Isiseko Solawulo Loluntu

Ulawulo lukawonke-wonke luhlala kwinkangeleko yolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuguqulela inkqubo kwiinkonzo ezichaphazela izigidi zobomi. Ukhetho olwenziwa ngamagosa karhulumente imihla ngemihla . ngokunikwa kwemali ukuze kuqikelelwe izigqibo ezichaphazelekayo,---ascheme. /ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-mthetho, abalawuli kufuneka bahambe kwindawo apho ukuthotyelwa okusemthethweni kusisiseko, kwaye uqheliselo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lufuna into engakumbi. Ukuqonda ukuba namandla oku kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na obandakanyekileyo ekulawuleni, ekuphumezeni inkqubo, okanye ekuphumezeni ulawulo lwequluko.

Imithetho yokuziphatha kulawulo lukawonke-wonke ayikukukuphepha nje ukwenza okubi. Ibhekisele kumsebenzi wokusebenza kwimdla kawonke-wonke, ukuphakamisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi, nokugcina ukuthemba abemi abakubeka kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Ubuchule, ukuphendula, nokubonakala ngaphaya kweliso [[[FLT: 1] zintsika apho inkonzo kawonke wonke yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ixhomekeke khona. Ngaphandle kwazo, urhulumente ulahlekelwa ngokomthetho kwaye isivumelwano sentlalo siyaphelelwa.

Isiseko Solawulo Loluntu

I-Ethics ibhekisela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha ekhokela ukuziphatha kwabantu. Kumongo wolawulo lukawonke-wonke, le migaqo ingumphumela obalulekileyo kuba abalawuli banegunya kubuncwane boluntu kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi. Ihambo yezobuGcisa kule ndawo yemidlalo ithetha ukwenza izigqibo ezisesikweni, ezisesikweni, kwaye ezingqinelana nokulungileyo koluntu ngokubanzi, kwanaxa kungekho mntu ujongwayo.

I-American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) ibisoloko ixhasa imigaqo yokuziphatha egxininisa imilinganiselo engundoqo yenkonzo kawonke-wonke. Ezi ziquka ukuphuhlisa umdla kawonke-wonke, ukuhlonela umthetho, ukubonisa ingqibelelo yobuqu, nokukhuthaza imibutho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Le migaqo ayiyonkqubo nje engokwesithethe.

Ukuqhelisela Imigaqo Yezono

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ubunzulu: ukunamathela kwimigaqo yokuziphatha nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokungaguqukiyo, kwanaxa unyanzelekile ukuba ulalanise. Ingqibelelo ithetha ukuxelela inyaniso, ukugcina izithembiso, nokuphepha ingquzulwano yenzala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala: ukuthatha imbopheleleko ngezenzo nezigqibo zikabani, kuquka ukukulungela ukucacisa nokuzithethelela kwiqumrhu likawonke-wonke kunye nelobuveleli.
  • I-' Isebenza ngokuphandle kunxibelelwano nakwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo, ivumela abemi babone ukuba zisenziwa njani kwaye kutheni izigqibo zenziwe.
  • Ukungacaluli: Ukuphatha bonke abantu namaqela ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kocalulo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zilungile.
  • [[UMKHLO] Inqanawa engaphambili: Ukuphatha izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ngokufanelekileyo, ukuqonda ukuba ezi zixhobo zezabantu kwaye kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokunempumelelo.

Le migaqo ayiyonjongo ingekho ngqiqweni. Ibonakala kwizenzo ezicacileyo: umphathi obonisa ukungqubana komdla, umlawuli ochaza ingqwalaselo esemva komthetho, okanye umenzi wetyala oxhasa iinzuzo zomthengi. Inye yezi zenzo ikhuthaza ukuthembana okuyimfuneko ekulawuleni okusebenzayo.

Ulawulo Olulawula Urhulumente Olusemthethweni

Umthetho unika isicwangciso sokwakha apho ulawulo lukawonke-wonke lusebenza khona. Ichaza imida yesenzo esivumelekileyo, imisela iinkqubo ezimele zilandelwe, kwaye imisela iziphumo zokwaphulwa komthetho. Abalawuli bakawonke-wonke kufuneka babe nolwazi olusebenzayo lwemeko-bume esemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zabo zisemthethweni kwaye ziyagwetyelwa.

