Izixhobo zoMthetho zomgaqo-nkqubo wenzululwazi

Ulwalamano phakathi kwesebe lowiso-mthetho neshishini lenzululwazi luneembono ezininzi kwaye ludla ngokungathandwa. Ngoxa izazinzulu neeyunivesithi zisenza uphando, yindlu yowiso-mthetho — ngokuyintloko yiKhomishini yaseUnited States — emisela isiseko semali nesomthetho ekuthethwa ngaso uphando. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kubaphandi, abenzi bemigaqo, nabemi abafuna ukubona inzululwazi iphumelela.

Abaququzeleli bomthetho bangayiphembelela inzululwazi ngeenkqubo eziliqela ezahlukileyo: ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngokuthe ngqo, ukugunyazisa umthetho odala okanye ogunyazisa iinkqubo zophando, ukuva ezona zinto ziphambili zibalulekileyo kwisebe lezenkqu, kunye nemigaqo yemithetho emisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyokhuseleko. Isixhathiso ngasinye sineziphumo ezikhethekileyo ngendlela inzululwazi eqhutywa ngayo kwaye ekugqibeleni sifumana iingxelo ezifikelela kuluntu.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwemali kunye neemfene

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo yinkqubo yokuhlola yonyaka. Ingqungquthela imisela uqingqo-mali lwabameli benzululwazi abaphambili abanjengeNational Institutes of Health (NIH), iNational Science Foundation (NSF), iSebe lezeMwezi ze-Ofisi ye-Science ye-SASA, kunye ne-NASA. Le mibandela imisela ngokunempumelelo uphando lwesiseko somsebenzi wophando phantse phantse yonke ingqeqesho yenzululwazi. Imali elungeleleneyo ekufuneka iqhubeke kwinkqubela kunyango lomhlaza okanye kwimo yemozulu, ngexa ukusikwa kwemigca enika ithemba lokuphanda iminyaka emininzi.

Umzekelo, uMthetho we-21st Century Cures Act, odlule ngo-2016, wanikezela nge-$,8 yezigidi zezigidi zemali entsha kwinyathelo le-NIH, kuquka i-Precision Medicinitinitive kunye ne-BRAIN. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-sester elandela uMthetho woLawulo loLawulo loMsebenzi woLawulo lonyaka ka-2011 obekwe kunqamlezo lwebhodi eyanciphisa i-NSF inika amanani emali kwimbali esezantsi ([ uludwe loqingqo-mali logcino-mali lwemiqathango ).

Ugunyaziso loMthetho

Ngaphandle komgangatho olula wemali, iKhomishini ingasebenzisa ukugunyazisa umthetho ukuze kwenziwe iinkqubo zophando okanye imibutho epheleleyo. UMthetho we-COMPETES, oqale wadluliselwa ngo- 2007 kwaye waphinda wagunyaziswa izihlandlo ezininzi, wandisa indima ye-NSF kwimfundo yenzululwazi kwaye wasungula iProjekthi Yophando Oluqhubela phambili (ARPA-E). Lo mthetho uquka imiyalelo engqalileyo echaza indlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo — umzekelo, ufuna ukugxininisa kuphando loguqulelo okanye kuluntu oluthile olungaphantsi kwenkonzo.

Ugunyaziso lwamatyala lukwamisela imithetho yokuhlola oontanga, ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi, kunye neengxabano zomdla. Xa iBhunga labhala iBoundations for Evidence-Sceming Policy Marking Act ka-2018, lagunyazisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente, kuquka lawo axhasa inzululwazi, amkele imigangatho yogcino-lwazi eyomelele ngakumbi kunye noqheliselo. Oku kuneziphumo ezinamandla kwindlela abaphandi abayila ngayo izifundo kunye neziphumo.

