Yintoni Urhulumente?

Urhulumente yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho uluntu, urhulumente, okanye uhlanga lulawulwayo. Lumisa imithetho (imithetho), luyinyanzelisa, luze lunikele iinkonzo abantu abangenakukwazi ukuzibonelela lula. Emazantsi ayo, urhulumente ukho ukuze alondoloze ucwangco, akhusele, akhuthaze intlalo-ntle yoluntu ngokubanzi. Ngoxa isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sisemgangathweni jikelele ehlabathini lonke, bonke oorhulumente benza le misebenzi ibalulekileyo ukusa kumlinganiselo othile.

Ingcamango karhulumente yamandulo, isuka kumabhunga esizwe nakwimibutho yolawulo-bume nemikhosi yezolawulo-moya entsonkothileyo esiyibonayo namhlanje. Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezisisiseko zikarhulumente kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo, bagcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula, kwaye bamele iinguqu.

Amacandelo Amathathu Karhulumente

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi iiriphabliki ezinkulu zezemali zesizwe ezifana neUnited States, urhulumente usebenza kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: urhulumente (wesizwe), urhulumente (okanye iphondo), kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho ngamnye uneembopheleleko zawo, amandla, kunye nemithombo yengeniso, edala inkqubo yokulawula ethetha ngemibandela efanelekileyo.

Urhulumente weFederal (wesizwe)

Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke uhlanga. Ezi ziquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, urhwebo, imali, ukufuduka, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu(legislative, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nejaji (ukuthintela ukuba nayiphi na into ekhoyo ingabi namandla kakhulu. Umzekelo, eUnited States, iKhomishini (i-legalivative), ibhala imithetho, uMongameli (othelela) uyayinyanzela, kwaye iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo (iphondo) iyayichaza. Oku kwahlula amagunya, okumiswe nguMgaqo-siseko [[FLT:] U.S.[FLT]]

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente balawula imicimbi kwimida yabo. Balawula imfundo, ezothutho, impilo kawonke-wonke, amapolisa karhulumente, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zomthetho. Uninzi loorhulumente bale mimandla lubonisa isakhiwo sorhulumente: irhuluneli njengegunya eliphetheyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho (ngokufuthi i-bidamal), kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yephondo. Imithetho karhulumente iyakwazi ukwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwilizwe ngalinye ukuya kwelinye, ibonisa imilinganiselo yengingqi kunye neemfuno. Umzekelo, amazwe amisela isantya sawo, irhafuthezo, kunye nemigangatho yemfundo. Kwakhona amazwe anamandla okukhupha imvume (i-i-maglarmriver, iingcali, njl.) kunye nokulawula imisebenzi emininzi yezoshishino.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usondelelene nabemi. Uquka uludwe lwabemi, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo (njengeebhodi zesikolo okanye amagunya amanzi). Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla: ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iindlela kunye neendleko zomzi, iipaki kunye nemvume yokuzonwabisa, kunye nemvume yokwakha, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Bakhokelwa ngumphathi-dolophu okanye umlawuli wesixeko kunye nebhunga ledolophu. Unyulo lwengingqi lwengingqi lusoloko lunempembelelo ekhawulezileyo kubomi babemi, ukanti uvotelwo olusuka kwimiba yasekuhlaleni. Ukuya kwimilo-ontaphano-mkhatho-mkhatho-mkha-mkha-m, ukuyayayaya kwintlanganiso zedolophu okanye ukusebenza kwibhodi yezongalo-omi.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Nemisebenzi Yawo

Ingcamango yokwahlula igunya likarhulumente libe ngamasebe amathathu lisiseko sedemokhrasi yale mihla. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi okhethekileyo kwaye linokuhlola amandla amanye, lidala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana.

  • Isebe elinomthetho – Imithetho. Kwinkqubo ye-bimamaral (njengeBhunga lase-U.S.), kukho amagumbi amabini: indlu esezantsi (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yindlu yabameli) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iBhunga leNtsimbi). Zombini mazidlulise umthetho phambi kokuba ibe ngumthetho.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo – ifaka imithetho. Eli sebe lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-mikhosi, okanye irhuluneli, likwaquka amasebe olawulo (njengeSebe lemfundo okanye i-Arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo) ezalisekisa iinkqubo.
  • Isebe le-judicial – itolika imithetho. Iinkundla kuwo onke amanqanaba zicombulula iimpikiswano, zimisela ityala okanye ukungabi natyala, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ephakamileyo (umz., iNkundla ePhakamileyo) inegama lokugqibela kwimibuzo yesiseko.