Umthombo Oyintloko Womthetho

  • Umthetho ongowoburhulumente: Imigaqo esisiseko emisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente nekhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. EUnited States, umthetho womgaqo-siseko umisela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, urhulumente, kunye nenkululeko esisiseko njengenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • UMthetho wolawulo: Iqumrhu lemimiselo kunye neenkqubo ezilawula amaqumrhu olawulo. Oku kuquka ukulawulwa, ukutyunjwa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokucaciswa kwezenzo zoomasebe. UMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) lisekona lomthetho wolawulo.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Umthetho woqeqesho: Imithetho ewiswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho eyila iinkqubo, enikezela ngemali, kwaye inika igunya kumaqumrhu. Abalawuli bakawonke-wonke kufuneka bayiphumeze ngokuthembeka le mimiselo, ngeli thuba lengqiqo yabo.
  • Umthetho we- Izigqibo zejaji ezitolika imimiselo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ukumisela imizekelo ekhokelayo kwisenzo solawulo. Isigwebo senkundla singayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo indlela abameli abasebenza ngayo.

Ukuqonda le mithombo esemthethweni kugxeka kuba izenzo zolawulo ezingaphaya kwegunya lomthetho okanye ezichasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko zingabethwa ziinkundla. Abalawuli kufuneka basebenze ngaphakathi komthetho, okuthetha ukuba akukho namnye, okanye igosa elibekwe phezulu.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Engokwasemthethweni Kulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

  • Imodeli yeNdlela eQhubileyo: Imfuneko yokuba urhulumente anikeze iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuquka isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso.
  • Umgaqo othi ukwakhiwa kwabantu ngokufanayo kuphathwe ngokufanayo phantsi komthetho. Ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo kukungamiselwanga.
  • Umgaqo wokuba bonke abantu kunye namaziko, kuquka urhulumente ngokwakhe, baphantsi kwaye baphendule phantsi komthetho. Oku kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobuGcisa obuFumanisayo: Imbopheleleko yokulandela iinkqubo ezimisiweyo ngokuqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngendlela eqinisekisiweyo nekhanyayo.

Le migaqo yomthetho ayiyomfuneko zobugcisa kuphela . Ziquka umgangatho wedemokhrasi. Xa umbutho utyeshela inkqubo efunekayo okanye usebenzisa imithetho ngokungafaniyo, iphelisa intembelo yoluntu kwaye imema ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni. Abalawuli abanobuchule bayaqonda ukuba ukuthobela imigangatho yomthetho kuyimeko encinci yokuba semthethweni.

Apho Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Neyomthetho Ingquzulwano

Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho kulapho kuvela khona eyona ngxaki inzima kulawulo lukawonke-wonke. Ngoxa umthetho ubeka umgangatho ophantsi, umgangatho omncinci wendlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo,($ii-ethics) idla ngokufuna uphahla oluphezulu nolufuna ngakumbi. Uxinezeleko oluphakathi kwale migangatho mibini ludala amaxesha obunzima obukhulu kumagosa karhulumente.

Qwalasela isiganeko apho umthetho uvumela isenzo esithandabuzekayo. Umzekelo, umthetho ogunyazisayo unakho ukuvumela igosa elifumana imali ukuba lifumane isivumelwano kumnikeli wephulo, lo gama nje kufikelelwa iimfuno ezithile zokutyhilwa. Ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ngokunemilinganiselo engqongqo. Igosa kufuneka ligqibe ukuba lizithobele nje kuphela ileta yomthetho okanye libambelele kumgangatho ophezulu wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokuzibeka esichengeni esisuka kwisigqibo okanye ngokufuna izikhuseli ezongezelelekileyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, izibophelelo zokuziphatha zingafuna izenzo ezingagunyaziswanga ngumthetho. Umlawuli kawonke-wonke angafumanisa ukuba inkqubo ibangela umonakalo ongacwangciswanga kubantu ababuthathaka. Ngoxa umthetho ungafuni kulungiswa, umsebenzi wesiko unganyanzelela umlawuli ukuba akhuthaze utshintsho, naxa esengozini yomntu ngamnye okanye yenkcubeko. Le nto yimo yenkokeli yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha engaphaya koko kufunekayo ngokomthetho ukwenza okulungileyo.

