandle. Amasebe ahlukeneyo kwiDOT amisela imigangatho yokhuseleko, agcina izibonelelo, kunye nolawulo lwezothutho.

ULawulo lweNtloko yoLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle (FAA) lulawula iinkqubo zokulawula iinqwelo-moya zabemi kwaye lulawula iinkqubo zokulawula iinqwelo-moya. ULawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yoorhulumente lunika inkxaso-mali yolwakhiwo nogcino-ndlela. La masebe aqinisekisa ukuba amaMerika anokuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo ukunqumla ilizwe.

Ukuphendula nokulawula kweZimo zeLizwe

Ngenxa yamandla aphawulekayo asetyenziswa ngamaziko aphetheyo, iindlela ezinamandla zokuphendula zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuba anceda abantu abanomdla yaye asebenza kwimida esemthethweni. Iinkqubo ezininzi zolawulo zisebenza kunye ukugcina amaziko ethembekile.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Amasebe alawulayo anendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga iphunyezwa ngokunempumelelo, yaye ngoxa esebenza phantsi kwegunya lomongameli, izenzo zawo zinokuhlaziywa ziiBhunga ngeekomiti zobuveleli nangezigqibo zenkxaso.

Iinkqubo zolawulo ezifana nokuphicothwa, ukuxelelwa kweemfuno, kunye nokuchongwa kwamaqumrhu zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba aba bameli bahlala belungelelane nezilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ngoxa besavumela ukuba babhetyebhetye obufunekayo ukuze baphumeze imisebenzi yabo. Iikomiti zeBhunga zibamba amatyala ukuze zihlole izenzo zoorhulumente, amagosa amaziko okubuza, nokuphengulula iingxaki okanye iimpikiswano.

Ingqungquthela ikwalawula ngamandla ayo engxowa-mali. Iinkqubo zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zombutho ukuze zixhase, inika iKhomishini amandla abalulekileyo okuphembelela iziko eliphambili kunye nemisebenzi. Ukuba iKhomishini ayivumelani nezenzo zombutho, inganciphisa inkxaso-mali, imisela imiqathango, okanye ide ishenxise neenkqubo.

Ulawulo lobuMongameli

Amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza phantsi kokhokelo lomongameli kodwa aneenkululeko eziphawulekayo kwimisebenzi yawo nakwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Umongameli uphembelela amaqumrhu aphetheyo ngobuchule obuninzi, kuquka iintloko zolwakhiwo, ukumisela imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu, nokubeka izinto eziza kuqala kuqingqo-mali.

Kumaziko eKhabhinethi nakumasebe amaninzi aphetheyo, umongameli unokususa iintloko zeziko, anikele ityala elingqalileyo. Noko ke, kumasebe azimeleyo alawulayo, ukususwa kwemiqathango yokuziphatha okubi okanye ezinye izinto ezichaziweyo, akhusele aba bameli ekungeneleleni kwezobupolitika.

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB), inxalenye ye-Ofisi yoMongameli eLawulayo, ihlola imimiselo nemimiselo yombutho kunye nezicelo zoqingqo-mali, iqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso nezinto eziphambili zomongameli. Le nkqubo yohlolo olusembindini inceda ukuququzelela izenzo zombutho ngaphaya kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zinikela olunye uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo kwigunya lamasebe. IMinize, amashishini namanye amaqela achaphazelekayo anokuvavanya ezo zenzo zesebe enkundleni. Iinkundla zihlola ukuba amaqumrhu aye enza ngokuvisisana negunya lawo lomthetho, alandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, aze enze izigqibo ezixhaswa bubungqina kunye nokuhlalutyiswa.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji luqinisekisa ukuba abameli basemthethweni bayavumelana nomthetho yaye bayawahlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyazivumela iingxelo zemicimbi yobugcisa kummandla wombutho wokwazisa, ziqonda ukuba abameli banolwazi namava abanokungabi nawo abagwebi.

Ii-ofisi eziBanzi

Inkoliso yamasebe aphetheyo ane-Ofisi yeNkcubeko Jikelele (OIG) eqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo kunye nophengululo lwemisebenzi yesebe. Abahloli jikelele bahlola ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, ukuxhatshazwa, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamasebe abo. Banikela ingxelo ngeemfuno zabo kwiKhonkqele nakwizikomfa, bencomela izenzo zokulungisa.

