Amalungelo oluntu akha isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi esinenkululeko nesebutho labantu, siqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Kodwa ummandla wolu khuselo awungowodwa; ubunjwa kukusebenza ngamandla phakathi kwemithetho karhulumente nemithetho karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente echaphazela ngayo amalungelo akho asekuhlaleni kuyimfuneko, hayi nje kwiingcali zomthetho kodwa kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqhuba amalungelo akhe ngokunempumelelo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isiseko semigaqo yamalungelo abantu, isiseko sorhulumente, indima yomthetho karhulumente, iindawo zongquzulwano, inkqubela-phambili, kunye nezicwangciso-nkqubo zoburhulumente zakutshanje.

Isiseko samalungelo asekuhlaleni eUnited States

Ingcamango yamalungelo abemi eMelika isekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi uHlaliso lwezeNtlanganiso lweThupha , oluqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla zitolike ezi ziqinisekiso zokusebenza kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuquka ukhuseleko oluninzi kwisenzo sikarhulumente ngemfundiso yokuququkwa. Amalungelo abantu amakhaya akhusela ekucaluleni abantu ngokwebala, ibala, unqulo, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, ukukhubazeka, ubudala, kunye, ukukhula, ukubonakala ngokwesini, kunye nokuzichaza ubufana.

La malungelo afikelela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu, kuquka:

  • Ukuqhankqalaza nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika
  • Imisebenzi
  • Indlu nendawo yokuhlala
  • Imfundo nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke
  • Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisana nonqulo
  • Ilungelo lokufumana ulawulo lobuqu
  • Isalathisi somthetho sibonise ukuba sikho

Ngeli xesha umthetho karhulumente umisela isiseko sokhuseleko, amatyala anga-(and) adla ngokuwandisa kuloo ndawo isisiseko. Noko ke, xa imithetho karhulumente ingqubana nemigangatho karhulumente, iSupremacy Claus iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uyaphumelela. Olu xinezeleko luyinkalo echazayo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu baseMerika.

Imithetho engundoqo yamalungelo oluntu

Urhulumente wesizwe umisele uthotho lwemimiselo ephawulekayo ebangela ukuba idityaniswe yonke inkqubo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu. Le mithetho inyanzelwa ngabameli abanjengeSebe leMisebenzi (DOJ), i-Unime Modyscment Opportunity Commission (EOC), neSebe leMpatho-Mbetho neNkcubeko ye-Urban (UUD).

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Ngokulindelekileyo esona sixhobo sibalulekileyo somthetho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yanamhlanje, uMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 uthintela ucalucalulo ngesizinzi sohlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iingingqi, kunye neenkqubo zikawonke-wonke. ISihlomelo VII sesenzo sadala i-EOC kwaye sabeka isiseko semithetho yonqulo elandelelanayo echasene nohlanga. Iziphengululo zeminyaka i-1949 zinyule ukhuseleko, kuquka [[FLT: 0] uMthetho we-Pregravity Pretacytious P kunye noMthetho wobuGwelo wobuGambiselo lwenkululeko [FLT]].

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Esi senzo sasicetyelwe ukusoyisa imiqobo esemthethweni kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni owathintela ama-Afrika aseMelika ekusebenziseni ilungelo lawo lokuvota. Salela izenzo zokuvota zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinjengovavanyo lokuvota, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba kubekho amagunya athile anokukhetha nembali yocalulo ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota (ngaphambi kokuqalisa). Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013 Shelby County v. Raker[

Imithetho Yobulungisa Yezindlu yowe - 1968

Kwakhona iSihloko VIII soMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi, iSivumelwano seFair House salela ukucalucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhaseni ngokuxhaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwisizwe, kwibala, kwinkonzo, kwiintlobano zesini, okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe.

AmaMerika AnoMthetho (ADA) Weminyaka yowe - 1990

IADA iyalwalela ucalucalulo ngabantu abakhubazekileyo emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, nakwii-intanethi.