Ukuxinezeleka okuqhelekileyo kwemithetho

  • [[NTLA:0] Izenzo ezisemthethweni kodwa ezingachananga: Izenzo ezihambelana neemfuno zomthetho kodwa ezichasene nemigaqo yokusesikweni, ukunyaniseka, okanye ubuphathi. Imizekelo iquka ukusetyenziswa kwendlela zokunyanzelisa ezingekho mthethweni, ukusebenzisa iindlela zobugocigoci-gosa nxamnye namaqela agwetyelweyo, okanye ukubeka phambili impumelelo kubuchule bokusebenza ngokusesikweni.
  • [ Izenzo ezithe ngqo kodwa ezingagunyaziswanga: Izenzo ezihambelana nemigaqo yokuziphatha kodwa ezigqitha igunya elingokwasemthethweni okanye inkqubo yentlangano. Ukonakalisa, umzekelo, kusenokugwetyelwa ngokwesiko naxa kungqubana nezivumelwano zemfihlo okanye imilinganiselo yetsheyina yemiyalelo.
  • Iimeko zokuzibophelela: Iimeko apho imisebenzi esemthethweni kunye nemisebenzi yendlela esesikweni ikhomba kwicala elichaseneyo. Umkhuseli kawonke-wonke angafuneka ngokusemthethweni ukumela umxhasi ngenzondelelo, kodwa ekhathazwa ngokwesiko zizenzo zomxhasi.
  • Imimandla ye-Gray: apho umthetho udida okanye uthule, ishiya abalawuli bexhomekeke kumgwebo wendlela yokuziphatha. Oku kuxhaphakile kwimimandla evelayo njengemithetho yobuchule obungeyoyo okanye impendulo yezifo ezimandundu.

Ukuze uxhathise olu xinezeleko kufuneka ucinge ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ube nenkalipho uze uzibophelele kubantu bonke abangaphezulu kokuthobela nje.

Uphando lwemeko olumandundu kwiNqanawa

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ikhanyisa imingeni abalawuli bakarhulumente abajongene nayo kukwahlukana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni esetyenziswa ngayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala 1: Ungquzulwano Lomdla Ekuchaphazeleni Korhulumente

Umphathi omkhulu onegunya kwisebe lezothutho kwisixeko ufunda ukuba ifekta yokwakha umntakwabo iyacelwa kumsebenzi omkhulu wezibonelelo. Umthetho umvumela ukuba ajonge inkqubo yokukhetha ukuba utyhila ulwalamano kunye nokuziphendulela kwisigqibo sokugqibela. Noko ke, uyaqonda ukuba inkampani yomzalwana wakhe inembali yexabiso elingaphezulu nezikhalazo zomgangatho. Ukungaqiniseki nje ukuchaza nokunika imvume esemthethweni, kodwa ngaba iyawufeza umsebenzi wakhe ofanelekileyo wokuqinisekisa ukuba umhlawuli werhafu uyasetyenziswa ngobulumko? Umlawuli wendlela yokuziphatha uya kuqhubeka enyusa inkxalabo ngomsebenzi wefemente wangaphambili kwaye akhuthaze ukuvelela ngobuchule bokuvelela kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani ophumelele isivumelwano.

Uhlolisiso Lwezimo Zengqondo 2: Ukuhlaselwa Kweendleko Ezingekhoyo

Umlawuli ophakathi kwisebe lokhuseleko lokonakaliswa komhlaba ufumanisa ukuba abalawuli bakhe banyanzelisa ngabom ugcino-lwazi olubonisa ukuba umzi-zimfono-mfono-mfono-mfono. Umthetho awufuni ukuba axele ngokuphandle oku kunyanzelisa ngaphakathi, kwaye ukwenza oko kunokubiza umsebenzi wakhe. Noko ke, umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke nokuxhasa ingqibelelo yenzululwazi elawulayo inyanzelisa izenzo. Ujongana nokhetho olunzima: ukulandela iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezinokungasebenzi kakuhle, okanye ukuthatha inyathelo elikhaliphileyo lokuxela ukuziphatha okubi ngemijelo yemijelo, ekwazi ukuxhokonxa isikhalazo kodwa ekwanokubangela ukuphendula. [[FLT:] I-Wriversitor Protection Protection Active Active [[FLD]] [FLD1:1]

