Table of Contents
Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke basabela kwimigudu yokulawula nokusebenza ngendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo nezintsonkothileyo ebumba impembelelo yemibutho yentlalo, iziphumo zenkqubo yempembelelo, kwaye bamisele ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Ezi mpendulo zisuka kumanyano olwakhayo kunye nemigaqo kuhlengahlengiso lwemilinganiselo engqongqo kunye nengcinezelo ecacileyo. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo kwisenzo sobuProtestanti kunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, amandla, kunye nenkqubo eyenzeka ngayo iinguqulelo zentlalo.
Umhlaba ojikelezayo woRhulumente-Umthetho
Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente nabaxhasi luye lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Izenzo zezobupolitika zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni inkqubo ngokukhuthaza utshintsho, ngokunyanzela abenzi beenkqubo, nangokuphembelela amaziko ezobupolitika, asebenza njengesixhobo sokuguqula uwiso-mthetho kunye nentlalo ngobuchule obuhlukeneyo. Le ngxoxo inamandla ibandakanya abadlali abaninzi, amacebo, kunye nemibandela engokomo-bume egqiba enoba ubuPhovisi bukhokelela kwiinguqulelo ezinenjongo okanye ukuchasa kobuso.
I-activism yanamhlanje iquka iindlela ezininzi zokungena, ukusuka kwimibutho ejongene neengca ejongene neemeko zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiintlangano ezintsonkothileyo zezizwe ngezizwe ezibandakanyeke kwiingxoxo ezikwimigangatho ephezulu. Ubuchule obuhlukeneyo bolwaluko bufuna ukuba oorhulumente baphuhlise iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Abanye oorhulumente bajonga izenzo zobugqwirha njengendlela efanelekileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ngoxa abanye beyigqala njengesisongelo kuzinzo negunya.
Iimpendulo Eziphambili Zikarhulumente
Ubandakanyeko olwakhayo neNxibelelwano
Xa oorhulumente besebenzisana, babagqala abaxhasi bezonyango njengabaxhasi benkqubo. Eli cebo libandakanya ukwenza imijelo ecwangcisiweyo nengacwangciswanga yonxibelelwano, ukunxibelelana, nokunxibelelana. Ukuganana ngobuchule kusenokuthatha iindlela eziliqela, kuquka ukuchotshelwa kwabantu, iikomiti zolawulo, iintlanganiso zabaxhasi, udliwano-ndlebe lwabasebenzi, kunye nokuthethana ngokungqalileyo nemibutho yezentengiselwano.
Ukuqhatha yinto elula apho amaqela alwa nolwaluko adibana nabezobupolitika namagosa karhulumente ukuze akhuthaze iinguqu ezithile zenkqubo. Iirhulumente eziyamkela le nkqubo zidla ngokumisela iinkqubo ezikhuthaza incoko eqhubekayo. Ezi ziquka iiofisi ezihlala abantu, iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu, okanye amaqumrhu angoothile asebenza phakathi kwebutho labantu kunye namaziko karhulumente.
Iinzuzo zokuganana ngokwakhayo zininzi. Ivumela oorhulumente ukuba bafumane ulwazi olusebuntwini nakwiingcali ezinobuchule, olukhokelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo engakumbi nesebenzayo. Ikwanceda ulwakhe uluntu nokuthembana, ibonisa ukuba urhulumente uyasabela kwinkxalabo yabemi. Ngaphezu koko, ukubotshwa kwasekuqaleni nabaxhasi kunokuthintela ukuqhatha nokuncitshiswa kwemilo ephazamisayo okanye ukungathobeli kwemibango.
Utshintsho Lomthetho Nomgaqo-nkqubo
Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo oorhulumente abasabela ngazo kwizenzo ze-accounting kusetyenziswa iinguqu zowiso-mthetho nenkqubo. Ukuphumelela kwee-1960 kubandakanya iindawo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezazinenkxaso eyaneleyo ethandwayo neyombutho, kunye noMongameli oxhasa intsebenziswano esebenzisa umthetho wesizwe kunye nolawulo ukuze oyise ukungalingani okunobundlobongela kwamanye amazwe nemimandla. Oku kubonisa indlela i-Romissionism eqhubekayo enokuthi ikhokelele ngayo ekuguquleni iinguqu ezisemthethweni xa idibene nokuthanda kwezobupolitika.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho-nkqubo njengendlela elandela umgaqo. Okokuqala, abaxhasi baphakamisa ukuphaphamisa ngembambano baze baququzelele inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Kwandula ke, njengoko ingcinezelo iyakha, abamisi-mthetho abanovelwano okanye amagosa karhulumente axhasa ityala kwimijelo yamaqumrhu. Okokugqibela, ukuba umbutho ufumana inkqubela eyaneleyo kwaye uxhaswa kwezobupolitika, le nkqubo ingenziwa. Le nkqubo isenokuthabatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka, ifuna umgudu ozingisileyo ovela kubaxhasi-mthetho kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo lokusebenzisa amathuba ezobupolitika.
Ingcamango "yeefestile zepolitiki" ikhanyisa indlela i-activation enokuba luncedo ngayo kumathuba okuvuleka kwezobupolitika ukufikelela impumelelo yenkqubo, njengoko la ngamaxesha okwexeshana xa kunokwenzeka utshintsho lwenkqubo. Abaxhasi abaphumelelayo bayayiqonda le festile baze balungiselele izicelo zemigaqo ebanzi kusengaphambili, belungele ukunikela xa kuvela amathuba.
Imiqathango yomthetho neyomthetho
Asizizo zonke iimpendulo zikarhulumente kwizenzo zobundlobongela ezinokuhlalwa. Oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa amanyathelo okulawula, okumisela, okanye okudimaza imisebenzi yolwamkelo. Le miqathango inokuba ngamaqela alawulayo anokusuka kwiimfuno zolawulo ukuya kwiindlela ezithile zokuqhankqalaza okanye kwintlangano.
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulawula ziquka ukufuna imvume yokuqhayisa ngoluntu, ukumisela imiqathango yenkxaso-mali kwiintlangano zamanye amazwe, ukukhuthaza ukubhaliswa nokuxelwa kweemfuno zamaqela alwayo, nokumisela "imimandla emiselweyo" emiselwe apho imiboniso inokwenzeka. Ngoxa oorhulumente besoloko bethethelela la manyathelo njengokuyimfuneko ukuze ukhuseleko loluntu okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi anokusetyenziswa ekuthinteleni ukungavumelani okufanelekileyo nokunciphisa inkululeko esisiseko.
Ukusebenza kwemiqathango yolawulo kuyahluka kuxhomekeka kumongo wezopolitiko kunye nokuzinziswa kwebutho lasekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iimeko, imimiselo engqongqo kakhulu ibuya nengqumbo ngokukhuthaza inkcaso kawonke-wonke nangokutsala ingqalelo yehlabathi kwinjongo yabaxhasi. Kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi kwiimeko zolawulo olungqongqo, amanyathelo anjalo anciphisa ngempumelelo amandla olweyiselo kwaye adimaza inxaxheba.