Ezi ofisi zisebenza njengee-odokisi zangaphakathi, zichaza iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingxaki ezinkulu nokunceda abameli baphucule imisebenzi yabo. Iingxelo zeNkcubeko jikelele zidla ngokwenziwa eluntwini, zinika ingqiqo ngokusebenza kwamaziko.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokubonisa ngaphaya Kweliso

UMthetho woLawulo ufuna ukuba abameli banike isaziso sikawonke-wonke semigaqo ecetyisiweyo baze bamkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke phambi kokugqiba imithetho. Le nkqubo yesaziso kunye nenkqubo yokuququzelela ivumela abemi, amashishini, amaqela olawulo, nabanye abagcini-zikhuseli ukuba banikezele igalelo kwimigaqo ecetyiweyo.

IThe Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inika uluntu ilungelo lokucela iingxelo zikarhulumente, ikhuthaza ukubonakala nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa ezinye ii-projekthi zikhusela inkcazelo ecacileyo, i-FOIA yenza ukuba iintatheli, abaphandi nabemi bahlolisise izenzo zoshishino nokutyhila iingxaki.

Iqumrhu lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nemisebenzi Yalo

Ngoxa kukho amakhulu eenkampani ezilawulayo, amanye amasebe anempembelelo ephawulekayo kubomi babantu baseMerika.

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA, eyamiselwa ngowe-1970, ikhusela impilo yabantu kunye nemekobume ngokumisa imithetho esekelwe kwimithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. Le nkqubo ilawula umoya namanzi angcolileyo, inkunkuma eyingozi, izibulala-zinambuzane nezinto ezinetyhefu. I-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yemeko-bume, ijonge imigaqo yokuthobela, kwaye ithatha inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba abaphula umthetho bayaphulwa.

IEPA iqhuba uphando ngemekobume, inika oorhulumente kunye nabemi borhulumente iinkonzo zokusingqongileyo, ifundisa uluntu ngeemeko zemekobume.

Ulawulo loKhuseleko loLuntu (SSA)

I-SSA ilawula iinkqubo zoKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle ezinika izigidi zabantu baseMerika iingenelo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka kunye nokusinda. Phantse bonke abasebenzi baseMerika bahlawula irhafu yerhafu yeNtlalo-ntle yabantu, kwaye bafanelekela ukungenelwa xa bethathe umhlala-phantsi okanye bekhubazekile.

Iinkqubo ze-SSA ziyingenelo ekusetyenziselweni, zimisela ukuba kungenelwe, kuhlawulwe imali, kwaye kusasazwe iimali. Igcina iingxelo zemali ezifunyenweyo kubasebenzi baseMerika kwaye inika uqikelelo lweengenelo zexesha elizayo.

I-arhente yolawulo lwexesha likamasipala (FEMA)

IFEMA, yinxalenye yeSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland, iququzelela ukusabela kwentlekele kunye nemigudu yokulungisa. Xa urhulumente noovimba basekuhlaleni bethwaxwa ziintlekele, iFEMA inika uncedo lwemali, ilungelelanisa inkxaso yombutho worhulumente, kwaye inceda uluntu ukuba lwakhe kwakhona.

I-FEMA ikwalawula iNkqubo yeSizwe ye-Inishorensi yoMkhukula, ixhasa uqeqesho longxamiseko, kwaye inceda abantu baphuhlisa izicwangciso zobungozi. Ukuphumelela kwequmrhu kuchaphazela indlela abantu abachacha ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwiintlekele.

Isebe lezothutho (DOT)

IDOT ijonge izibonelelo zothutho nokhuseleko lwelizwe. Iquka amaqumrhu anjengomkhosi we-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), uBuphathi beNqanawa ePhakamileyo (FHWA), uLawulo lweNgqungquthela yezobuGqeba (NHTSA), kunye noBuphathi-Mkhosi be-Rondel Railrand Administration (FRA).

Le migaqo ilawula ukhuseleko lwezithuthi, ibonelela ngemali kwimisebenzi yesiseko, iqhuba uphando, ibeka imilinganiselo yezithuthi kunye neenkqubo zezithuthi. Umsebenzi we-DOT uchaphazela indlela amaMerika ahamba ngayo emsebenzini, kwizonwabo nakwezorhwebo.

ISebe lezeMpilo nezeeNkonzo zoLuntu (HHHS)

HHS is the federal government's principal agency for protecting Americans' health and providing essential human services. It includes agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).

IHHS iqhuba uphando lwamayeza, ihlola ukuqhambuka kwezifo, ilawula ukutya nokukhuseleka kweziyobisi, inika iinkqubo zonyango, ibonelela ngeenkonzo zoluntu. Umsebenzi wayo usuka kuphando lwezamayeza olucuthayo ukuya kuqinisekisa ukuba amakhaya abo balupheleyo acocekile.