Isifundo semeko 3: Ukuma kolwazi kwiAltawas

Ngexesha lengxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke, isebe lezempilo lasedolophini kufuneka lalenze izibhedlele izibonelelo ezisikelwe umda. Umlawuli wezomthetho kufuneka agqibe ukuba umele akhuthaze indlela elungisiweyo nefanelekileyo yokusebenzisa ezo ngxaki zembali, nokuba oko kuthe kwandisa ingeniso encinci kunye nemimandla emincinane efumene utyalo-mali oluncinane ngokwembali. Oku kufuna ukulingana okufanelekileyo nokungavumelani nomthetho wendlela yobulungisa kunye nomthetho.

Olu hlolisiso lugxininisa inyaniso esisiseko: ulawulo lukawonke-wonke lwemilinganiselo alunakuncitshiswa lube lulawulo. Lufuna umgwebo, uvelwano, nokukulungela ukujamelana norhwebo olungentle.

Ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okuthe ngqo ngaphaya kwemibutho kawonke-wonke

Ukwakha imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwimibutho kawonke wonke ngumgudu oqhubekayo ofuna umgudu wezombilini kuzo zonke iinqanaba. Akwanele ukuba nemithetho yokuziphatha; imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ilandelwe, ihonjiswe, ikhuselwe kwiinkqubo nakwizenzo. Isithethe esiqinileyo sokuziphatha sinciphisa amathuba okuziphethe kakubi, kuphucula ukuthembana kwabantu, kwaye kuphucula indlela elungelelanisiweyo.

Kukho iindlela eziliqela ezifunekayo ukuze kukhuthazwa ihambo entle:

Uqeqesho Lwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ekhuthazayo

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho kufuneka zicengceleze ngapha nangapha kwemithetho. Imfundo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esebenzayo ibandakanya abasebenzi kwiimeko ezizizo, ikhuthaza ucalucalulo ngemilinganiselo, kwaye ikhuthaza ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Imithetho ye-ASPA ye-Ethics[ inika isiseko esiqinileyo soqeqesho, kodwa imibutho kufuneka iyenze ilungelelane nomongo wayo ocacileyo. Iindlela zokuhlaziya rhoqo, iingxoxo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha, kunye neentlanganiso zokhokelo zinempembelelo enkulu kuneemodyuli zendlela yokubonisa.

Imilinganiselo nezokuziphatha ezicacisiweyo

Imibutho ifuna iinkqubo ezichanekileyo ezichaphazelekayo kwinkxwaleko yenzala, izipho, imisebenzi yangaphandle, ulwazi oluyimfihlo, kunye nokuxela ukungalawuleki. Le migaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ifikeleleke, iqonde, kwaye inyanzeliswe ngokuqhubekayo. Ukhuthuzo lukhuthaza ukuphambuka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Xa abasebenzi bekwazi kakuhle okulindelekileyo kubo kwaye bebona ukuba imilinganiselo isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu, kuquka neenkokeli eziphezulu, ukuthobelana kwemigaqo kuphucula.

Ukunikela Ingxelo Ekhuselekileyo Ngezixhobo

Kufuneka abaqeshwa babe nemigangatho efikelelekayo, eyimfihlo yokuphakamisa inkxalabo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela. Oku kuquka imigaqo eshushu, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye neeofisi zezokuziphatha. Isithethe esibohlwaya abacuphi okanye esidimazayo imibuzo sisithethe apho iingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha zikhula khona. Imibutho emininzi efundisayo ifuna ngamandla ukuchaza inkcazo kwaye ijonga izinto ezixhalabisayo njengamathuba okuphucula, kungekhona njengesisongelo.