Eminye Imithetho Ebalulekileyo Yamacandelo

  • ITitle IX yeZigqibo zemfundo zonyaka ka1971: i-Provit ijongene nocalucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo nakuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi wokwamkela uncedo lwemali karhulumente, kuquka imidlalo kunye nemigaqo yokuhlukumeza ngokwesini.
  • Ikhethe kuMthetho we-Orough Act (ADEA) ka1967: likhusela abantu abaneminyaka engamashumi amane nangaphezulu kucalucalulo lwemisebenzi ngokubhekiselele kubudala.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho yoLwazi noHlaziyo (GINA) ka-2008: ichaza ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwinkcazelo yemfuza kwi-inshorensi yempilo kunye nomsebenzi.

Inkcazelo eninzi ngokugcinwa komthetho, tyelela Amalungelo e-Civil Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kweSebe leSigqibo sase-U.S..

Indima Yemithetho KaRhulumente Ekunwebeni Kwamalungelo Abemi

Ngoxa umthetho wesizwe unikela umgangatho, amaphondo ngokufuthi asebenza njengeeklasi zedemokhrasi − ephethe ngezokhuselo ezibanzi ezigqitha kwisiseko sombuso. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ungaquka amalungelo acacileyo angafunyanwanga kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho karhulumente inokudlulisela imimiselo eqalisa ingxubusho ngokukhawuleza kuneNgqungquthela.

Imizekelo yolwando olukumgangatho kaRhulumente

  • LBTQ+ Ukhuseleko: Uninzi lwamazwe, kuquka iKhalifoniya, iNew York, kunye neIllinois, anemithetho ethintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye neempawu zesini zobufanasini emsebenzini, izindlu, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke-wonke (naxa ukhuseleko lwamaqumrhu lwalungahlali okanye lungekho. [[FLT:]]UMTHET] [[FLT]] [uhlu]] (uhleli kwiBhunga lomthetho) lungaluthi khuseli oluno oluno olukhoyo lokhuseleko kumazwe onke.
  • [[NTL:0] Ikhethe: Umthetho WORN (Yenza Ihlabathi Lentlonelo Nekhusi Leenwele Zokuzenzela) uthathwe ngumazwe amaninzi ukunqanda ucalulo olusekelwe kwintloko-ntloko enxulumene nohlanga, njenge braids, locs, kunye nejijijeko.
  • I-Votting Access: Amazwe afana ne-Oregon, Washington, kunye neColorado asebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, iposi-vota, kunye nobhaliso lwalo suku olunye lokwandisa ukufikelela, ngelixa abanye bemisele imithetho ye-ID engqongqo ebotshelelwe ngokuchaphazelekileyo exhasa amalungelo okuvota ephikisana ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto noluntu oluncinane.
  • Owona Mvuzo usezantsi kunye namalungelo omSebenzi: Ngelixesha umvuzo omncinci karhulumente uhlala ukho u-$7.25 ngeyure, amaphondo angaphezu kwama-30, kwaye izixeko ezininzi ziye zamisela ubuncinane obuphezulu, kwaye ezinye ziye zongeza ukhuseleko ekuhlawuleni ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini okanye kwezinye izinto.
  • UTshintsho noMangalelwano: Emva kweziganeko eziphezulu zogonyamelo lwamapolisa, amazwe amaninzi adlulise imithetho ethintela ukukhusela ukufaneleka, efuna iikhamera zomzimba, kunye nokuseka iibhodi zolawulo lwamapolisa.

Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni jikelele kunye namaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni le mithetho, ngokufuthi esebenzisana noorhulumente. Umzekelo, i-EOC isebenza ecaleni kwerejiyomslactives zephondo i-Fair Proces Actives (FAPAS) ukuphengulula izikhalazo zocalucalulo.