Ukubona Nokuva

Iikomiti zolawulo lweKhomishoni zinamatyala anokuguqula ngokuphawulekayo izinto eziza kuqala kwinzululwazi. Xa ikomiti ibiza abalathisi bezenzululwazi okanye ikhokelela izazinzulu ukuba zingqine, kudla ngokutshintshwa ingqalelo yezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuva ngengxaki ye-opioid kwakhokelela ekuxhaseni inkxaso-mali yophando lweentlungu kunye nenzululwazi yemithambo-luvo ekhobokisayo. Ngokufanayo, iindlebe ezingeenguqu zemozulu zinyanzelise abameli abafana noNOA kunye neSebe lezeeMerika ukuba bakhusele uphatho lwabo lwe-portfolios — okanye babathumele ekuphenduleni ingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Oversight can also uncover mismanagement or scientific misconduct, leading to reforms. The National Academy of Sciences was restructured in part because of congressional hearings on conflict-of-interest scandals. Good oversight helps maintain public trust, but when driven by partisan motives, it can chill legitimate research.

Uhlolisiso Lwempembelelo Yomthetho Kwinzululwazi

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene icacisa indlela izigqibo zowiso-mthetho eziye zayiguqula ngayo ingcamango yenzululwazi yaseMerika.

Iprojekti Yomntu

Lo mgudu mkhulu wezizwe ngezizwe waqaliswa yiKhonklamshela-mbuso ngowe-1990 xa walingana nee-3,000 zamawaka ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi kwiSebe lezeNgwini ne-NIH. Abenzi boMthetho badibanisa inkxaso-mali kwiziganeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo, beqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa obunyuswa ngokukhawuleza. Impumelelo yeprojekthi yabonisa indlela ukuzibophelela ngokuqhubekayo kwinzululwazi esisiseko okungavelisa ngayo iziphumo ezitshintshayo — kwaye kwavula umnyango wokuguqula kwezamayeza namhlanje.

Isenzo seBayh-Dole

Mhlawumbi akukho mithetho inye eyenzileyo ukudlulisa ubugcisa bemfundo ephezulu ngokukhawulezileyo kune-Bayh-Dole Act ka 1980. Phambi kokuba lo mthetho, imveliso eveliswe kuphando oluxhaswa ngurhulumente, kwaye zimbalwa ezithengiswe. IBayh-Dole ivumele iiyunivesithi kunye namashishini amancinane ukuba agcine amalungelo asemthethweni kunye nemvume kwiinkampani. Ukususela ngoko, amawaka eenkqubo zoqalo kunye nemveliso — ukusuka kuphengululo lokuqala lokukhangela u-Algooglot ukuya ku-CHOID-19 ubugcisa bobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxha bezi ([[FLT:]]GAO kwingxelo yeBhayitha ye-Dole.[FLTLT]]).

Ukuxhasa Ukungatyibiliki “Nomkhukula Wokufa”

Asiyiyo yonke impembelelo yowiso-mthetho elungileyo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kowama- 2000, amandla okuthenga kwe-NIH aphelile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemali erhabaxa kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oku kuye kwadala “umkhamo wokufa” apho izinto ezithembisiweyo zophando olusisiseko zingenakufumana inkxaso eyongezelelweyo efunekayo ukuze ihambele kwiimvavanyo ze-astrial. Abenzi bomthetho baye bazama ukuvala lo msantsalo kwiinkqubo ezifana nophando oluncinci lwe-NIH (SSBIR), kodwa inkxaso yemali epheleleyo ihlala iyinkxalabo engapheliyo. AAAAS R&D Uhlalovel kunye noMgaqo womthetho ezisondeleneyo]

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelanisa Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zenzululwazi Nemithetho

Kukho uxinezeleko olungapheliyo phakathi komnqweno wenzululwazi wokuzilawula nemfuneko esemthethweni yendlu yowiso-mthetho yokuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokulungelelana kweenjongo zesizwe. Bambi abamisi-mthetho baxhalabile kukuba izazinzulu zisukela imisebenzi ezifuna ukuzixakekisa ngokwazo eyahlulwa kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke; abanye baxhalatyiswe kukuba ukungenelela kwezobupolitika kungaphazamisana nengqibelelo yenzululwazi.

Imiqondiso yendlebe kunye neNkxaso eLawulweyo

Esinye isixhobo esiphikisanayo siSibonelelo sombutho wequmrhu, esiyalela inkxaso-mali kwisakhiwo okanye kwiprojekthi ethile, ngokufuthi kwisithili somenzi-mthetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa izalathiso bangayixhasa inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho yengingqi kunye neemfuno zezixhobo zophando zasekuhlaleni. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba bangayithobeli inkqubo yokujongwa koontanga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncipheni kwenzululwazi kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Ukususela ekuvalweni kokubekwa kwemiqathango ngo-2021, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka.