Ukwaba Nokucinezelwa
Kwisiphelo esigqithisileyo sokuphendula, bambi oorhulumente babhenela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nengcinezelo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Le ndlela isetyenziswa njengezaphuli-mthetho okanye izisongelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe, isebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko zokuphelisa ukungavumelani. Ii-Tacs ziquka ukubanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ukujongwa, ukuhlaselwa, nakwezona meko zinzima, ugonyamelo nxamnye nabaxhasi bezobupolitiko.
Ngokufuthi kubandakanya abaxhasi bezaphuli-mthetho abafuna ukungxengxezwa ngezenzo ezichazwe ngokubanzi ezifana nobugrogrisi, ukuvukela, okanye ukusongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ezi zityholo zinokuthwala izigwebo eziqatha yaye maxa wambi zisetyenziselwa ukuhlasela abaxhasi okanye imibutho ephambili. Imiphumo ebuhlungu yaloo manyathelo ingaphaya kwabo bajoliswe kukodwa, njengoko abanye besenokuthintelwa ekubeni nenxaxheba ekuxhathiseni ngenxa yokoyika imiphumo efanayo.
Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe ibhala isithi ayichasi indlela yokuziphendulela kwizenzo zobundlobongela. Kodwa ke, oorhulumente basebenzisa ezi ndlela basoloko bewathethelela njengemfuneko ukugcina ucwangco, ukukhusela izilangazelelo zesizwe, okanye ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uxanduva phakathi kwenkxalabo yokhuseleko lukarhulumente namalungelo asisiseko enkululeko yokuzichaza nokuhlanganisana luseyingxaki kumazwe amaninzi.
Iintlawulo eziphikisayo kunye neMibutho yoXhalo
Ngokwandayo oorhulumente basebenzisa iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zonxibelelwano ukuze balwe neengxelo zobugqwirha nokuze batshintshe imbono yoluntu.
Amaphulo okuphikisa amaphulo okuchasa asenokubandakanya ukugxininisa iindleko zemali yokhuphiswano, ukuthandabuza iintshukumisa okanye imithombo yemali yeentlangano ezikhuthaza ulwaluko, ukukhuthaza ezinye iingxelo ezithi iinkqubo zikarhulumente zilungele ukulawulwa, okanye ukugxininisa iziphumo ezibi ezinokwenzeka zeenguqu ezifunwa ngabaxhasi beenguqu. La maphulo akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezithethe, amajelo eendaba oluntu, namaqonga ezentlalo-ntle, kunye nabameli bakarhulumente ukusasaza imiyalezo yabo.
Ukusebenza kokuzimela kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kukarhulumente, amandla omba wenkcubeko, kunye nemeko-bume yamajelo eendaba. Kwimeko ekwizikhundla zezixhobo zokuthelekelela eendaba kunye nokufunda okuphezulu, iingcamango zoburhulumente zisenokuhlalutywa zize zicelwe imbambano. Noko ke, kwimeko apho urhulumente elawula iinkcazelo ezinkulu zosasazo okanye enokuthi ilawule ukukhutshwa kolwazi, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo zokubala iprojekthi kungenza uluntu luchaphazele imbono yokwenza izinto.
Ukwenziwa komsebenzi kunye
Abanye oorhulumente basabela kwizenzo zobuGawulayo ngokuzama ukukhuthaza iinkokeli ezincedisanayo okanye baququzelele imigaqo-nkqubo yolwaluko kwimibutho yorhulumente. Eli cebo lijolise ekupheliseni ukuphazamisana nokusetyenziswa kwezenzo zobuGcisa ngoxa kubonakala ngathi uyasabela kwimicimbi yabemi.
I-conetic ingenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokumisela iinkokeli zobugcisa kwizikhundla zikarhulumente okanye kwiibhodi zolawulo, ukubonelela ngemali kurhulumente kwiintlangano ezifuna ungenelelo lobugxwayiba, ukwenza ezinye iindlela zobugxwayiba ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente kumaqela azimeleyo alwamkelo, okanye ukudibanisa ulwimi nosukelo lwenkcubeko kwiinkqubo zoburhulumente ngoxa zizalisekisa iinjongo zazo zokuqala.
Ngeli xesha ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunokuthi kukhokelele kwinkqubela-phambili yokwenene yenkqubo nokunika abaxhasi abafuna ukufikelela kwequmrhu, ikwanobungozi. Abaxhasi abamkela izikhundla zikarhulumente okanye imali bangajamelana nezityholo "zokurhwebela ngaphandle" ukusuka kwisiseko sabo. Ngaphezu koko, ukubekwa kwemibutho kunokubangela ukuba kubekho imibutho engakwaziyo ukutshintsha indlela ababhexezelelwa ngayo kunye nomngcipheko ongqongqo. Ucelomngeni lwabaxhasi kukubandakanyeka kumaqumrhu karhulumente ngaphandle kokupheliswa yiyo yiyo.
Izinto Eziphembelela Ukusabela Kukarhulumente
Inkqubo Yezobupolitika Nezolawulo - melo
Ubume benkqubo yezobupolitika yelizwe butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo kwizenzo zobuProtestanti. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezinamaziko anamandla, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela inkululeko yabemi ngokuqhelekileyo zinika indawo eninzi yokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye zisenokwenzeka kakhulu ukuphendula ngengxoxo kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo kunokuba zicinezele.
Okukhona amaziko kawonke-wonke efuna ukuphendula, okukhona efumana intembelo engakumbi kuluntu ngokubanzi kwaye abantu bengenamdla mninzi ekubandakanyekeni kwizenzo zobupolitika, ngeli xesha ufundo lubonisa imfuneko esebenzayo yamaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze azibeke kwindawo entle njengoko umnqweno wabantu wokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe uncitshiswe xa ukuthembana kwamaziko kuphezulu. Olu lwalamano phakathi kokuthembana kwamaqumrhu kunye nokusebenza kubangela intsabelo ephembelela intsebenziswano karhulumente.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulawulo oluneengcebiso okanye oluyimiqabaqaba ludla ngokujonga ukwenza izinto njengesisongelo kulawulo lwawo kwaye kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kusetyenziswe amanyathelo angqongqo okanye acinezelayo. Noko ke, nangaphakathi kwemeko ye-athority, kunokubakho umahluko ekuphenduleni ngokuxhomekeke kwimbambano esemngciphekweni, ingqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe ejoliswe kwilizwe, kunye nokukholosa korhulumente kuzinzo lwalo.
Indalo Nezenzo Zokwenza Umthetho
Iimpawu zobugada ziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iimpendulo zikarhulumente. Iindlela ezingaphazanyiswanga zidla ngokuthambekela ekubonakaliseni ulwazelelelo olungaphezulu kolwabantu bonke kunaleyo yogonyamelo kwaye ziphumelela ngokuphindwe kabini ekufikeleleni iinjongo ezichaziweyo. Oorhulumente basenokuba babandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngemibutho enoxolo, elungelelanisiweyo ezisa iimfuno ezicacileyo nokubonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke.
