Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho yelizwe neyommandla echaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla kubalulekile ekuhambeleni phambili amalungelo neembopheleleko ezibumba uluntu lwakho. Ngelixesha imithetho karhulumente imisela isiseko, imithetho edluliswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho nemicimbi yesixeko isoloko inempembelelo engqalileyo kwikhaya lakho, isikolo, umsebenzi, kunye nendawo ohlala kuyo. Ukusukela kwisantya esikwisitrato sakho ukuya kumgangatho wokufundisa umntwana wakho afunda ngawo, le mithetho ibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kunye nexabiso lasekuhlaleni. Eli nqaku linika uluvo olusebenzisekayo kwiindlela ezisoloko zifunwa ngurhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ephembelela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukunikela ukhokelo olucacileyo kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abathembileyo ngokufanayo.

Isiseko: Isizathu Sokuba Urhulumente Nemithetho Yasekuhlaleni Kubaluleke

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente, intsingiselo yamandla ayabelwayo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe ngamanye. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-10 ugcina onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Oku kudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho enokuthi yahluke ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwelinye iphondo ukuya kwelinye. Ngenxa yokuba le mithetho isondele kakhulu ekhaya, idla ngokuthetha ngenkxalabo ekhawulezileyo: ukuhla, ingxolo, i-pali, kunye ne-injini yezoshishino. Imithetho karhulumente, okwangoku isingatha imibandela ebanzi njengemigaqo yezezaphuli-mthetho, imilinganiselo yemfundo, kunye nomthetho yentsapho. Ngenxa yokuba le mithetho isoloko isondele ekhaya, ilula ukuphembelela ngokhetho, ukuhlanganisa iintlanganiso zedolophu, okanye ukulungiselela iintlanganiso ze-ofisi zedolophu.

Imfundo: Imithetho Engaphakathi Kwigumbi Lesikolo

Imfundo yenye yezona ndawo zinzima zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngeli xesha izikhokelo ezibanzi zikarhulumente zikhona (umz., isiHloko IX se-equot (ubufana), iindlu zowiso-mthetho zorhulumente kunye neebhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zenza izigqibo ezingundoqo.

Ukuhlawulwa kwemali yesikolo neNkundla yemiHloko

Imithetho karhulumente imisela indlela yokusasaza inkxaso-mali yemfundo. Imimandla emininzi yasekuhlaleni ixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, ithetha ukuba abantu abazizityebi bangachitha imali eninzi kumfundi ngamnye. Oku kuthe kwakhokelela ekumangalelweni kwiimeko ezifana neTexas neKhalifoniya, apho iinkundla ziye zayalela iinkqubo zemali ezithe tye. Ukuqonda isiseko serhafu yasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo lwephondo kunceda ekuchazeni isizathu sokuba umgangatho wemali wahluke kakhulu phakathi kwemimandla ekufuphi.

Imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigangatho yolwaneliseko

Amasebe emfundo karhulumente amisela imigangatho esemthethweni yezifundo kwimiba yezibalo, imbali nenzululwazi. Noko ke, iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zinesakhelo sokukhetha iincwadi, izixhobo ezongezelelweyo, nokufumanisa indlela ezifundiswa ngayo imixholo efana nendaleko, inguquko yemozulu, okanye imfundo yesini. Iingxoxo zakutshanje ngenkcaso egxekayo yohlanga neLGBTQ + izinto eziquka izinto ezibalaselisayo indlela imithetho yasekuhlaleni nezigqibo zokuyila ngokokuditya okuqulethwe yiklasi.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwamatyala Noluvo Lomfundisi

I-States ifuna abafundisi- ntsapho ukuba bagcine izatifiketi ezithile, ezinokutshintsha xa umfundisi- ntsapho enqumla imigca yesizwe. Amanye amaphondo anendlela yesiqinisekiso yabanye abatshintshi bomsebenzi, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zigcina iimfuno ezingqongqo. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni zingadibanisa imilinganiselo yazo yokuqesha, njengokuqapha okuphindaphindiweyo okanye amava emfundo ekhethekileyo. Ezi zinto zichaphazela ubunjani nokwahluka-hlukeneyo kwabasebenzi abakhoyo kubafundi.