Isitshixo kukubeka ulungelelwano. Xa kusenziwa ngokucace gca kwaye kulinganiselwe, inkxaso-mali ejoliswe kwibhulorho inceda izithuba kwimimandla efana nophando lwezempilo lwasemaphandleni. Kodwa xa isisithuthi se-inkedama ye-politiki, sinciphisa lonke ishishini.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemibandela Yophando Ngokwezobupolitika

Amaziko enzululwazi awakhuselwanga kwiziphumo zobupolitika. IBhunga linokudibanisa “abaququzeli” kwiindleko zokukhupha ityala ezithintela iimali zophando oluthile — umzekelo, uphando ngemipu, uphando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo, okanye ukufuzisela imozulu. Ukususela ngo1996 ukuya ku-2020, iziko loLawulo lwezifo nokhuseleko lwezezimali (CDC) lathintelwa ngokunempumelelo ekufumaneni imali ekunokuchazwa njengokukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemipu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiphithi sobungqina obuphathelele kwimiqobo yokuthintela ukuthintela.

Imiqathango enjalo igqwetha inzululwazi kuba iphepha umsebenzi onzima wokwakha izivumelwano kwimibandela enzima. Indlela engcono kukukhuthaza uphando olungqongqo, oluzimeleyo lodwa ngeli lixa ivumela uluntu olunobuchule ukuba lumisele uphando ( Ingxelo yezifundo zamazwe ngenkululeko yenzululwazi )).

Indlela Abaququzeleli baMithetho Abanokuyixhasa Ngayo Inkqubela Yenzululwazi

Kukho izenzo eziliqela ezakhayo abalathisi bomthetho abanokuthatha ngaphaya kokubhala nje iicheke ezinkulu.

  • [[NTL:0] yongezelelwa nokuzinziswa kweR&D inkxaso-mali yezwe ye-: Iziphumo ezininzi zeminyaka kunye nokuthemba izimali zeendawo ezithile (umz., amandla acocekileyo, ubhubhani olungiselweyo) inciphisa ukungaqiniseki. Imodeli ye-DSProjects Ehambe phambili yophando (DARPA) yemiqathango yomphathi wenkqubo yeminyaka engama-566 ubudala iye yaphumelela kodwa inqabile ukukhutshwa ngenxa yoqingqo-mali.
  • yandisa uphatho lwe-STEM olusebenzayo: Ityala le-Bipartis njenge-Melika COMPETES Act yoqeqesho lwentlawulo yokufundisa, inkcazo yamaqela angekhoyo, kunye neenkqubo zobalo-magama. Iimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo iqinisa ulwakhiwo.
  • Ipromote evulekileyo inzululwazi kunye nogcino-lwazi olwabelanayo: Abaququzeleli-mthetho bangagunyazisa ukuvulwa koshicilelo kunye nemigangatho yolwazi efundeka ngomatshini ukwenzela uphando oluxhaswa ngurhulumente. I-OSTP “Nelson Meeting” (2022) efuna ukufikelela kwangoko kuluntu luyingqinela, kodwa inkxaso eqhubekayo yengqungquthela iyimfuneko ukuxhasa isiseko sesiseko.
  • Amaqela kawonke-wonke azimeleyo: Izinto ezifana nophando oluqhubela phambili lwe-biod Bregical and Development Authority (BARDA) kunye neZiko loPhuhliso loLawulo lweUSA zikho kuphela kuba iNkomfa Yolawulo lwazo zadalwa. Ezimodeli zide-risk ziphuhlisa phambili zenze urhwebo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemizimba yenzululwazi : ubuchule obuyinkqubano njengeBhunga loMongameli loMphathi-mikhosi kwinzululwazi kunye nobugcisa (PCAST) neNkonzo yophando lweKhompyutha (CRS) zinika ubuchule bokungakhethi. Abenzi bomthetho abaxhomekeke kwezi zixhobo benza izigqibo ezingcono ezingokwenzululwazi.