Ngokuchaseneyo, ubuqhawe obubandakanya ugonyamelo, ukonakalisa impahla, okanye ukuphazamiseka kwezibonelelo ezicekethekileyo kudla ngokubangela iimpendulo zoburhalarhume. IiRiot zazibonwa zingaphantsi kokuphelisa inkxaso enzima yabaqhankqalazi abangenamandla, kwaye zikhokelela "kumthetho nomyalelo" ityala kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa indlela iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngabaxhasi ezinokuyibumba ngayo kungekuphela nje iimpendulo zikarhulumente ezikhawulezileyo kodwa kwaneziphendulo zexesha elide zezobupolitika.
Ukusetyenziswa nokuthunyelwa kwemibutho ekhuthaza ulwazelelelo kusemngciphekweni. Iinkampani ezikwaziyo ukudibanisa iimfuno zazo ngokwempumelelo ngokwemilinganiselo eyabelwene ngokubanzi, zidibanisa imicimbi yazo nenkxalabo kawonke-wonke, kwaye zakhe imibutho eyahlukeneyo isenokufuna iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, intsebenziswano evelisa izicelo zekonkrithi, ezinokwenzeka kunokuqhatha nje iimeko ezikhoyo yenza kube lula ngamagosa orhulumente anovelwano ukuxhasa injongo yawo.
Iimbono Zabantu Nokukhutshelwa Kwamajelo eendaba
Abasebenzi baphakamisa ukuphaphela kwimiba enzima ngokulungiselela ukuqhankqalaza, amajelo afumana inkxaso-mali, kunye nokusebenzisa amaqonga amanani ukuba angenelele aze akhuthaze uluntu, kunye nale migudu inceda ukuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokubeka ingcinezelo kubenzi benkqubo ukucombulula inkxalabo. Umlinganiselo apho ukuthatha inxaxheba kuchaphazela abantu ngokubanzi impembelelo ephawulekayo yendlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo.
Xa i-activation ivelisa ulwazelelelo nenkxaso yoluntu ngokubanzi, oorhulumente bajamelana nengcinezelo enkulu yokusabela kakuhle. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi abonakalisa ulwazelelelo ngokukhethekileyo kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke, njengoko kufuneka acinge ngemiphumo yokukhetha kwabo ukuthatha inxaxheba. Kwanakwimeko engephi yedemokhrasi, oorhulumente banokuthomalalisa indlela abasabela ngayo ukuba i-ctivation ixhaswa ngamandla ngurhulumente, njengokuba ukucinezelwa ngolunya kusenokuthoba buthathaka uburhulumente.
Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni uluvo lukawonke-wonke malunga nezenzo kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente. Kunzima ukuthelekelela indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekusetyenzisweni kwamalungelo abantu ngo-1960 ngaphandle kokuvela kobunikazi bukamabonwakude. Namhlanje, amajelo eendaba athe aguqula le ngxaki, anceda abaxhasi besangoondaba ukuba baphumele abagcini-majelo eendaba kwaye bafikelele abantu abaninzi. Noko ke, oku kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba basebenzise amacebo okulwamkisa, kwezinye iimeko, ukuphelisa inkcubeko.
Ingcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Neenkqubo Zasendle
Oothunywashe bezizwe ngezizwe baya beyichaphazela ngakumbi indlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo kwizenzo zasekhaya. Imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe, ukujongwa yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, ingcinezelo yolawulo yamanye amazwe, kunye nesisongelo sokuvunywa kwesigwebo okanye ukonakala okudumileyo kunyanzelisa zonke ihambo karhulumente ukusa kumlinganiselo ongafaniyo.
Oorhulumente abadityaniswe kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe nabaxhomekeke kuncedo lwamanye amazwe, kurhwebo, okanye kushishino lotyalo-mali ngokuqhelekileyo baziva benovelwano ngakumbi kugxeko lwezizwe ngezizwe lokuphathwa kwabo abaxhasi. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe ibhala ukuxhatshazwa, amaqumrhu okuxhasa inkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe kubaxhasi basekuhlaleni, kunye nengqalelo yemithombo yezixhobo yehlabathi isenokukhulisa amazwi olwamxhasi nolunyanzelo lwezintlukwano lukarhulumente.
Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe kuyahluka. Abanye oorhulumente babeka phambili ukumiselwa komthetho womhlaba wonke kwaye baguqula indlela abaziphatha ngayo xa bephendula ukugxekwa okuvela ngaphandle. Abanye, ingakumbi abo baxhaswa ngamandla ekhaya okanye abaxhaswa yizizwe ngezizwe, basenokuba abakhuselekanga kwingcinezelo enjalo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa ngokukhetha ingcinezelo yamazwe ngamazwe .
Ukuqwalaselwa Kwezoqoqosho Nezibonelelo
Iziphumo zezoqoqosho zolawulo kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo obunokujongwa koorhulumente bubumo. Imithetho efuna iinkcitho zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo isenokuchasana namaxesha enkcitho karhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zifuna ntoni na. Ngokuchasene noko, xa oorhulumente benezinto ezaneleyo, basenokukulungele ngakumbi ukusingatha iimfuno zobugqeba njengendlela yokulondoloza uxolo lwentlalo.
Izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho zisenokuchaphazela iimpendulo zikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela. Umthetho osongela abadlali bezoqoqosho abanamandla okanye iinkqubo zobudlelane zoshishino zisenokubangela ukuxhathisa okunamandla kunokwenza urhulumente kwimicimbi enganefuphi namaxabiso aphantsi kwezoqoqosho. Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noosomashishini, isakhiwo soqoqosho, kunye neqhinga lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lukarhulumente lungabangela ukuba inzaliseko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobuGawula.
Utyekelo lwangoku Kwizimvo zikaRhulumente
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani kunye nokuhlaziywa koRhulumente
Ukwanda kwamanani okuzilolonga kuye kwaguqula ulwalamano lwendawo lwamashishini karhulumente. Izixhobo zamanani zibumba i``izixhobo ezixhaphakileyo zoxanduva''' ngaphandle kolukhoyo ngaphandle kolu, ngokunyuka kosetyenziso lwezixhobo neqonga ngamaqela alwamkelayo akhokelela ekudalweni kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo yabalandeli abazimeleyo nabangenankokeli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-franchise actifivism.
Oorhulumente baye balungisa indlela abasabela ngayo kule nguqulelo yamanani ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abanye baye bavelisa ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bokuhlola iziphumo zekhompyutha nokuchonga abathathi-nxaxheba. Abanye baye bamisela imithetho yokulawula intetho ye-intanethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi, maxa wambi bezenza ngathi balutshaba okanye bakhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuvalwa kwe-intanethi ngexesha lokuqhankqalaza kuye kwaba liqhinga elixhaphakileyo kwamanye amazwe, nangona besenza iindleko zezoqoqosho kwaye bedla ngokuvelisa ukugxekwa kwamanye amazwe.