ISebe lezemfundo

ISebe lezemfundo limisela inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente, limisela inkxaso-mali yemfundo, limisela imithetho yemfundo karhulumente. Lijonge iinkqubo ezifana neemali-mboleko zabafundi zequmrhu, iimali zemfundo ezikhethekileyo, kunye neSihloko Endixhasa ngazo izikolo ezifumana abafundi abambalwa.

Isebe liqokelela inkcazelo ngeziphumo zemfundo, liqhube uphando, lize linike ukhokelo kwizikolo nakwiiyunivesithi.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko (IVA)

IVA inika unyango lwezempilo, iingenelo, kunye neenkonzo kumagqala omkhosi kunye neentsapho zawo. I-VA ilawula inkqubo yonyango oludityanisiweyo yelizwe, inceda izigidi zamagqala kwizibhedlele nakwizibhedlele kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ngaphandle konyango, iVA inika imbuyekezo yesiphene, inzuzo yemfundo (kuquka i-GI Bill), isiqinisekiso semali ebolekiweyo yasekhaya, kunye neenkqubo ze-inshorensi yobomi. I-VA ikwalawula amangcwaba esizwe kwaye inika iingenelo zokungcwaba. Amagqala amaninzi, iVA imela imbopheleleko karhulumente kwabo bakhonza emkhosini.

Inkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS)

I-IRS, inxalenye yeSebe leBhunga loNondyebo, iqokelela irhafu karhulumente kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho yerhafu. Phantse wonke umntu waseMerika unxulumana ne-IRS xa kuqokelelwa irhafu yonyaka. Lo mbutho wenza inkqubo yokubuyiselwa kwerhafu, imiba, iiNkqutyana zophicotho-zincwadi, kunye nababhaxeli berhafu.

Ingeniso yerhafu eqokelelwe yimali eqokelelwe yiIRS phantse yonke imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente, eyenza ukuba eli qumrhu libe yimfuneko ekusebenzeni korhulumente. I-IRS ikwanika iimali zerhafu nezinye iinkqubo ezinika uncedo lwemali kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nezombutho

Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubangela ukuba kubekho imibutho elawulayo nempikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele utshintsho kurhulumente.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Nokuphendula

Ukulungelelanisa ukuzimela kwamaziko alawulayo nokuziphendulela kwawo kubalulekile ukuze ulawulo luphumelele, yaye ngoxa abameli befuna ukuzilawula okuthile ukuze basebenze kakuhle baze baphendule ngokukhawuleza xa kuvela imibandela, maxa wambi olu zimele - geqe lunokukhokelela kwinkxalabo yokungabi nambopheleleko.

Izikhululo zephondo kufuneka zizimele ngokwaneleyo ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kubuchule nakwimiyalelo engokwemithetho kunokuba zinyanzele kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, kwidemokhrasi, amagosa angenagunya elibalulekileyo anegunya elibalulekileyo kufuneka ahlale enoxanduva kubameli abanyuliweyo nakuluntu. Ukufumana umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Imibutho emininzi ijongene neengxaki zoqingqo-mali ezithintela ukukwazi kwayo ukuphumeza iinkonzo zayo. Ukungafumani mali eneleyo kungakhokelela ekunqongophaleni kwabasebenzi, kubugcisa obuphelelwe lixesha, ekulibaziseni kweenkonzo, nasekunciphiseni imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa. Xa amasebe engakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo, impilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle

Iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali zichaphazela imibutho ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokukwazi ukutsala nokugcina abasebenzi abanamava.

Ukuqhelana Notshintsho Lobugcisa

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa ekhawulezileyo ibangela ucelomngeni kumashishini olawulo nokukhusela uluntu. Ubugcisa obutsha busoloko buvela ngokukhawuleza kunokuba amaqumrhu anokuvelisa imithetho efanelekileyo. Iinkqubo kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuphuhliswa kokukhuthaza nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke.

Imigudu yempangelo ikwatsala nzima ekulungiseni imisebenzi yayo kunye nenkqubo yobugcisa bolwazi. Iinkqubo zokubhalisa zingangasebenzi kakuhle, zingakhuselekanga, kwaye kunzima ukuzigcina. Ubugcisa obunyusiweyo bufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo nobuchule abanokungabi nabo abameli.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ukwanda kokuchaphazeleka kwezobupolitika kuchaphazela abameli abaphetheyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Iinkonzo zinokubandakanywa kumadabi abalwa abanqolobi, namaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika akhuthaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa imiqathango neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Ukhokelo lungakhokelela kwimiqathango yokubethana kwemiqathango, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukuba abameli baqhubeke belandela iindlela zexesha elide.