Ukwakha Imali Eninzi Yenzululwazi

Inkxaso yenzululwazi yezimali ifikelele kwinkxaso ebanzi yembali, kodwa oko akusasebenzi ngokwayo. “i-CHIPS kunye ne-Science Act” yonyaka wama-2022 yadlula ngevoti ezineenkcukacha ezivela kuwo omabini amaqela, kuquka unyuko olukhulu lwe-NSF, i-DOE, kunye nophando lwabucala lwezombane. Isitshixo sasikukuchaza ukhuphiswano lwesizwe nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho kunokuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo kumaxabiso ophando. Xa inzululwazi idityaniswe kwimisebenzi nakukhusela ilizwe, izuza imilenze yezobupolitika eqinileyo.

Ngokuchasene noko, iingcamango okanye ukungxolisa okugqithiseleyo kunokwenza abantu bangabi nazimvo ezifanelekileyo. Iindlela ezingcono zomthetho zenzululwazi zigxininisa iziphumo ezahlulwayo: impilo engcono, amandla acocekileyo, kunye nohlanga olunqabisekileyo.

Ubuchule bokulawula nokulawula kobuchule obudityanisiweyo

Njengoko inzululwazi ikhawuleza isiya kwimida efana nokuhlelwa kwemizila yemfuza (CRISPR), ubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo yokuzenzela, indlu yowiso - mthetho imele ngexesha elinye incede intlalo - ntle yoluntu ikhusele imiphumo engacwangciswanga.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemizila Yemfuza Yomntu

Ukuzalwa kwamawele ahlelwe ngemfuza ngowe-2018 eTshayina kwabangela uvuselelo lwehlabathi lonke nokuhlaziywa kwemithetho ethintelweyo. EUnited States, iBhunga lithathe amatyala okuthintela ukuhlelwa kwemichiza ngaphandle kokhuseleko nokuhlolwa okucacileyo kwendlela yokuziphatha. Izixhobo zangoku — iFDA igunya lokulawula unyango lwemizila yemfuza, imigaqo ye-NIH yophando, kunye nemithetho karhulumente engobugcisa bokuzala — anele kwinkqubela ekhawulezileyo. Urhulumente obanzi othetha ngenkululeko yezenzululwazi nesidima soluntu ufanele ufuneke ngokungxamisekileyo.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo

I-AI inika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kuba iinkqubo zayo zingumsebenzi wakudala, kodwa iBhunga kufuneka liqhubeke lihlaziya imithetho yokulungisa i-algoric, i-opens, kunye noshenxiso lomsebenzi. Abaphathi abasebenzisana nobuchule kunye nolawulo lwesanti yesanti.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Oko Kusenziwa Ngabanye Ababhali

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amanye amazwe anokuyisingatha ngayo inkqubo yenzululwazi kunokukwazisa bhetele ukufikelela kwemigaqo - mthetho.

I-European Union

Amazwe angamalungu e-EU alungelelanisa uphando nge-Firingian Europe, inkqubo ye-CRLC, i-5 bbiliyoni 776 yeminyaka ebethelela “injongo yokuthunywa” njengeenjongo zokungathathi-nxaxheba kwimozulu kunye nokuthintelwa komhlaza. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zamazwe kudla ngokuxhasa amanyathelo omanyano, kwaye iPalamente ye-EU iphembelela ngokuvumela uqingqo-mali kunye nokuvelela kweBhunga lophando lwaseYurophu.

I-China

ISizwe SaseTshayina iSizwe Sabantu sivumela ukuba inkxaso-mali eninzi yephondo yezobugcisa obuyiAi, i-quantam computing, kunye nemveliso karhulumente. Kodwa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayikhanyanga kwaye ayicaci kakhulu. Imodeli yamaTshayina ibonisa ukuba inkxaso-mali ephezulu ingenza umsebenzi okhawulezayo, kodwa isenokuthintela ukuphengululwa nokuqinisekiswa kobugocigo.

I-Jamani

Imali yeBoundamestag yaseJamani iMax Planck ne-Helmholtz ngeblock inika inkxaso enika uzinzo lweminyaka emininzi, ikhulula abaphandi kwimijikelo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka. Oku kuye kwenza uphando olusisiseko lwamaJamani ehlabathini lonke lokhuphiswano. Imithetho-mthetho yase-U.S. isenokucinga ngeenkqubo zemali eziyelelene zeminyaka emininzi ezisetyenziselwa abameli abafana ne-NSF.