Kwangaxeshanye, amaqonga amanani avulele amathuba amatsha okubotshwa korhulumente nabaxhasi.
Isithuba se Mic
Imeko-bume esetyenziswa ngabantu basekuhlaleni ihla ngeminyaka yakutshanje. Urhulumente uninzi umisele imithetho nemigaqo ethintela imisebenzi yemibutho yasekuhlaleni, igalelo lemali yamazwe angaphandle, imisela iimfuno zokubhalisa ezinzima, okanye ihlalise iintlobo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho.
Le ntsingiselo ichaphazela ulawulo-lawulo-lawulo-bulunga kunye nokusekwa kolawulo-melo, nangona iindlela zobuchule nobunzima obukhethekileyo bahlukeneyo. Kwamanye amazwe, imithetho echasene nobunqolobi iye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubaxhasi bexhoba. Kwezinye, imithetho ebonakala ijolise ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ucwangco lukawonke-wonke iye yasetyenziswa ukumisela imiqathango esemthethweni. Isiphumo esizinzileyo sala manyathelo siye sabangela ukuba ubuGqirha bube nzima kwaye bube nengozi kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi.
Imibutho yamakhaya namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke aye anikela ingxelo engakumbi ngalo mbandela yaye axhasa ukukhuselwa kwendawo yentlalo. Noko ke, ukupheliswa kwale miqathango kuselucelomngeni, ingakumbi xa oorhulumente beyimisela njengendlela efanelekileyo yokusabela kwizisongelo zokhuseleko lokwenene okanye njengezenzo zolawulo lwesizwe ekuchaphazeleni kweminye imimandla.
Ulwandiso olungakumbi kumthetho nakuzimvo zikaRhulumente
Abaxhasi noorhulumente baye baluncutshe ngakumbi kumacebo nakumacebo abo. Amaqhinga okuzilungiselela aye asetyenziswa kakhulu yimibutho yoluntu ukuphembelela abadlali benkqubo kunye nokufikelela iziphumo zabo, ngezenzo ezingokwesithethe ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngemibutho efana nemibhiyozo, imiboniso, amaphulo, amaphulo kunye nokuhlala. Noko ke, abaxhasi bezi mini badibanisa iindlela zesithethe kunye neendlela ezintsha, kuquka i-actifigre tracerectorive ctificim, kunye namaziko amanani amaqela aqhelekileyo.
Oorhulumente baye bavelisa iindlela zokuphendula ezicace ngakumbi. Kunokuba bathembele kuphela kwingcinezelo okanye kwindawo yokuhlala, oorhulumente abaninzi basebenzisa umxube wamacebo adityaniswe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo nakumaqela alwamkelo. Oku kusenokuquka ukuqhubana ngokufanelekileyo nabaxhasi abalungeleleneyo ngoxa becutha okanye becinezela izinto ezimandundu ngakumbi, okanye bevumela ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zokuzikhusela kwimibandela ethile ngoxa beyimisela kwabanye ababonwa njengabanochuku ngakumbi.
Ukuqulunqwa kobuchule bokwenza izicelo kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente kuye kwadala imibutho yobuchule bokuphatha inzala enzima. Imibutho yobuchule enobuchule bomthetho, ulwazi lwenkqubo, nobuchule bonxibelelwano inokubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo namaziko karhulumente. Noko ke, olu bugcisa bungadala umgama phakathi kweentlangano zolwaluko kunye neengcangu, enokuthi inciphise ubunyani nokufaneleka okuqhelekileyo kokwenza isenzo sobuProtiviism.
Uphando Ngetyala: Iimpendulo zikarhulumente ezichaseneyo
Umthetho Wemozulu Notshintsho
Isenzo semozulu singumzekelo onamandla wokuphendula korhulumente ngokwahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuguqula imozulu jikelele kubone ukuguquka okuphawulekayo kwembono kawonke-wonke ngenxa yemigudu engapheliyo yabaxhasi kunye nezazinzulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingcinezelo engakumbi yezopolitiko koorhulumente ukuba bathathe amanyathelo. Abanye oorhulumente baye basabela ngokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zemozulu ezinemabhongo, ukumisela amaxhoba aphezulu, kunye nokuzincamathisela amandla anokubuyiselwa. Ezi mpendulo zilungileyo zisoloko zibangelwa kukusebenza okuzinzisasasasa nenzululwazi, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nozibomfaneleko lwezizwe ngezizwe.
Noko ke, imidlalo yemozulu iye yachaswa noorhulumente abaxhalabele iziphumo zezoqoqosho, ingakumbi kumazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kushishino lwezorhwebo lwefosili. Abanye oorhulumente baye bazama ukonakalisa iintlobo ezithile zoqhankqalazo lwemozulu, ingakumbi izenzo eziziphazamisayo okanye imisebenzi yoshishino. Uxinezeleko phakathi kongxamiseko lwesenzo semozulu kunye nenkxalabo ngokuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho luyaqhubeka lubumba indlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwimozulu yehlabathi lonke.
IQumrhu loLuntu eliBandakanyekileyo
Zombini ii1960 zombutho wamalungelo abantu abahlala phantsi kunye nombutho wanamhlanje omnyama ochasene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa ungenelwe kumaxesha okulungiselela ngaphambili, kunye nomahluko ekuqwalaselweni koMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964 kunye noMthetho ka-1965 wokuBonga amalungelo owanika indawo yokuhlala ekhuselwe ngokweemfuno kunye nelungelo elikhuselwe ngurhulumente lokuvota, likhuthazwa ngabaxhasi ababandakanyeke ekuxhathiseni okungenabundlobongela, ukuthatha ingxwanguba nokubonakala okuphezulu okuphawula ukushukumanza kwemigudu yangaphambili.
Imibutho yobulungisa yentlalo iye yabangela iimpendulo zorhulumente ezahlukeneyo. Amanye amagunya aye avelisa izindululo zamapolisa, aphucula ubuchule bokuphendula, alungisa nokuphendula imigaqo engafaniyo ngenxa yokungahambelani nokuqhubekayo nokusebenza. Abanye baye basabela ngokuhambelana namapolisa angakumbi ekuvukeleni, ekubambeni abaxhasi, nasekuxhathiseni iinguqu ezincinci. Uninzi lwemibhiyozo .
Iimpendulo ezingafaniyo zidla ngokubonisa ukwahlukana okunzulu kwezobupolitika phakathi kwabantu malunga nemibandela yobuhlanga, ubulungisa, nendima yokugcinwa komthetho. Apho ukuthatha inxaxheba kulwakhe ngokunempumelelo imibutho ebanzi nokugcina ingqeqesho kwiindlela ezingenabundlobongela, iimpendulo zikarhulumente zisoloko zakha ngakumbi. Apho izikhalazo ziye zakhatshwa lugonyamelo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla, oorhulumente baye bagxininisa umthetho kunye nentsabelo yocwangco kwiingxaki ezikhoyo.