Ukujonga nokulinganisela kuthetha, umzekelo, ukuba umongameli angawukhupha umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa iKhomishini ingawuyeka loo mthetho ngokulawula okugqithisileyo. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zingawisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko, kodwa isebe elilawulayo limisela abagwebi (ngokuvunywa yimithetho). Le nkqubo yokudibanisa ithintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni.

Indlela Ibhiliyo Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo: Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukuqonda uhambo lwemali ngokwembono yomthetho kuyindlela ecacileyo yokubona urhulumente emsebenzini. Nangona iinkqubo zingafani ngokwemigangatho nangamazwe, inkqubo eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho iquka la manyathelo:

  1. I-Introduction: Ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye ikomiti yowiso-mthetho) icebisa umthetho. Yabelwe inani kwaye ibhekisa kwikomiti efanelekileyo.
  2. [[NTL:0] Impinda yeCommittee: Ikomiti ifunda ityala, ibamba amatyala, kwaye ingawacima okanye iphinde iwabhale. Amatyala amaninzi afa kwikomiti; kuphela amaqhekeza aqhubela phambili kumgangatho.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yeFloor and Vote: Ilungu lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo liphikisana ngemali kunye neevoti. Kwinkqubo ye-bimeral, omabini amaziko kufuneka adlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo.
  4. IKomiti yeConference (ukuba kufuneka): Ukuba la magumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu avela kuzo zombini izindlu izama ukulalanisa. Ulalanisa kufuneka ngoko kuvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi.
  5. [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano sokuphumeza: Isiko lokugqibela siya kumongameli okanye irhuluneli. Ukuba sityikityiwe, siba ngumthetho. Ukuba sityikityiwe, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazama ukurhoxisa iveto, ifuna uninzi olubini lwesithathu kumagumbi omabini.
  6. [[Ukwahlulwa komthetho:0] Ulungelelaniso:[ ngaxa limisiwe, amasebe aphetheyo amisela imimiselo yokunyanzelisa umthetho, kwaye isebe eligwebayo liyawuchaza xa kuvela iingxabano.

Le nkqubo icotha ngabom yaye iyabalula, yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqwalasela ngenyameko nokuvumelana okubanzi ngaphambi kokutshintsha umthetho.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo ka-Rhulumente

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, oorhulumente benza imisebenzi emininzi efunekayo kwibutho labantu abazinzileyo nabatyebileyo. Nantsi eyona ibalulekileyo:

Ukugcina Ulungelelwano Nonqabiseko

Oorhulumente bakhusela abemi ekusongelwani kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Oku kuquka amasebe amapolisa (asendaweni yakhona), amajoni, abagcini-mikhosi, kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi.

Ukubonelela ngeeNkcukacha zikaRhulumente

Iinkonzo ezininzi ezinceda wonke umntu ziya kufumaneka xa zishiywe kwicandelo labucala. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziimpahla zikawonke-wonke. Imizekelo iquka ukhuseleko lwesizwe, imfundo kawonke-wonke, iindlela neebhulorho, amanzi acocekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokukhuculula amanzi, iipaki, kunye namathala eencwadi.

Ukulawula Umsebenzi Wezoqoqosho

Oorhulumente benza baze banyanzelise imithetho yamashishini ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lwabenzi, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye nolawulo lwemekobume. Kwakhona balawula ukunikezelwa kwemali, bamisela inzala (ngeebhanki ezisembindini), kwaye banikela umnatha wokhuseleko ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, i-Social Security, neMedicare. Inkqubo yerhafu yenye indlela enamandla: oorhulumente banokukhuthaza isimilo esithile (njengokuba nemali ehlaziyekayo) okanye badima abanye (njengentshabatshayi).

Iimpikiswano Eziphelisayo

Inkqubo yokugweba ilungiselela uxolo lokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kwabantu norhulumente, naphakathi kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Iinkundla zixhasa izivumelwano, zohlwaya izaphuli-mthetho, zikhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kwejaji engenamkhethe, iimpikiswano ziya kukhula zibe lugonyamelo okanye zihlale zingalungiswa.

Ukumela Abemi Nokukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Kwiidemokhrasi, oorhulumente banokuphendula kubantu. Ukhetho, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala, inkululeko yamajelo eendaba, nelungelo lokucela bonke abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo zikarhulumente. Kwakhona oorhulumente baqokelela baze bapapashe inkcazelo yokwazisa abantu baze baphucule ukubonakala. Ukumela okusebenzayo kufuna ukunyanzeleka kwesizwe.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zimisela iinkqubo ezisekelwe kumntu onegunya, indlela ezikhethwa ngayo iinkokeli, nomgangatho wegunya likarhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kunceda ekuguquleni izakhiwo zikarhulumente ekuxutyushwa ngazo ngasentla.