Iingxabano Phakathi Korhulumente Nomthetho Ongurhulumente

Xa imithetho karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko oluncinci kunomthetho wesizwe, --okanye iphikisana ngqo nawo ``uSupremacy Claus' ngokuqhelekileyo usombulula ungquzulwano ekuxhaseni igunya lorhulumente. Noko ke, amandla okwenene ehlabathi anzima kakhulu. Amazwe angachasa ukunyanzeleka komthetho karhulumente okanye adlulise imithetho ecetywe ngabom ukuvavanya imida yamandla orhulumente.

UNondyebo Nokukhululwa

Inqaku le-I. VI lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. limisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngu "uMthetho onyusiweyo weLizwe". Ngenxa yoko, nawuphi na umthetho worhulumente ongqubana nomthetho osemthethweni wesizwe uyakhutshwa yaye awunyanzeliswa. Lo mgaqo ubengundoqo kumadabi angaphaya:

  • Umtshato wobunyani: Phambi kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yonyaka wama-2015 [FT:2] obergefell v. Hodges, amanye amazwe awavalwa umtshato othelekelelwayo ngexesha abanye bewuqaphela. Inkundla yabambelela ukuba uwiso-mthetho waphula umthetho we-14, owenzelwe ukuxhasa imithetho karhulumente.
  • Unikezelo lonikezelo: Iimeko ezininzi zidlulise imithetho ejolise ekucimeni abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga, ezinye zazo ezibethwe phantsi njengephazamisana negunya lokufuduka (umz., iSB 1070).
  • Amalungelo okukhupha inzala: Isigqibo samashumi amabini22 ku ````I-Dobbs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'Amaqela empilo'' aphendulisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe lokuqhomfa, ukubuyisela umba kwilizwe. Oku kubangele umsebenzi apho abanye bamisela khona uthintelo oluqatha lokuqhomfa ngexa abanye belukwindawo elungileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimfazwe esemthethweni kuhambo, amayeza, kunye nokunyanzelo lwamazwe.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imithetho yokuvota: Emva [ Iphondo leShelby], amanani amisele intlukwano yemithetho yokuvota, eminye yayo icelwe enkundla njengokwaphula uMthetho wamalungelo okanye umGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zomanyano ziyaqhubeka zivavanya ezi ngxaki.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunceda Abantu

Ukuba imeko yakho iyasilela ukukhusela ilungelo laloo mthetho wesizwe, usengafuna isiqabu kwinkundla yorhulumente okanye ngamaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba urhulumente unikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo (umz., ukuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisikhundla somtshato okanye kumthombo wengeniso), unakho ukunyanzelisa ezo khuselo kumgangatho karhulumente ngokufanayo. Undoqo kukuwazi umthetho osebenzayo nalapho ungafaka khona isikhalazo.

Imibutho esemthethweni ye-activation enjenge- ye-American Liberties Union (ACLU) isoloko icacisa le mida ukucacisa imida yegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo kuye kwakho utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu, oqhutywa yimibutho yentlalo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kuwo omabini amanqanaba. Ukuqonda ezi meko kubalulekile ukuze uhlale ufundile.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Emva [[FLT: 0] Bostock[[FLT: 1]

kubostock v. Clayton County [2020], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye kubume bokudlulisela i-transformer luluhlobo localulo lwesondo phantsi kweSihloko se-VII soMthetho wamalungelo abantu. Lo mthetho obhaliweyo owenziwe ngomnyaka wandiswe womsebenzi ukhusela ilizwe lonke, kodwa awusebenzanga ngokuzenzekelayo kwizindlu, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, okanye kwiinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Ngoku, iinkundla ezisezantsi zisayisombulula loo mibuzo. Okwangoku, amanye amatyala agqithisele "i" amatyala enkonzo eSihloko-VIdi evumela amashishini ukuba akhanyele iinkonzo zeLGTQ, edala iimbambano ezintsha.