Amalungelo amabhinqa kunye nokulingana kwesizwe
Ukuziqhelisa ngamalungelo namalungelo amabhinqa nokulingana kwamabhinqa kuye kwabangela iimpendulo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Isiseko somsebenzi wowiso-mthetho siye savela kwiimeko ezisempilweni zokwaluphala, ezifana nesigaba sokuyeka ukuya exesheni, kwicala elitsha, njengeSprint for Health Initivetivement of the Edrical Research Projects Ijects for Health (ARPA-H) kunye neSebe Lezokhuselo elingenisa ii-Roce Yokwenza uphando lwempilo lwamabhinqa, elibiza ungeniso olungathethekiyo kuphando lwempilo lwamabhinqa.
Iimpendulo zikarhulumente kumalungelo amabhinqa okuziphatha kobugqwesi - melo zahluka kakhulu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo nemibandela. Abanye oorhulumente baye basabela ngokufanelekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokulingana emsebenzini, kumalungelo okuzala, kunye nogonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini ngokumisela umthetho okhuselayo nangokumisela iinkonzo zokuxhasa. Abanye baye baxhathisa okanye bagobca ukhuseleko, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephikisanayo efana namalungelo okuzala. Umbutho # I-MeToo ubonisa indlela ukuguqula izithethe kunye neempendulo ezingxamisekileyo, nangona ubunzulu kunye nokuzinzisa ezi nguqulelo zihlala zihleli kwingxoxo eqhubekayo.
Impembelelo Yeempendulo Zikarhulumente Kumsebenzi WobuGcisa Nakuluntu
Iziphumo Zemibutho Yokwenza Umthetho
Iimpendulo zikarhulumente zibumba ingcebiso enzulu kunye nempumelelo yamaqela alwayo. Ukuqinisekisa, ukuphendula okukhuthazayo, ukunikela inkxalabo yolwaluko, ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokufikelela kwequmrhu, kunye nokukhokelela kwiinguqu ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo. Noko ke, zisenokukhokelela kwintsebenziswano, ukuhlaziywa, nokulahleka komphetho ombini njengoko intsebenziswano zimiselwa.
Iimpendulo zoxinzelelo zinokuba neziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ukucinezelwa kwemiqathango kuthintela ngempumelelo izenzo zobugqwirha ngokunyusa iindleko zokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye noloyiko phakathi kwabamele ukuba bangamagxalaba. Kwezinye iimeko, ukucinezelwa kweziphumo ezizizo ngokubangela ulwazelelelo, ukutsala ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, kunye nokuphembelela ingcebiso elibi. Ukuphumelela koo-1960 kwakhiwa kungebangelwa nje kukuqhankqalaza koxolo, kodwa abavukeli abachasayo ababesazi ukuba bajongene nenkohlakalo enokuba nenkohlakalo, kwade kwaneentshaba, ngenxa yokuba ukulwa kobuhlanga kungabangela ukuba kubekho ingxwabangxwabangxwaba nje ngenxa yokungabi nakuphikiswa.
Ukukwazi ukumelana nentsebenziswano yolawulo olufuna ungenelelo loburhulumente olwahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezininzi, kuquka amandla ezakhiwo zentlangano, ubunzulu bozibopho phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba, ubukho boovimba, nobukho beenkqubo ezixhasayo. Iinkampani ezinokuwatshintsha amacebo azo ngokuphendula izenzo zikarhulumente, zigcine umanyano lwangaphakathi, kwaye ziqhubeke zisebenza ixesha zisenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ziphumeze usukelo lwazo kungakhathaliseki oko kuphendulwa ngurhulumente wokuqala.
Impembelelo Ephangaleleyo Kwezentlalo Nezobupolitika
Unxulumano phakathi kweempendulo zikarhulumente kunye nezenzo zobuProtestanti lunemiphumo ebanzi kwibutho labantu kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika. Xa oorhulumente besabela ngokufanelekileyo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwizenzo zobuGawulayo, lungaqinisa amaqumrhu edemokhrasi, lukhulise ukuthembana kwabantu ngorhulumente, lubonise ukuba ukulawulwa koxolo kunokukhokelela kwiinguqulelo. Oku kudala ijelo elikhuthaza intsabelo entle yezentlalo-ntle kwaye kukhuthaza izithethe zedemokhrasi.
Ngokuchaseneyo, ukucinezelwa okanye ukuphenjelelwa kwezenzo ezifanelekileyo zobugcirha kunokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu, kuthobe idemokhrasi, kubangele ukugxekana ngethuba lenguqulelo yoxolo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekudibaneni kwezobupolitika, ukuphenjelelwa kwemiba yezopolitiko, okanye ukuphenjelelwa kwemfazwe. Iziphumo ezinde zendlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni inxaxheba zidlulela ngaphaya kweengxaki ezikhoyo, zikhuthaza impilo yebutho labantu kunye nomgangatho wedemokhrasi.
Amaqela asebenza ngokusemthethweni adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni inkqubo yokuhlola, agcine oorhulumente nemibutho ityala, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zinyanzelekile ngokufezekileyo, ngoxa enokuthi axhase amanyathelo anamandla okuzalisekisa nokuvavanya ukurhoxa okanye ukunyanzelisa okungephi. Le ndima iqhubekayo yokuzibandakanya ekulawuleni ibalaseliseni ugcino-zithuba lweziko loluntu kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimfuno ezithile zomxhasi ziyaphunyezwa na.
Iziphumo zoMgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuSebenza
Umlinganiselo ogqibeleleyo wempendulo karhulumente kwizenzo zobugqwirha udla ngokuba yiziphumo zenkqubo ezizivelisayo. Imibutho yoluntu ukuphembelela inkqubo yoluntu isoloko idibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhuthaza unobangela wentsebenziswano nokufumana inkxaso kulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, izikhulu zezobupolitika okanye ibutho labantu ngokubanzi, ezinokuba nempembelelo kubenzi benkqubo yokutshintsha kunye/okanye zivelise imigaqo emitsha kawonke wonke. Izenzo eziphumelelayo ezibangela iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente zingakhokelela kwinkqubela-nkqubo engundoqo ethetha ngeengxaki zentlalo kunye nokuphuhlisa ubulungisa.
Noko ke, utshintsho lwenkqubo yodwa aluqinisekisi iziphumo ezisebenzayo. Amaqela asebenzayo ancedisa ekuhlolweni kwenkqubo ngokuvavanya ukusebenza kwemigaqo ekhoyo, ukuchonga izithuba kunye nobuthathaka, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo, kunye nesi sigqibo esiyimfuneko sokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo iphumeza iinjongo zayo kwaye ilungelelaniswe ukucombulula iingxaki. Umgangatho wokuzalisekisa, ukusetyenziswa koovimba ababekiweyo, kunye nokuzimisela kokwenyaniso ukugqiba ukuba ngaba iinguqu zenkqubo ziguqulelwa kwinkqubela phambili yokwenene kusini na kubomi babantu.