  • I-Democracy-Amandla abanjwa ngabantu, abanyula abameli. Imikhosi yoorhulumente igxininisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, unyulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nomthetho. Imizekelo: United States, Germany, IIndiya.
  • I-Republic-Uhlobo lwedemokhrasi apho abemi bakhetha abameli ukuba benze izigqibo, ngokufuthi ngomgaqo-siseko olinganisela amandla karhulumente. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lwale mihla luyie-Riphabliki.
  • I-Constialitutional Monarchy – A okumkani (ukumkani okanye ukumkanikazi) yintloko esesikweni karhulumente, kodwa amandla awo alinganiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko, kwaye amagosa anyuliweyo ayalawula. Imizekelo: i-United Kingdom, iJapan, iKhanada.
  • I-Theocracy-inkokeli zonqulo zinegunya lezobupolitika, kwaye umthetho wonqulo usisiseko solawulo. Imizekelo: Iran, isiXeko seVatican.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Authoritarial[-Amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye iqela elincinane, enenkululeko elinganiselweyo yezopolitiko kunye negalelo elincinane lommi. Unyulo lungabakho kodwa alukho ngokukhululekileyo okanye alulunganga. Imizekelo: umNtla Korea, Syria.
  • UbuTotaliarianism – luhlobo olugqithisileyo lolawulo olungqongqo apho urhulumente elawula phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke nobobusese, esebenzisa iimposiso, ukuhlolwa, kunye nengcinezelo. Umzekelo: iJamani yamaNazi.
  • Ubukhommuni – Yingcamango yezobupolitika nezoqoqosho ejolise kwibutho labantu elingenalwahluko, elingenaburhulumente apho impahla ikhoyo ngokwentlalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oorhulumente bobukomanisi bebeyindawo enye eyinxalenye yeemeko ze-athority. Imizekelo: iTshayina, iVietnam (nangokuba bobabini baye bangenisa utshintsho kwezentengiso), Cuba.
  • Inkqubo yeFederal vs. Unitary Systems - Yinkqubo kazwelonke eyahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente bengingqi (umz., US, Canada, Australia). Inkqubo yeyunithi igxininisa kurhulumente osembindini, enokunika igunya kwiqela lasekuhlaleni (umz., iFransi, iJapan, i-UK).

Uhlobo ngalunye luneziphumo ezahlukileyo kumalungelo, inkululeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nozinzo lwezopolitiko. Ukutshona okunzulu kwinkqubo zezobupolitika zothelekiso, iCIA Isiseko sehlabathi [ inikeza iinkalo ezineenkcukacha zelizwe ngalinye.

Indima YemiGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Umisela isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemida karhulumente, kwaye ngokufuthi ubala amalungelo asisiseko angenakuphulwa. UmGaqo-siseko ungabhalwa (njengemGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.) okanye ongabhalwanga (njenge-UK’s, equkelwe yimimiselo, izithethe, kunye nemimiselo yenkundla). Zinikela inkqubo yokulawula kunye nenkqubo yokuguqula ngoxolo ukuphuma komgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko, oorhulumente basenokungabi nagunyaziso okanye basebenzele ngokwabo.

Umgaqo-siseko womanyano wahlula amagunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla akhethekileyo (njengemali engqekembe nokuvakalisa imfazwe), lo gama egcina onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Le nkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente ivumela iimeko ukuba zivavanye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo yempilo okanye imigangatho yemfundo, kubume besizwe obumanyeneyo.

Isabelo Somsebenzi: Isizathu Sokuba Ube Nenxaxheba Kwimibandela

Urhulumente usebenza njengempumelelo njengabemi abaza kuphendula. Ukubotshwa kwelungu kubandakanya zonke iindlela abantu abanokuphembelela ngazo urhulumente noluntu lwabo.