Ukuvelisa Amalungelo Kwiflux

Emva konyulo lwama-2020, urhulumente omninzi omisela imithetho ewiswe ngabameli bamalungelo okuvota athi impembelelo engalinganiyo yabavoti bemibala, kuquka iimfuno ze-ID eziqinayo, ukucuthwa kovoti kwasekuqaleni, kunye nemiqathango kwiposi-ekhothathi. Ingqungquthela izame ukudlulisa uJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adriest Active Act [ ukubuyisela indlela yangaphambili yokuvota, kodwa inqanyule. Inyathelo lombuso, elinjengovoti-mail eColoradow naseWashington, liyaqhubeka nokufikelela phambili kweminye imiqathango.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo Nemfundo Epheleleyo

Izigqibo ze Fair Adgistracts v. Harvard [2023], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha iinkqubo zokulaliswa kohlanga ngaphandle kokwazi kwikholeji nakwiiyunivesithi, ngokunempumelelo iphelisa ukusetyenziswa kogunyaziso kwimfundo ephezulu. Esi sigqibo sishukumise amaphondo njengeKhalifoniya, esele ivaliwe ekuvulweni kohlanga, ukuqwalasela ezinye iindlela zokukhuthaza iiyantlukwano. Okwangoku, amanye amazwe ahlola iindlela zogqatso-no-luhlanga.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nocalucalulo Lwemithetho Yomthetho

Ubugcisa obutsha njengezixhobo zokuqesha ze-Al-driven, ubuchule bobuso, kunye nobupolisa obuthe gqi baphakamisa imibuzo encinane yamalungelo abantu. Amasebe ajongene norhulumente aqalisa ukukhupha ukhokelo, kodwa akukho mthetho obanzi okhoyo. Amanye amaphondo, kuquka i-Illinois ne-California, aye amisela imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwe-IA emsebenzini kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ukunqanda ucalucalucalulo.

Utshintsho Nemibutho Yamapolisa Efanelekileyo

Emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, kufuneka ulungiso lwamapolisa luqine. Ngelixesha iBhunga lingawudluli uMthetho kaGeorge Floyd weMithetho yePolistic, amazwe amaninzi amisela utshintsho lwawo, kuquka ukuvalwa kwemiqathango, iikhamera zequmrhu ezinyanzelisayo, kunye nophando oluzimeleyo lokudubula kwegosa elibandakanyekileyo. Imfundiso yokukhusela ukukhusela urhulumente ekukhuseleni, ekhusela amagosa empahleni ngaphandle kokuba aphule "umthetho omiselwe ngokuphandle," ihlala ingumqobo omkhulu wokuphendula. Amanye amazwe athelekisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwiimeko zenkundla zenkundla.

Imigaqo Esebenzisekayo Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho Abemi

Ukuqonda umthetho kusisiqingatha sedabi. Ukuqinisekisa nokuhambisela phambili amalungelo enu asekuhlaleni ngokunempumelelo, kubalulekile ukuganana ngokuzingisa. Nawa amaqhinga anokusetyenziswa.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho Uze Ubhale Yonke Into

Qalisa ngokuzifundisa ngokwakho kwimigaqo ekhethekileyo esebenza kuwe kwigunya lakho. [[FLT: 0] EC's Sazi Amalungelo Akho iphepha liyindawo elungileyo yokuqalisa imicimbi yomsebenzi, ngelixesha i-DoJ's Folture Rights Icandelo lamaLungelo ligcina izikhokelo zokuhlala, ukuvota, namalungelo okukhubazeka. Gcina iingxelo ezineenkcukacha zeziganeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, amangqina, kunye nayo nayiphi nayiphi na intsebenziswano ebhaliweyo.