Ezinye iimpendulo zikarhulumente kwizenzo zobufazi ziphumela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yomfuziselo ebonakala ithetha kwimicimbi yokhuthazo ngaphandle kokwenza iinguqulelo ezincinci. Abasebenzi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile ekuhlolweni komsebenzi kwaye bagcine oorhulumente benoxanduva lokulandela imiqathango. Oku kufuna ukuthenjiswa okuqhubekayo ngaphaya koloyiso lwenkqubo yokuqala, kwanamandla ohlalutyo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yobugcisa.
Imisebenzi yobandakanyeko olusebenzayo
Ukwakha Iindawo Zokwakha Nenkxaso Ebanzi
Ngokudibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo anomdla wokwabelana, abaxhasi banokuwandisa amazwi abo baze bandise impembelelo yabo, kunye nemibutho equka imibutho, amaqela oluntu, kunye nabantu abasebenzisana ukuhambisela phambili iinjongo ezifanayo. Imibutho esekelwe kwizakhiwo ezibanzi kunzima kakhulu ukuba oorhulumente bayityeshele okanye bayityeshele, njengoko ibonisa ukuba inkxalabo yolwelo ibonakalisa inkxalabo ebanzi kunokuba ibonise izilangazelelo ezincinane.
Ukwakha imvisiswano ephumelelayo kufuna ukuba kufunyanwe isiseko sokwabelana phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, ukulawula ukwahlukahlukana kwangaphakathi, nokugcina umanyano kwiimfuno ezingundoqo. Kukwaquka ukufikelela ngokufanelekileyo kwabo basenokuba ngamaqabane orhulumente anovelwano, kuquka amagosa orhulumente, iinkokeli zezoshishino, imibutho yonqulo, kunye nabanye abadlali bentlalo-ntle. Okukhona kusanda kwaye kwahlukana, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukubangela ukusabela okufanelekileyo korhulumente.
Izabelo Zokuphuhlisa Inkqubo Ecacileyo
Abenzi bomthetho abaphuhlisa ikonkrithi, izindululo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo zibonakala zinokubonwa ziguqulelwe kwisenzo. Inkxaso kawonke-wonke isuka kwisiphelo ukuya kwiqela eliphambili, ii-metal zisebenza kwimimiselo emininzi kwaye zinokulungiselela ngokukhawuleza ukuqhankqalaza, kwaye imigudu yokuphosa isantya njenge Kampela, ebangelwa kukugxekwa ukuba babengenayo inkqubo ethile ekhethekileyo, idala isihlenga-hlenga sezicelo zolungiso ezinokusetyenziswa xa befika kwifestile yamathuba okutshintsha inkqubo.
Ukuphuhlisa izindululo zenkqubo kufuna ubuchule, ukuqonda inkqubo, kunye nohlalutyo olusengqiqweni ngoko kunokwenzeka kwezobupolitika. Abaququzeleli kufuneka basebenzisane neengcali zezomthetho, abaphengululi bomthetho, kunye namagosa ovelwano karhulumente ekwenzeni izicelo ezinamabhongo nezixhobisayo. Ukuba nezicelo ezineenkcukacha ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kweefestile zenkqubo xa zivula, kunokuba bacebe ukuvelisa iingcamango xa amathuba evela.
Ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kweenkqubo ezininzi
Isenzo sobugcisa esisebenzayo sisebenzisa uxube lweendlela kunokuthembela kwindlela enye. Uxinzelelo lungathatha iindlela ezininzi, kunye nokubhenela ngqo apho amaqela alwayo anxulumene nabezobupolitika namagosa karhulumente axhasa utshintsho oluthile lwenkqubo. Ubuchule bokudibanisa iinkqubo ezingaphakathi bufana nokubhenela ngaphandle njengemingeni yokubhena bungadala inkcaso emininzi kubenzi besigqibo sikarhulumente.
Kufuneka kukhethwe amaqhinga, kuqwalaselwe umongo wezobupolitika, uhlobo lwembambano, kunye nokusabela korhulumente. Kwezinye iimeko, uthethathethwano oluzolileyo kunye nengxoxo esemva kwe-acess isenokuba nempumelelo. Kwezinye, ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke kumaziko okubonisa ingcebiso kunye namajelo eendaba ingafuneka ukunyanzelisa amanyathelo karhulumente. Inkqubela yenkqubela yenkqubela isoloko ilondoloza ulungelelwano, ilungelelanisa amaqhinga ayo njengoko iimeko ziguquka kwaye zifunda oko kusebenza kumongozo.
Amajelo Aphambili Neembono Zoluntu
Izixhobo zokuxhasa uluntu ngokubandakanyeka koorhulumente ngokukhuthaza abaxhasi, ngokuyila ingxelo ekhuthazayo, nangokusebenzisa ijelo leendaba ukukhuthaza imiyalezo yabo. Iindlela eziluncedo zonxibelelwano zinceda abaxhasi bemajelo eendaba ukuba balungise intetho yesidlangalala, bakhe inkxaso ngenxa yenjongo yabo, kunye noorhulumente abaphembelela ukuphendula. Oku kuquka ukufikelela koondaba abasemajeni ngokwesithethe nokusetyenziswa okuntsonkothile kwemigangatho yezentlalo ukufikelela kubantu abahlukahlukeneyo.
Ukuthetha nokunikela ubungqina ngokobuqu kunamandla ngokukhethekileyo ekubangeleni uluntu kunye nokudibanisa iimvakalelo noluntu. Abaququzeleli bezenzo badla ngokusebenzisa ukuxoxa amabali nokunikela ubungqina bobuqu ukuze banxibelelane nabantu, ngale ndlela yenza iingxaki ezicacileyo nezingxamisekileyo, zinyanzelisa abantu ukuba bazibandakanye ngokunzulu ngakumbi nonobangela. Xa zidityaniswe nogcino-lwazi nobungqina, ezi ngxelo zingaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwaye zibangele ingcinezelo yesenzo sikarhulumente.
Ukugcina Uqeqesho Olungenabundlobongela
Ukuzinikela kumacebo angenabundlobongela kuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iimpendulo zikarhulumente kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke yokuzilolonga. Ngoxa kusenokubakho iingxoxo malunga nenkcazelo kunye nemida yokungaphazamisi, ukugcina ingqeqesho enxulumene nokuqhankqala kudla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunezogonyamelo okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwempahla. Oorhulumente bakufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukuthethelela ukucinezelwa kwezenzo zoxolo, kwaye uvelwano lukawonke wonke luthanda ukuxhasa intlukwano ezingenabundlobongela.