Ukucaciswa kuchaphazela ulongamelo lwengqungquthela, maxa wambi kuqhutywa yimiba ejongene nokungakhathalelwa kwabantu kunokuba kuxhalatyelwe ngokunyanisekileyo yimibutho. Oku kunokukuphazamisa ukuphumelela kobuveleli nokuphelisa ukukholosa kwabantu kwimibutho nakwiinkqubo zobuveleli.

Umgangatho wokulawula

Ukubanjwa kolawulo kwenzeka xa abameli belawulwa yimizi - mveliso abayilawulayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimithetho exhasa izilangazelelo zoshishino ngaphezu kwemisebenzi kawonke-wonke. Oku kunokwenzeka ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kuquka impembelelo yezoshishino kwiinkampani, ucango olujikelezayo phakathi koshishino norhulumente, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwabameli kubuchule boshishino.

Ukukhusela ukubanjwa kolawulo kufuna uphakamiso, imithombo eyahlukeneyo yobuchule, nemilinganiselo engqongqo yokuziphatha. Ukubonakalisa imbonakalo yecala kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni kukwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zeziko zibonakalisa izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke kunokuba zibonise inkxalabo encinane kushishino loshishino.

Indlela Yokusebenzisana Nezongxamiseko ezinolawulo

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo namaqumrhu aphetheyo kunika abemi amandla okufikelela kwiinkonzo, ukukhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo nokuxhasa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa amaqumrhu.

Iinkonzo ezifikelelekayo kunye noLwazi

Inkoliso yamaziko agcina iiwebhsayithi ezichaza iinkqubo, iinkonzo nemimiselo yawo. Ezi webhsayithi ziquka inkcazelo yokuqhagamshelana, ukubuza imibuzo, iifomu zezicelo, kunye namaxwebhu okhokelo.

Ngeenkonzo ezithile ezifana neengenelo zoKhuseleko loNtlalo okanye iinzuzo zamava, abameli basoloko beneeofisi zasekuhlaleni apho unokudibana nabameli abangomntu. Ukumisa idinga kwangaphambili kunganciphisa amaxesha okulinda kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba unexwebhu olufunekayo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekwenzeni Ulawulo

Xa amaqumrhu emisela imimiselo emitsha, apapasha isaziso kwiFederal Register yaye ayamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Nabani na unokunikela amagqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo, kwaye abameli kufuneka baqwalasele onke amagqabaza afunyenweyo. Amagqabaza aqikelelwayo, aqinisiweyo anokuyiphembelela imimiselo yokugqibela.

IMithetho yewebhsayithi.gov inikeza iqonga elisembindini lokuqwalasela imithetho ecetyisiweyo kunye namagqabaza anikezelweyo. Ungaphengulula imithetho ngombutho, isihloko, okanye igama eliyintloko, kwaye unikezele amagqabaza ngombane. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekubekeni umthetho kukuvumela ukuba ube nelizwi elithe ngqo kwindlela imimiselo ephuhliswa ngayo.

Izikhalazo Ezikhalazayo Neengxelo Zokwaphula Imithetho

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ishishini okanye umntu othile uye waphula imithetho, inkoliso yamaziko ineenkqubo zokuzingxala.

Izikhululo zoshishino ziphanda ngezikhalazo kwaye zisenokuthatha inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ukwaphulwa komthetho kuyaqinisekiswa.

Ukucela ulwazi phantsi kweFOIA

I-Freedom of Information Act ikunika ilungelo lokucela iirekhodi kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Izicelo zeFAIA zingasetyenziswa ukufumana ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi yesebe, izigqibo, kunye nemisebenzi. Umbutho ngamnye uneofisi yeFOIA ephumeza izicelo.

Nangona amaqumrhu kufuneka aphendule kwizicelo zeFOIA, ezinye ii-asethi ezithintela ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuzifihla, kunye nenkcazelo yezoshishino. Ukuqonda ezi zicelo kunokukunceda wenze izicelo eziphumelelayo.

Abameli Ababeboniswa

Ukuba unenkxalabo ngezenzo zombutho okanye ufuna iinkqubo zoncedo lokuqhuba, ukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abakwingqungquthela kunganempumelelo. Iiofisi zeBhunga zisoloko zineziqu ezinikezelwe ukunceda abameli ngeengxaki zolawulo lwamaqumrhu.