Iindlela Zokuncedisa Kurhulumente Wakho

  • Unyulo lwendawo, ulawulo, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo lwendawo yonke.
  • Xhulumana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo – iminxeba yomnxeba, ii-imeyili, okanye iileta kwimiba onomdla kuyo malunga nenkqubo yempembelelo. Yabelana ngentlonelo nangenyani.
  • Iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezithe gqolo – ibhunga lesiXeko, ibhodi yesikolo, neentlanganiso zengingqi zombutho zivulelwe uwonke wonke. Ukuthetha kwityala likawonke-wonke yindlela enamandla yokuva.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwiibhodi okanye kwiikhomishini – oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baneendawo zamatsha - ntliziyo ezicebisa ngokucwangcisa, iipaki, amathala eencwadi, kunye nezinye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufikelela okanye ukuxhasa amaqela olawulo – Imibutho ejolise kwimibandela ethile (impumelelo, imfundo, amalungelo asekuhlaleni) yandisa amazwi omntu ngamnye kunye nesenzo sombutho ombutho.
  • Hlala usazi - Funda imithombo yeendaba enengxelo ethembekileyo, landela iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente, kunye nentelekelelo yento. USUSA.gov inxuwa elithembekileyo lenxuwa lezwelonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IVolunter okanye iminikelo – imibutho yoLuntu, amaqela asekuhlaleni, kunye nongeyoparatis ovota i-drowa yomeleza ibala lebutho labantu.

Xa abantu abaninzi bedidekile, urhulumente udla ngokufumana urhwaphilizo, ungabi nampumelelo yaye aphenjelelwa ziinjongo ezincinane.

Indlela Umanyano Olusebenza Ngayo: Ukulungelelanisa Amandla Esizwe NawasebuRhulumenteni

Umanyano luyinkqubo apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente osembindini (wesizwe) noorhulumente bengingqi (bomhlaba), ngamnye oneseti yembopheleleko yakhe. Eli candelo ligcinwe kumgaqo-siseko yaye alinakutshintshwa lingatshintshwanga. EUnited States, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uchaza ukuba amandla anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente okanye angavunyelwanga kumaphondo agcinelwe oorhulumente okanye abantu.

Imizekelo yamandla karhulumente iquka ukuqhuba unyulo, ukuseka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukulawula urhwebo lwengingqi, nokusebenzisa igunya lamapolisa (*.) igunya lokukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula ushishino lwamazwe angaphandle, inkqubo yokukhusela, nee-ofisi zeposi. Zombini ezi zinto zinganyanzela ukuba kufunyanwe irhafu, kodwa urhulumente akanakuvelisa umkhosi wesizwe (ukunganyaniseki, akukho “bupolisanga” obulingana nesixeko iPD; iFBI isingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwasemthethweni).

Esi sakhiwo sivumela amatyala ukuba asebenze “njengoomatshini bolawulo-moya,” iinkqubo zokuvavanya ezinokumkelwa kamva ngokwesizwe. Umzekelo, ukugqumathelwa kwempilo yendalo yonke kwazanywa okokuqala kumgangatho wesizwe (umz. Massachusetts), kunye nemithetho yemeko- bume idla ngokuqala ngamaphondo akhokelayo njengeKhalifoniya. IFederalism ikwanika namathuba amaninzi okufikelela abemi ekuphembeleni inkqubo ngezantsi.

Inkqubo Yezeejaji Nomthetho

Umthetho ngumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, bathobele umthetho kwaye mabawulandele. Akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekusekeleni lo mgaqo. Iinkundla zichaza imimiselo, zihlola izenzo zolawulo, zigqibe enoba imithetho iyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lokuhlola linguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe.

E-U.S., inkqubo yenkundla yephondo inemikrolo emithathu: iinkundla zesithili (umgaqo wetyala), iinkundla zesiphakamiso, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkqubo zenkundla zeli lizwe ziyahluka kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zezibheno eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwana. Iityala ezibandakanya umthetho karhulumente okanye imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko zinokubhenela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Ubuchule bokucel

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Yommi

Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo akuyomfundo nje kuphela . Kuyimfuneko ukwenza ulawulo, ukuba ngummi okhutheleyo, ofundileyo. Ukusuka kumanqanaba amathathu karhulumente ukuya kukwahlula amagunya, ukusuka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuya kukubaluleka kokubotshwa kwesizwe, olu lwazi lukuxhobisa ukuba ulungelelanise uluntu. Urhulumente sisixhobo esisidalayo nesisigcinayo. Singaphuculwa, silungiswe, okanye sigcinwe. Kodwa asizukusebenza kakuhle ukuba abemi bahlala bengenzi nto.

Ziphe ixesha lokufunda ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwintlanganiso yebhunga, kunye nokuvota kuzo zonke iindidi zonyulo. Ilizwi lakho liyinxalenye yenkqubo. Xa abantu abaninzi beqonda kwaye bethabatha inxaxheba, urhulumente uba ngocace ngakumbi, uphumele, kwaye amkeleke. Amandla olwazi olulungileyo lommi ebesisiseko sempumelelo yedemokhrasi kwiinkulungwane zeminyaka.