Ukugcina ingqeqesho engenabundlobongela kufuna uqeqesho, unxibelelwano olucacileyo, kunye nenkqubo eqinileyo yentlangano. Kukwafuna ukuhlangabezana nonxunguphalo kunye nomsindo odla ngokukhuthaza ukuphazanyiswa kokusebenza ngeli lixa kusetyenziswa ezo mvakalelo ekwenzeni izinto ezakhayo. Iinkqubo ezikwaziyo ukugcina ingqeqesho engenagonyamelo kwanaxa kucatshukiswa okanye ukucinezelwa zidla ngokufumana igunya lokuziphatha eliqinisa ukuma kwazo kwaye lenze iimpendulo ezamkelekileyo kurhulumente zibonakale zifanelekile.
Indima Yabenzi Bemithetho Behlabathi Nemithetheli - mkhosi
ISiseko soMsebenzi waMalungelo oLuntu weZizwe
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke umisela imilinganiselo ngendlela oorhulumente abafanele basabela ngayo kwizenzo zoburhulumente, ukukhusela inkululeko esisiseko yokubonakalisa, yokuhlanganisa kunye nomanyano. Le migaqo-nkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe inika isiseko sokuhlola iimpendulo zikarhulumente nokubeka ityala kwiimeko zokwaphula umthetho. Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe, njengeembono ezikhethekileyo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye neenkundla zamalungelo abantu zengingqi, iqwalasela ukuphathwa korhulumente abaxhasi nabancomi okanye imigaqo okanye imigaqo.
Nangona iinkqubo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zinokusikelwe umda, qha zisoloko zingenawo amandla okunyanzelisa abantu yaye zixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yamarhulumente `ezi zixhobo ezibalulekileyo kubantu abalwela amalungelo abantu. Ukubhala izikhalazo ezibangelwa yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, nokuphembelela ingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe kungaphembelela isimilo sikarhulumente, ingakumbi kumaphondo abonisa ukuba luyaluxabisa udumo lwawo okanye axhomekeke kwinkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe.
Iinethwekhi zorhwebo lwelizwe lonke
Abaxhasi bale nkqubo basebenza ngokukhulayo kwii-intanethi ezidibanisa imimandla yasekuhlaleni nabaxhasi bezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi nkqubo zinokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano, zinike ubuncwane nobuchule, zize zikhuthaze ingcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe koorhulumente. Xa abaxhasi bengingqi bejongene nengcinezelo, iinkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe zinokutsalela ingqalelo kwimeko yazo, zixhase ukukhusela kwazo, zixhase umsebenzi wazo.
Iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezisetyenziswa zwenibanzi zikwanceda ukufunda nokutshintshisana phakathi kwamalungu alwawo amazwe awahlukeneyo, ziwavumela ukuba abelane ngamaqhinga, amaqhinga, kunye nezifundo ezifundwayo. Oku kuphembelela iingcamango kunye nokusebenzisana komsebenzi wobugcisa kuqinisa ihlabathi lonke kwaye kunceda inkqubela-phambili yendlela yokwenza ubuchule ukusuka kwezinye iimeko ukuya kwiimeko zawo. Noko ke, abaxhasi kufuneka kwakhona balawule iingxwabangxwaba phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokubandakanyeka kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, beqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yezizwe ezikhoyo inyusa impumelelo kunokuba ijonge ukhokelo nobuchule basekuhlaleni.
Ingcinezelo edidayo neyoqoqosho
Oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe bangayiphembelela indlela amazwe asabela ngayo kwizenzo zasekhaya ngokudityaniswa kwemibutho kunye nengcinezelo yezoqoqosho. Iingxelo ezichaphazelekayo ezigweba ukucinezelwa kwemiqathango yabaxhasi, ukunyuswa kwamalungelo abantu kwiintlanganiso ezibanzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo okanye izivumelwano zorhwebo ngokuhlonela ibutho labantu, konke kungachaphazela indlela yokuziphatha karhulumente. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kolo xinzelelo kuxhomekeke ekuxhaseni okukhoyo nokuvuma kwabadlali bezizwe ngezizwe ukubeka amalungelo abantu ngaphezulu kwezinye izilangazelelo.
Isigwebo sezoqoqosho okanye imiqathango yoncedo lomkhosi zizixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ezinokusetyenziswa kwiimeko zokucinezelwa okunzima. Noko ke, la manyathelo ayaphikiswa kwaye anokuba neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kuquka ukonzakalisa abemi basekuhlaleni okanye ukomeleza iingxelo zoorhulumente abanobuzwilakhe ngokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Ucelomngeni lukufumana iindlela zokuxhasa abaxhasi kunye nengcinezelo yoorhulumente yokuhlonela amalungelo ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo okhoyo okanye ukudlala kwinkcazelo karhulumente.
Ulwalathiso Neengxaki Eziza Kuvela Kwixesha Elizayo
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokhuthuzo
Uphuhliso lobugcisa lunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokuthatha inxaxheba kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente. Ngoxa izixhobo zemivo zivumela iindlela ezintsha zokulungelelanisa nokuzilungiselela, zikwanika oorhulumente amandla okuhlola angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Ubugcisa bokuphawula, ukujongana namajelo onxibelelwano lwezentlalo, kunye nogcino-lwazi luvumela oorhulumente ukuba bavumele abaxhasi-ndlela, baxele amaqhankqalazo, kunye nabantu abajoliswe ekucinezeleni ingcinezelo.
Abasebenzi kufuneka baphuhlise iindlela zokhuseleko zamanani ukuze bazikhusele bona neenkqubo zabo ekuhlolweni. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezifihlakeleyo, ukwenza umsebenzi olungileyo, nokuqonda izalathiso zamanani abazishiyayo. Kwangaxeshanye, kukho imfuneko yokusebenzisa ubuchule obugqithisileyo kumalungelo amanani, ukutyhalela phambili ukukhusela okusemthethweni ekujongweni ngokugqithiseleyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa busebenza kunokuba buthobe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nomthetho Wokusingqongileyo
Njengoko imozulu isanda, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulungisa imekobume kusenokukhula kuze kujike, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zokusabela korhulumente. Ungxamiseko lwemozulu lungakhokelela abanye abaxhasi bemozulu ukuba basebenzise iindlela eziphazamisayo, ezinokubangela iimpendulo ezikrakra ngakumbi kurhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuchanabeka okungenakuphikwa kwempembelelo yemozulu kunokwenza oorhulumente bakulungele ngakumbi ukumelana nenkqubo yemozulu efuna ukukhuthaza imozulu.
Ukungqubana kwemozulu nemiba yokusesikweni kwemekobume, amalungelo abomthonyama, nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kongeza ukuntsonkotha kwiimpendulo zikarhulumente. Kuza kufuneka ukuba oorhulumente balungelelanise intsebenziswano nempembelelo yemozulu ngoxa besamkela iimfuno zongxamiseko. Indlela oorhulumente abalawula ngayo ezi ngxaki iya kuyitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo imiphumo yemozulu kunye nekamva lemekobume.