Abameli bangenza uphando ngawe, bacele inkcazelo, yaye maxa wambi banceda ekucombululeni iingxaki. Bakwasebenzisa ingxelo egunyazisayo ukuxelela imisebenzi yabo yobuveleli nezinto eziza kuqala kumthetho.

Ikamva Lemibandela Elawulwayo

Amaziko alawulayo aza kuqhubeka eguquka ukuze aphendule iimfuno zoluntu, uphuhliso lobugcisa, nezinto zezobupolitika eziza kuqala.

Utshintsho lwamanani

Izakhono zobugcisa zisanda ukwamkela ubugcisa bemichiza ukuphucula ukwenziwa kweenkonzo nokusebenza kakuhle. Iindawo ezingaphakathi zivumela abemi ukuba bafake isicelo sengenelo, iingxelo zefayile, kunye nokufikelela ulwazi ngaphandle kokutyelela ii-ofisi eziphathekayo. Ubuchule bokwenza izinto zobugcisa bungaqukuqela kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo kwaye bukhululeke abasebenzi kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo.

Noko ke, ukutshintsha kwamanani kuphakamisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nokungalingani kwekhompyutha, ukusetyenziswa kwamanani nokuzimela.

Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina

Kugxininiswa ngakumbi ekusebenziseni ugcino-lwazi nobungqina ukuzisa izigqibo zomaziko nokuvavanya inkqubo esebenzayo. Ii-ofisi zifaka utyalo-mali kwingqokelela yogcino-lwazi nakubuchule bohlalutyo ukuze ziqonde bhetele oko kusebenzayo nokungasebenzi.

Iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina zingenza iziphumo ziphucule kwaye zikhulise ukuthenjwa kwabantu kwizigqibo zeziko. Kodwa kufuneka kugcinwe uphando oluqhubekayo kwaye kujoliswe iliso kulwazi nobuchule bokuzenzela izinto.

Ulawulo olunobuchule

Imicimbi isebenza ngokuhambelana norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, amacandelo azimeleyo, nemibutho yentlalo.

Ukufikelela kobuchule obuninzi kufuna ukuba amaziko aphuhlise ubuchule obutsha bolawulo lobudlelane kunye nokwabelana ngegunya nokwenza izigqibo. Xa kwenziwe kakuhle, intsebenziswano ingenza izisombululo ezingcono nezisebenzayo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinziswa Kwayo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudala iingxaki ezintsha nezinto eziza kuqala kumasebe amaninzi. Amasebe okusingqongileyo kufuneka athethe ngegesi eshushu nemozulu. Amaqumrhu ezothutho kufuneka acwangcise ukulungiselela ukumelana nemeko yemozulu.

Ukujongana nemozulu okuqukumbela imibutho yeenkonzo ezikhoyo kuza kufuna ubuchule obutsha, izixhobo kunye neendlela zokufikelela. Izikhululo zezongxamiseko ziyakufuna ukulungelelanisa iimfuno ezikhawulezileyo nosukelo oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide.

Isiphelo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo amela inxalenye ebalulekileyo karhulumente waseMerika, aguqulela imiqathango yemithetho ecacileyo yokukhusela impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, yokunikela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko, yokuphatha ubuncwane bendalo, nokulawula umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ukuphendula kwamaqumrhu aphetheyo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba asebenza ngolona ncedo lulungileyo kubemi.

Ngoxa amaqumrhu ejamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo, kuquka imiqathango yeencwadi, iingcinezelo zobupolitika, kunye nemfuneko yokuqhelanisa neenguqu ezikhawulezileyo, ahlala ebalulekile kulawulo lwale mihla. Ukuqonda indlela aba basemaquleni abasebenza ngayo, iinkonzo abazenzayo nendlela yokusebenzisana nabo inika abemi amandla okufumana izinto, ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, amaqumrhu aphetheyo kuya kufuneka alungise iindlela zawo ngoxa egcina iinjongo zawo ezingundoqo zokufeza umdla kawonke-wonke. Ngokuhlala esazi ngemisebenzi yesebe nokuba nenxaxheba ekunyamekeleni nasekulawuleni, abemi banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba la maziko anamandla ahlala enetyala yaye esabela kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke.

Ulwazi olungakumbi olumalunga namasebe athile karhulumente kunye neenkonzo zawo, tyelela USA.gov's Federal Actromotional Drectory, enika amakhonkco abanzi kunye nolwazi lokuqhagamshelana nawo onke amasebe karhulumente. Ungahlola [ ii-Reguregies.gov[ ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho nokukhupha ilizwi lakho kwimimiselo karhulumente ecetyisiweyo.