Amalungelo Omfundi Nengqeqesho

Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ilawula ikhowudi yokunxiba, ukusebenzisa icell phone, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho. Amanye amaphondo aye agqithisa "ukhuseleko lwesikolo" imithetho efuna ukhuselo lwentsimbi okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abaxhobileyo, ngelixa isithili sasekuhlaleni sinokukhetha ukuba sinyanzeliswe njani ngokungqongqo. Iinkqubo zeqalo-lero-tolera-lence zezixhobo okanye iziyobisi ezisungulwe kumgangatho worhulumente kodwa ziqaliswe kwaye zifunyanwe rhoqo yimithetho yorhulumente kunye neyobulali.

Ukulungisa Izilwanyana Nezindlu: Apho uhlala khona

Imithetho yendawo elawula indawo enokuthi yakhelwe kuyo, iphembelela ngqo ubuntu bengingqi yakho, ukufumaneka kwemali yokuhlala kwanohambo lwakho.

Iingingqi zosapho olunye noxinano

Izixeko ezininzi ziyalela ukuba iindawo ezithile zibe namakhaya amakhaya angenamakhaya afanayo, ukuvalwa ngokunempumelelo kwezindlu, amagumbi okuhlala, okanye amaqela okufumana imvume. Le mithetho iye yagxekwa ngokunciphisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu nokukhuthaza ukudityaniswa kweendawo. Ngokuphendulayo, amagunya afana ne-Oregon neKhalifoniya anike imithetho yokuphelisa ukuhlanganiswa kweentsapho enye yasekuhlaleni, ukuvumela ubunzima obungakumbi kufutshane nohambo.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nokhuseleko

Imithetho yokwakha yasekuhlaleni neyokwakha imisela imilinganiselo yolwakhiwo, ukusetyenziswa kombane, imibhobho, kunye namandla. Emva kweentlekele zendalo ezinjengezivuthulu okanye imililo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuthatha imithetho engqongqo. Le mithetho ichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwixabiso lendlu entsha ukuya kukhuseleko lwecandelo lakho lokuqesha elikhoyo. Ii-Renter kufuneka ziqaphele imithetho yasekuhlaleni elawula ukuqhekeka — njengobushushu, amanzi, kunye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane — nendlela yokukhala xa abaninizo bengqubani bengqubanisa.

I-Rennu-Term kunye neNyuisance Ordinances

Izixeko ezininzi ngoku zinemithetho elawula i-Airbnb kunye ne-Vrboals, ezifuna imvume, imida, okanye umnini-khaya. Amasiko, ucwangciso lwezithuthi zenkunkuma, kwanombala onokuyipenda indlu yakho konke kulawulwa sisixeko okanye ikhowudi yengingqi yendawo. Ukuvukela kusenokukhokelela kwintelekelelo okanye kwisenzo esisemthethweni, ngoko ke ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile kubanini-khaya nakwabaqeshi ngokufanayo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu: Imithetho Ekhusela (okanye Imilinganiselo)

Urhulumente nasekuhlaleni bamisela imithetho yendlela, amapolisa, kunye nemisebenzi yeenkonzo zongxamiseko.

Imithetho yezithuthi kunye noLawulo lwengingqi

Ngelixesha imithetho yendlela esisiseko ifana kakuhle, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ibeka isantya kwimida yezitrato zokuhlala, imiqathango yokumisa, kunye “nendawo yeUjhen”. Izixeko ezininzi zinekhamera ebomvu okanye iikhamera zesantya ezigunyazisiweyo ngumthetho karhulumente kodwa ezisetyenziswa kwindawo ethile. Iimali ezihlawulwayo kunye neencam zomjaho zinokuchaphazela i-inshorensi yakho kunye namalungelo okuqhuba. Ezinye iindawo zikwanemithetho echasene “nokuphazamisa ukuhamba” okanye ukuhamba nge-jay esenokubonakala incinane kodwa ikwazi ukuthwala ifreyiti.