Ukuthelekisa kwezizwe ngezizwe kubonisa ukuba akukho nkqubo inye egqibeleleyo, kodwa ezona nkqubo zilungileyo zomthetho zidibanisa imali eqinileyo, uhlolisiso loontanga oluzimeleyo nosukelo olucacileyo lwentlalo - ntle.

Icebiso Ngezazinzulu Nabanxibelelanisi Bophando

Ukuba ungusosayensi okanye umxhasi wophando, akungengomntu ongakwaziyo ukwenza izinto kule nkqubo.

  • Intetho ephambili okanye ukhenketho lwaselabhu yabenzi bomthetho : Ukuchanabeka kobuqu kwizixhobo zophando kusenokuba nempembelelo kakhulu kunemini ezeleyo. Amalungu eBhunga elityelele ilebhu aqhele ukuxhasa inkxaso yemali.
  • Ikhomputha kulwimi olunemithetho-mva : Kuphephe uphahla; hlela umsebenzi wakho ngokwemisebenzi, impilo, ukhuseleko, okanye ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Isishwankathelo esicacileyo sephepha elinye sendlela uphando lwakho olungenela ngayo isithili okanye urhulumente ufanele imigangatho yeslayidi eyiwaka.
  • Isebenza kunye namaqumrhu obugcisa: Amaqela afana ne-American Association for the nkqubela phambili yenzululwazi (AAAAS) agcina ii-intanethi ezinamandla ze-advocation kunye nokunikezela uqeqesho kwinkqubo yenzululwazi. Science & Ubuchule bobuxhakaxhakaxhaka bobuCy Protolic Adminication shafties[ ifaka izazinzulu kwii-ofisi kunye nabameli.
  • Icala eliphakathi ekuchongweni nakugqabaza ngamaxesha: Amasebe asisilungelelanisi kufuneka apapashe imithetho ecetyiweyo yokugqabaza uwonke-wonke. Ngokunikezela iimpendulo eziqikelelwa kakuhle, izazinzulu zingabumba imimiselo echaphazela amasimi azo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenzululwazi Yebhartishane

Kwindlu neNdlu yeQela lase-United States, kukho iziphakamiso ezijoliswe kwinzululwazi, uhlaziyo, kunye nophando lwezamayeza. La maqela acwangcisa ukuthatha iitrafiki kunye nohambo oluyinyani. Izazinzulu kufuneka zifikelele kwezi zixhobo ukuze zinike ubuchule. Kwanolwalamano olunye nomsebenzi oxhotyiswe yinzululwazi lunokuba neziphumo ezingaphaya xa kuvela amadabi oqingqo-mali.

Isiphelo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linempembelelo enkulu kulwalathiso, isantya, kwanakubukho bophando lwenzululwazi. Ngokuqonda ubuchule obuchazwe kweli nqaku, ulawulo, ulawulo, abenzi bomthetho bangakhawulezisa ukuphumelela okanye bawafake ngaphandle kokuqonda. Impilo yenkampani yophando ixhomekeke kungekuphela nje ekuthandweni kwabenzi-mthetho kodwa nakumsebenzi osebenzayo woluntu lwenzululwazi kwinkqubo yezomthetho. Ngokuqonda imigaqo echazwe kweli nqaku — ukusuka kwimijikelezo yoqingqo lwemali ukuya ekuthelekiseni amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe — abaphengululi banokuba ngabaxhasi abaphumelelayo, kwaye abakhankani bezomthetho bayakwazi ukuvelisa imigaqo yenzululwazi phambili. Usukelo lusukelo olulungileyo: imijikelo enamandla yezomthetho ekhuthaza ukuvutha kwenzululwazi, ebangela ukucombulula iingxaki ezinkulu zenkcingelanee.

Kwabo bafuna uphando olunzulu, IChondorn.gov izibonelelo ngendlela ezenziwe ngayo imithetho [ kunye ne-[FLT] I-Pultment Accomptification Office kwiingxelo ze-R&D[FLM:3] inikezela ngeencopho ezinegunya.