Ukuhlaziywa kokukhanya nokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi
Ukuthatyathwa-hlula kwezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi kwenza kube nzima ukusabela korhulumente kwizenzo zobuProtestanti. Xa i-ascription inxulunyaniswa neqela elinye lolwahluko lwezobupolitika, oorhulumente abalawulwa licala elichaseneyo basenokusabela ngokungalunganga kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iimfuno zomxhasi. Oku kuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kunokwenza ukuthembisana okukhuthaza ingxubeko kube nzima ngakumbi kwaye kwandise amathuba okuphendula ngokucinezela.
Ukuphazanyiswa kwedemokhrasi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kubangela imingeni eyongezelelekileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba. Njengoko amaziko edemokhrasi ebuthathaka kwaye utyekelo lwedemokhrasi lobuzwilakhe lomelela, isithuba sokusebenza sinciphisana kwaye iimpendulo zikarhulumente ziba yingcinezelo engakumbi. Ukukhusela indawo yoluntu kunye nemigangatho yedemokhrasi kuba yinto yokuqala kubandakanyeke kwabaxhasi bezobugrogrisi, kwananjengoko besukela iinjongo ezithile. Umzabalazo wokulondoloza iimeko zobucukubhede bekhompyutha ezisebenzayo unokubaluleka njengalo naliphi na iphulo.
Udibano kunye neNtlanganiso eziQhubekekayo
Kukho ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kokubaluleka kokudibana kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo .ukuqonda indlela eyahlukene ngayo ingcinezelo nokungalingani kwabantu nokuchaphazela abantu ngokwahlukileyo. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kubhekisa kwimibandela emininzi, edityanisiweyo kunokuqwalasela izizathu ezincinci. Le ndlela yokudibana kwemibutho ingenza imixokelelwano ebanzi kwaye idala izisombululo ezibanzi, kodwa ikwafuna ukusetyenziswa kwendlela entsonkothileyo nokulawulwa kweembono ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwentshukumo.
Iimpendulo zikarhulumente kwizenzo zombutho wokungqubana zinokuba ntsonkothile, njengokuba kufuneka kwiingingqi ezininzi zenkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zolawulo. Oorhulumente banokukufumanisa kulula ukucombulula imicimbi eyahlukeneyo kunokucombulula iingxaki ezifuna ukuququzelelwa kwenyathelo elilungelelanisiweyo kummandla omninzi. Oorhulumente kufuneka bavelise iindlela zokunyanzelisa utshintsho olubanzi ngeli xesha befumana ukhuthazo olukhokelela kwiinjongo ezinkulu.
Isiphumo: Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi koMthetho woKhuseleko noRhulumente
Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente nabaxhasi luyingxoxo esisiseko emalunga namandla, okusesikweni, kunye nolwalathiso lwebutho labantu. Iimpendulo zorhulumente kwizenzo zobugqwesa-nxaxheba zisuka kumanyano kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ukuya kumda kunye noxinzelelo, olubunjwe ziinkqubo zezobupolitika, uhlobo lobugqwesi, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, nezinye izinto ezininzi. Ezi mpendulo, ngokunjalo, ziphembelela ukuphenjelelwa kwemibutho yabaxhasi kwaye zineziphumo ezibanzi zedemokhrasi, inkqubela yentlalo, kunye namalungelo abantu.
Ukuqonda iimpembelelo zikarhulumente kwizenzo zobugqwirha kubalulekile kubo bobabini abaxhasi bezobuzwilakhe abafuna ukuhambisela phambili izizathu zabo kunye nabemi abaxhalabele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukucinga ngendlela elungeleleneyo ngendlela yokufumana iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente ngoxa ukulondoloza ukuzimela nokuthembeka. Kufuna ukuzingisa, ukuvumelana, nokukwazi ukudibanisa iindlela ezininzi nokwakha imisantsaba ebanzi.
Koorhulumente, ucelomngeni kukusabela ekusebenzeni ngendlela ehlonipheni amalungelo asisiseko, ukusingatha izikhalazo ezifanelekileyo, nokomeleza kunokuthoba amaqumrhu edemokhrasi. Umanyano lokwakha nabaxhasi bobugxwayiba lungakhokelela kwimigaqo engcono, ukuthemba uluntu okwandayo, kunye nebutho labantu abakwaziyo ukumelana nokucinezeleka. Iimpendulo zokucinezelwa zisenokunikezela ukuzinza okufutshane kwexesha elizayo kodwa zisoloko zigcina iingxaki zexesha elizayo zize zikhukulise iziseko zolawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Njengoko imibutho ijongene nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo olusuka ekutshintsheni kwimozulu ukuya ekuphazamisekeni kobugcisa, indima yokuzibhokoxa ekuqhubeni iinguqu ezifunekayo iya kubaluleka ngakumbi. Ukusebenza korhulumente kwizenzo zobuProfente kuya kusingela ngokuphawulekayo kusini na ukuba ibutho labantu likwazi ukusingatha ezi ngxaki ngokunempumelelo nangokulinganayo. Ukudala nokugcina isithuba sokwenza izinto, ukukhusela inkululeko esisiseko, kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokwakha incoko phakathi kwabaxhasi norhulumente kufuneka zibe zezona zibalulekileyo kuye nabani na ozinikele kwimigaqo-demokhrasi kunye nenkqubela-phambili yentlalo.
Indaleko eqhubekayo yezenzo zobuProtestanti kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente zibonisa utshintsho oluphangaleleyo kubugcisa, kwezobupolitika, nakwibutho labantu. Izixhobo zamanani zidala amathuba amatsha okulungiselela nokufumana ucelomngeni olutsha lokukhusela amalungelo. Unxulumano lwehlabathi lonke luthetha ukuba unxulumano lwamazwe ngamazwe lunokuba nobukhulu bomhlaba wonke kwaye izithethe zezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkqubo zekhompyutha ziphembelela amandla asekuhlaleni. Ukuguquka kwezobupolitika kunye nokuguquka kwedemokhrasi kwezinye iimeko kunxulumene nokuvuselelwa kwedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubela-ntlalo.
Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano phakathi kobuProtom kunye norhulumente alumi nje kodwa lusoloko lujikeleza. Lunye unxulumano lubumba amathuba exesha elizayo, ludala imizekelo kunye nemizekelo ephembelela ukuganana okulandelayo. Ngokuqonda ezi mpembelelo, ngokufunda kumava adlulileyo, nangokuvisisana namaqhinga okutshintsha iimeko, abaxhasi noorhulumente banokuba negalelo kulwalamano olungakumbi oluqhubela phambili okusesikweni, lukhusela amalungelo, kwaye lomeleza idemokhrasi.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga nokwenza izinto kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente, imibutho efana Amnesty International kunye amalungelo abantu eWatch inikela uxwebhu oluninzi kunye nohlalutyo. [[FLT:] I-CIVIUS]Monitor [ ihamba i-equarensisba ye-oyileractic field, ngelixa amaqumrhu afana ne- COR Center for Human Rights Poligil kwiNkqulo lweHarvard kolu lwabiwo. Ukuqonda ezi mandla kubalulekile nabani nabani na okanye obalulekileyo kwindima ye-demokhrasi.