Ulawulo loLuntu

Imithetho karhulumente imisela imigangatho yoqeqesho lwamapolisa kunye nemithetho yokuganana. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni yenza iibhodi zokuhlola abantu, ilawula ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokunyanzela, kwaye imisela ixesha amapolisa anokusebenzisa imiqathango yokutsalwa okanye ukungasetyenziswa kwemiqathango ye-knock. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izixeko ezininzi ziye zamisela “imposiso yokungenelela” imithetho efuna ukuba amagosa asebenza nabo bangasebenzisi mandla agqithisileyo. Le mithetho ichaphazela ngqo indlela abasebenza ngayo amapolisa kummandla ohlala kuwo.

Ukulungelelaniswa kweMbumbulu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayayilawula indlela zokuphepha, iindawo zokuzimela, kunye nezikhuseli zongxamiseko. Imithetho karhulumente inika imithetho yokwakha ukuze inyikima okanye inkanyamba ikwazi ukumelana nentlekele. Emva kwentlekele, imithetho yasekuhlaleni ilawula ukuba ungayakha kwakhona kusini na, ukuba ziziphi imvume ezifunekayo, nendlela esasazwa ngayo uncedo lwe-FEMA. Ukwazi i-webhsayithi yakho yolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka kunokwenzeka kungayisindisa ubomi.

Ukwandiswa kotywala neCannabis

Imithetho karhulumente ilawula ukuthengiswa kotywala kunye ne-cannabis, kodwa “imithetho engokwasekuhlaleni” yenza ukuba iindawo nezixeko zigqibe ukuba zingaba zivumele ukuthengiswa. “I-Dry” isekho nakweminye imimandla. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni ibeka iiyure zokuthengiswa, zokuthengisa, zokuthengisa iivenkile zokutyela, kunye nemithetho evulekileyo yezikhongozeli. Kwanakumazwe apho i-cannabis isemthethweni, ikontinga eluncedo ekuvaleni ngokunempumelelo ukuthengiswa kwemali.

Imithetho yempilo neyokhuseleko

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni nawo onke aqinisekisa ukuba kukho imithetho emininzi echaphazela imikhwa yakho yemihla ngemihla, ukususela kumanzi owaselayo ukusa ekutyeni okutyayo.

Uhlolo lweendawo zokutyela nokhuseleko lokutya

Abahloli bezonyango basekuhlaleni batyelela iivenkile zokutyela, iikhafe, neelori zokutya ukuze bahlole ukuba zicocekile kusini na, zigcina ukutya okufanelekileyo, yaye zithintela izinambuzane.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo yoLuntu

Imithetho karhulumente ichaza ukuba ngawaphi amachiza okugoma afunekayo ukuze angene ezikolweni, amanye evumela ukupheliswa kweentanda-bulumko namanye amayeza kuphela. Ngexesha longxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke, amagosa ezonyango anokuyalela ukuba kubhalwe imiyalelo yokufihla iliso, ukufika kwexesha okanye ukubekwa kwelungu lomntu lomntu. La mandla ayahluka ngokwamazwe kodwa asekelwe kumandla amapolisa okukhusela uluntu.

Ukhuseleko Emsebenzini Nokhuthuzo lwabasebenzi

Amaqumrhu okhuseleko lwemeko-ntle (njengeCl/OSHA) anyanzelisa ukuba kumiselwe imithetho kuyo yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lweleli ukuya kutsho kumoya wetyhefu yemichiza. Le mithetho isoloko idlula imilinganiselo karhulumente. Imithetho yembuyekezo yabasebenzi yelo lizwe ichaphazela iingenelo ozifumanayo ukuba wonzakele emsebenzini. Imithetho yendawo ingadibanisa ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo, olufana nemithetho yokhuseleko kubenzi abangaphandle ngexesha le-irhwaves.

Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo: Inyathelo Lehlabathi Kwiimbambano Zehlabathi Lonke

Ngokufuthi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuvavanya umgaqo wokusingqongileyo.

Ibhegi zeplastiki kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kanye

Amakhulu oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abavale okanye bahlawule iingxowa zeplastiki, izitya, kunye nezikhongozeli zegwebu. Ngamanye amaxesha imithetho karhulumente iyakucima ukuvalwa komsebenzi, idala umsebenzi onamabala. Ukuqonda imithetho yakho yasekuhlaleni kukunceda uphephe intengo kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba kwimigudu yokuzinzisa.

Ukusetyenziswa Komhlaba Nokulondolozwa Kwawo

Ukulungisa kungekuphela nje kuchaphazela izindlu kodwa kwaneepaki, imimandla ekhuselekileyo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemithi. Amasiko asekuhlaleni asenokufuna ukutyala imithi kwakhona xa wakha ulwakhiwo. Amasebe emekobume alawula ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, unyango lwamanzi amdaka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ezinye izixeko ziceba “ukukhusela imithi ekhulileyo kwizinto zabucala.

Ukusebenza Kwamandla Nokwakha Uhlaza

Amazwe amaninzi kunye nezixeko ziye zamkela ikhowudi yamandla angqongqo efuna iipali zelanga, iifestile ezifanelekileyo, okanye izithuthi zombane ezibiza izitishi zolwakhiwo olutsha. Amanye amagunya asekuhlaleni anika ii-asethi zokubuyisela izinto ezisebenzisa amandla. Le mithetho ingawanciphisa amatyala ezinto eziluncedo kodwa ikwachaphazela iindleko zokulungisa.

Ishishini Nemisebenzi: Amalungelo Emisebenzi

Imithetho karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni ichaphazela isheke yakho yemali, ixesha lokuphuma emsebenzini nokhuseleko lomsebenzi.

Ikhefu elincinci nelemali elithe

Ngoxa umvuzo omncinane karhulumente ungama-R2,25, amaphondo amaninzi nezixeko ziye zamisela iqondo lazo eliphezulu (umz. Seattle ngeyure engaphezu kwe-R34). Eminye imithetho yasekuhlaleni ifuna ukuba kubhaliswe ikhefu lokugula, ikhefu lentsapho elihlawulwayo, okanye idetary commenter kubasebenzi. Abanini-mashishini abancinane kufuneka basebenzise ezi mfuneko ngenyameko ukuze baphephe isohlwayo.

Izivumelwano ezingezizo ezemali kunye nohlelo lwabasebenzi

Imithetho yesizwe iyahluka ekunyanzelweni komthetho onyanzelekileyo wamaphepha-mvume angadityaniswanga. EKhalifoniya, ingakumbi ayinakunyanzeleka, ngelinye ixesha amanye amazwe ayivumela ukuba ibekwe imida. Ngokufanayo, “umqeshwa” umthetho wesizwe (njengo-Pp 22 eKhalifoniya) uchaza ukuba abaqhubi ngabaqeshi okanye iinkampani ezizimeleyo, zichaphazela iingenelo kunye nokhuseleko lwemisebenzi.

Ukubhaliswa kweBhunga kunye neMimiselo

Urhulumente ngamnye wasekuhlaleni unenkqubo yakhe yokufumana amalayisensi eshishini, imvume, uhlolo, kunye nemithetho yokutyikitya. Abasebenzi boshishino basekhaya basoloko befuna imvume ekhethekileyo ukuba abathengisi baya kutyelela okanye ukuba ishishini livelisa ingxolo okanye itrafiki. Le mithetho ingaba entsokothileyo, kodwa ukuqonda ukuba ingundoqo ekuqaliseni nasekuqhubeni ishishini elithobelayo.

Irhafu Nemali Eninzi: Ixabiso Lolawulo

Isheki yakho yemali nentengo yakho yenziwa yimithetho yerhafu neyasekuhlaleni.

Ukuthengiswa Kwerhafu Nokuhlawuliswa Kwerhafu

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna irhafu, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokudibanisa eyabo ingeniso. Yiyo le nto isimbuku serhafu ingahluka phakathi kwezixeko eziselumelwaneni, ngokomzekelo, 8.25% kwezinye iindawo kunye ne- 10.25% kwezinye izixeko. Ezinye irhafu zilungiselela ukutya, iihotele, okanye iirente zokuqesha iinqwelo-mafutha ukuxhasa iindwendwe kunye nesiseko seengqalelo.

Ukucetyiswa Kwerhafu Yempahla

Abahloli basekuhlaleni bamisela ixabiso lekhaya lakho, elichaphazela irhafu yempahla yakho ngqo. Imithetho karhulumente imisela imithetho yokuphindaphindeka kotshintsho, ukukhulula abantu abadala okanye amagqala, nendlela ingeniso yerhafu eyahlulwe ngayo kwizikolo, iindlela, kunye namathala eencwadi. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokuhlolwa kunokukunceda ubhenele ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ixabiso lakho liphezulu kakhulu.

Ingeniso nerhafu yasekuhlaleni

Amazwe ambalwa akanayo irhafu yengeniso, ngoxa amanye anexabiso lenkqubela. Ezinye izixeko (njenge New York, Denver, nePhiladelphia) zinengeniso yazo yasekuhlaleni okanye iirhafu ezihlawulwayo. Oku kuchaphazela intlawulo yakho yokuthatha ikhaya kwaye kungafuna iifatyi ezahlukeneyo. Ukwazi irhafu yerhafu yengi ohlala kuyo kubalulekile ekuqingqeni imali.

Ukwenza Ilizwi Lakho Livelwe: Ubungqina Belizwi

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela imithetho karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni kukuba nenxaxheba. Yibakho kwintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, iintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, okanye iintlanganiso zengingqi zengingqi. Ezininzi ngoku zikhutshelwa kwi-intanethi. Ungaqhagamshelana nomphathi-mthetho wesizwe okanye ummeli wasekuhlaleni ngetyala elibalulekileyo kuwe. Ukuqonda inkqubo yemithetho-siseko kumgangatho wesizwe. /Izikhuseli, kunye neevoti

Ukuze ukhe uhlole izinto ezingakumbi, cinga ngezi zinto zikhoyo:

  • Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wesizwe intsingiselo yenkqubo yendlela ehambayo kuwo onke amazwe.
  • Bloomberg CityLab igubungela ulawulo lwasedolophini kunye nohlaziyo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho lweCornell linikeza iingcaciso zolwimi olucacileyo lweengcamango zomthetho.
  • USA.gov’s Regional Recurial short ikunceda ufumane amagosa akho athile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ballotteia inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngemeko kunye nomlinganiselo webhola ekhatywayo kunye nonyulo.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yorhulumente neyasekuhlaleni ayiyomiqathango engacacanga; yimithetho elawula indlela ohamba ngayo, imfundo yomntwana wakho, ukulungiswa kwekhaya lakho, umsebenzi wakho, kwanemisebenzi yakho yempelaveki. Ngokuqonda indlela le mithetho eyenzeka ngayo, inyanzeliswe, kwaye itshintshiwe, uzinika amandla okuvumelana nayo (okanye uthethe ngeinguqulelo xa ingaphumeleli. Qala ukunikela ingqalelo kwiindaba zasekuhlaleni, ukuya kwintlanganiso yengingqi, okanye ukukhangela imigaqo yakho yasekuhlaleni kwi-intanethi. Okukhona uyakwazi ngakumbi ngemeko esemthethweni ekungqongileyo, ixhotyiswe kakuhle ukuyisebenzisa.