Izikhalo zefayile nge-arhente yokunyanzelisa efanelekileyo

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho angabantu aphulwe, ungafaka isikhalazo kwisebe elifanelekileyo lesizwe. Kucalucalulo lwemisebenzi, kucalulo lwe-EEOC. Kucalulo lwezindlu, ifayile ne-HUD. Kumalungelo okuvota okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, fikelela kwi-DoJ's Civil Rights Division. Amazwe amaninzi anemisebenzi yawo esesikweni kunye namaziko endlu anokuncedisa. Ukukhumbula amaxesha okusebenza; imimiselo emininzi ineefestile ezimfutshane (umz. 1,80 okanye 300 yezenzo ze-EOC).

Ukudibana namaBhunga obuGcisa

Amaqela asekuhlaleni nawasekuhlaleni anjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Evolution Legal Fund, iZiko loMthetho laMabhinqa esizwe, kunye neCandelo lamaLungelo Loluntu linika ubuncwane obusemthethweni, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nemigudu yokukhuthaza. Ukunikela ngokuzithandela okanye ukunikela kungandisa impembelelo yakho. Ngaphezu koko, le mibutho ngokufuthi ine "amalungelo akho" izinto ezinxulunyaniswa neemeko ezithile, ezifana nokunxibelelana namapolisa okanye ukuvota kwindawo yokuvota.

Qhagamshelana nabameli bakho Ababeluleki

Imithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente iyasabela kwimibandela enxulumene nequmrhu. Unxulumano, i-imeyili, okanye ukubhala iileta ezibabongoza ukuba baxhase okanye bachase amatyala athile. Iiholo zedolophana kunye nokuchotshelwa kwetyala kunika amathuba okuthetha ngqo ngemibandela efuna umba. Xa uthethelelwa, zize nezibakala namabali obuqu abonisa impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yemithetho ecetyiweyo.

Yiba Nenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Ukuncoma kuselelona lungelo lisisiseko. Bhalisa ukuba uvote, uqinisekise ukuba ubhalisile, ukhuthaze abanye ukuba benze okufanayo, uze uhlale wazisiwe ngemithetho yokuvota kwiphondo lakho. Amadabi amaninzi alwela amalungelo abantu ekugqibeleni agqitywa kwibhokisi yokuvota, enoba ngonyulo lwabagwebi, abalawuli, okanye ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko.

Sebenzisa Ijelo leeNkcukacha nelokuNxulumanisa

Ukunyusa ulwazi ngonxibelelwano lwezentlalo kusenokuzisa ingqalelo kukungabikho kokusesikweni, kodwa lumke ungasasazi amanqaku eendaba aqinisekisiweyo, sebenzisa ubuncwane obusemthethweni, kwaye ubalaselise umsebenzi owenziwa ngamaqela aziwayo akhuthaza ubugxwayiba. Xa uchaza amava akho, cinga ngeziphumo ezisemthethweni ezifana nokunyeliswa okanye ukubuyiselwa komqeshi. Ukukhusela intetho phantsi koMgunyaziso wokuqala kukuvumela ukuba uthethe ngokucalucalucalulo nokuziphatha okubi.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yombuso neyamazwe kubangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Umthetho womanyano umisela umgangatho wesizwe, kodwa urhulumente angango-(a kwaye do_w) wandisa loo malungelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kumsebenzi owenziwe ngamathala okhuseleko ohlukahluka kumazwe ngamazwe. Iimpikiswano ezingenakunqandwa zivele, kwaye inkqubo esemthethweni kufuneka iqhubeke ichaza imida yobungangamsha bolawulo kunye nolawulo loburhulumente. Inkqubela yelixa elizayo kwiLGBTQ+ amalungelo, ukuvota, ukufikelela, ukwamkela, kunye nobugcisa bubonisa ukuba umlo wokulwela ukulingana ukude kakhulu. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, ukuxhasa amaqela eencwadi, ukuxhasa amaqela olawulo-mthetho-melo, nokuxhasa i-demokhrasi, ukunceda ukuma kwekamva amalungelo entlalo kunye nakunqamlezweni. Umthetho awudibani nakuguquli; ukuguquka kwezenzo zabemi abathenjiweyo.