Iinkqubo zokuphendula

Kufuneka kube nemiphumo yokophula umthetho ngokwesithethe. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho kufuneka zibe nengqiqo, zibe zezokukhanya, kwaye zibe nemilinganiselo elungeleleneyo. Okubalulekileyo, ihambo yokuziphatha engomzekelo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye ibhiyozelwe. Xa imibutho ivuza ingqibelelo, ithumela uphawu olunamandla lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Indima Yokhokelo Kulawulo Lwezobukhokeli

Ukhokelo lumisela indlela yokuziphatha. Abalawuli boluntu abakwizikhundla zokhokelo banembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokumisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, bachaza ukubaluleka kwayo, kwaye badala iimeko apho ihambo yokuziphatha ixhaphakile. Le asiyondima nje elula, kodwa kufuneka bathembisene ngokukhutheleyo.

Iinkokeli zibonisa ukuzinikela ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha:

  • Ihambo yokufuzisela: isebenza ngokuthembeka kwindlela ebonakalayo nengabonakaliyo, ukusuka kwindlela abaphatha ngayo abangaphantsi ukuya kwindlela abaphatha ngayo ulwazi olunentsingiselo.
  • Amaxabiso okuqukumbela: Ngokuthe rhoqo ukuxubusha ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwiintlanganiso zabasebenzi, igxininisa ukuba imigaqo engokokuziphatha ibalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo, kunye nokubeka imingeni ngokwemilinganiselo.
  • Ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwengqondo: abasebenzi abakhuthaza ukunyusa inkxalabo yendlela yokuziphatha ngaphandle koloyiko, kwaye bathathe ezo zinto zixhalabisayo nzulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukubeka wonke umntu ephendulwe: Ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokuzingisileyo, ngaphandle kocalulo okanye ingqwalasela zezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufakela ezimisweni: izibonelelo zokuqeqesha imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, izibonelelo ezigunyazisayo, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo.

Xa iinkokeli zisilela kwezi mbopheleleko, iziphumo zinokuba mbi kakhulu. Amasebe ajongene nee-Verans Health Administration kunye noMphathiswa weeNkonzo Jikelele ubonisa indlela ukungaphumeleli kokhokelo kwimigaqo elungelelaniswayo okukhokelela ngayo ekungasebenzini kwentlangano nasekuvutheni koluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkokeli ezibeka imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwindawo yokuqala zakha imibutho ekwaziyo ukumelana neemeko ezinzima nezigcina intembelo yoluntu.

Isiphelo: Ukuxhasa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi ngolungelelwaniso lwe-Phondo

Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho kulawulo lukawonke-wonke asiyondawo emileyo ``indawo esebenzayo apho imigaqo kufuneka iqhubeke ixoxwa kwaye isetyenziswe. Umthetho unika isiseko esibalulekileyo semithetho kunye neenkqubo eziqinisekisa ucwangco, okusesikweni, nokuphendula. Imithetho yokuziphatha inika abalawuli bokuziphatha abakhokelayo xa umthetho uthe cwaka, udidekile okanye unganele.

Kubaphathi-mikhosi basekuhlaleni, injongo ayikokuphepha iimfanelo ezisemthethweni kuphela kodwa kufuneka ukuzinikela kuqheliselo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha olungaphaya koluncinci. Kuthetha ukwamkelwa komoya wenkonzo kawonke-wonke (ukusebenza njengamagosa omdla kawonke wonke, abameli bobulungisa, nabalondolozi bemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi.

Kule thuba lokwanda kokungabikho kohlanga, ukungaqiniseki ngorhulumente, kunye neengxaki ezintsonkothileyo zenkqubo, ulawulo lukawonke-wonke lwemilinganiselo lubaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ngokumisa umsebenzi wabo ngokungqongqo okusemthethweni nangobunzulu bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, abalawuli bakawonke-wonke bangavala umsantsa phakathi koko urhulumente agunyazisiweyo ukukwenza noko abemi bakufunayo noko bakufaneleyo. Bangabonisa ukuba urhulumente unokuba ngosebenzayo nothembekileyo, ofanelekileyo nofanelekileyo, osemthethweni nosesikweni.

Indlela ephambili ixhomekeke kwimfundo, ukhokelo, kunye nolwakhiwo lweziko apho imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nomthetho ziqinisana khona, apho ukwenza into elungileyo kulindelwe ngokusemthethweni ngokwesithethe. Olu lucelomngeni nokubizwa kolawulo lukawonke-wonke kwibutho loburhulumente elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi.