Indima Karhulumente Noorhulumente Bendawo Ekuhambele phambili Kobuhlanga

Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke . njengokufundiswa, ukunyamekela impilo, izindlu, ezothutho, kunye nokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho, asilolifa nje elidlulileyo; ziqhubelwa phambili namhlanje lucalucalulo lwenkqubo kunye nokusasazwa kweempahla okungalinganiyo. Oorhulumente kwiphondo nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni bakwizikhundla ezikhethekileyo zokungenelela, ukuba negunya lolawulo kunye nobudlelwane. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo karhulumente, enokuba banzi necothayo ukuqhelanisa, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuzalisekisa, umongo-omongo-wodwa othetha ngezizathu ezingcambu yokungalungisi. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela amatyala, amabala, amadolophu, namadolophu anqam eUnited States asebenzisa ngayo imiqathango yokuphelisa intlanga yoluntu, inkxaso ye-data, kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali.

Ukuqonda Ubunzulu Nobunzulu Bezinto Ezingavisisaniyo Ngeentlanga

Ukuqhuba imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo, abenzi besigqibo kufuneka kuqala baqonde umlinganiselo opheleleyo wokwahluka kobuhlanga. Ezi zikhewu zibonakala phantse kwisebe likawonke-wonke:

Imfundo

Abafundi abamnyama nabayiLatino bajoliswe ngokugqithisileyo kwizikolo eziphantsi kwemithombo ezinabafundisi-mathematika abaphelelwe lixesha, izinto eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye nezilinganiselo eziphezulu zabafundi-kukhongoza. Ngokwe- Iziko lesizwe lemfundo yemiba yemfundo[, kuphela ama-40% abafundi abamnyama abakwizikolo ezinika uludwe olupheleleyo lwezibalo kunye neezifundo zenzululwazi, xa kuthelekiswa ne 67% yabafundi abamhlophe. Aba bafundisa bangenisemgangathweni esezantsi yokuphumelela nokufumana ingeniso yobomi obude.

Impilo

Ingxelo yokuba amaMelika antsundu asengozini enkulu yokubulawa sisifo seswekile kunamaqondo aphezulu kunabantu abamhlophe, ngoxa amaNara eMerika enawona aphezulu angenakuthelekiswa namaqela ohlanga. Izigqibo zokwandisa iMedicaid zinegalelo elithe ngqo kwinani leentsapho

Indlu Nezithuthi

Umthetho wokubuyisela izinto ezitshintshiweyo nowokungavumelani nomthetho oqhubekayo owenziwe ngokwembali ukudala izithuba zobutyebi obucacileyo zobuhlanga kunye nokwahlulwa kwezindlu. Abamelwane abancinane basoloko bengenayo ingeniso yoluntu olunokuthenjwa, iindlela zokufumana izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kunye nokufikelela kwiivenkile zevenkile okanye iipaki. I-Urban Institute [ ibhale indlela imithetho yokuhlanganisa kumazwe amaninzi asemaphandleni ephumele ngayo ngaphandle kwengeniso ephantsi nabemi abambalwa, iqhubekisela phambili ulwano lwendlala kwimiphakathi yedolobha.

Okusesikweni Nezenzo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Umahluko kumsebenzi wamapolisa, isantya sokubanjwa, kunye nesigwebo zibhalwe kakuhle. Abantu abamnyama nabafana no-Latino basengozini yokumiswa, ukuphehliswa, nokuvalelwa kwizenzo ezifanayo xa zithelekiswa nabantu abamhlophe. Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni elawula ukusebenzisa amandla, utshintsho lwebheyile, kunye neenkqubo zokuzihlaziya idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuncipheni okanye ekunciphiseni ezi zinto zingalinganiyo.

Ubuchule 1: Ukwahlula umahluko wogcino-lwazi

Inkqubo esebenzayo iqala ngomlinganiselo. Urhulumente omninzi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngoku baqokelela baze bapapashe ngokuphangaleleyo ulwazi oluchaphazelekileyo ngohlanga, ubuhlanga, nobufanasini. Oku kukhanyisa apho umahluko ubanzi khona kwaye kuvumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba bajolise izibonelelo.

Imizekelo Yabantu Abaqalayo Ugcino - lwazi

  • Intengiso zeRhulumente yeMali yeTshahington: Le nkqubo ihamba ngeziphumo zempilo ngogqatso ngapha nangapha kweinshorensi, inceda urhulumente achaze amaqela akwinani eliphezulu lokungena ezibhedlele nokukhusela ixhoba lemali.
  • I-Foottle’s Race and Social Justice Initiative: isixeko sifuna ukuba lonke isebe lingenise uhlalutyo lwemiqathango ye-Equoty Irdkit lwaminyaka le kuzo zonke izigqibo ezingundoqo zenkqubo, ukuqwalasela ugcino-lwazi oluchaphazela amaqela ahlukeneyo eentlanga.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Data kaMinnesota kwiNkcubeko yabantwana: Emva kokufumanisa ukuba abantwana abaNsundu bagqithiselwe ekunyamekeleni ulwabo ngezihlandlo ezi-3,5 imo iqalisa inkqubo yokuthintela ugcino-lwazi eyanciphisa uhlaziyo nge-20% kwiminyaka emithathu.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kufuneka kwenziwe ngokwemilinganiselo, negalelo loluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwento yobuqu nokuphepha ukuqinisa imbonakalo ebanzi. Ngokufanelekileyo, ulwazi lwenziwe lwafumaneka ekuhleni ngeebhodi ezincinane ezivumela abemi ukuba baphendule oorhulumente.

Iqhinga 2: Ukusetyenziswa koHlahlo-mali kunye neNkcitho

Iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali eziqhelekileyo zisoloko zikhuthaza ukungalingani ngokunikela izimali ezisekelwe kwiinkqubo zembali ezixhasa iindawo ezityebileyo.

Iinkqubo Ezisebenzayo

  • [[FLT: 0] Imali yeSikolo eFunelayo: AmaZwe anjenge New Jersey neMassachusetts zisebenzisa inkxaso yomfundi enobunzima enikezela ngemali eninzi kumfundi ofunyenweyo osezantsi nabafundi bamaNgesi, ukunciphisa ukuphumelela kwezithuba kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo.
  • [[NT.0] Imali yemali ye-Equcty Investices: Izixeko ezininzi, kuquka iBaltimore nePhiladelphia, zimisele izimali zonikezelo zokuthetha nabanqandi bempilo--"ezifana nokungami kakuhle kwezindlu kunye nentlango yokutya `ingingqi zengingqi yabemi abambalwa.
  • IJaji yoHlulo loHlulo-mali loMgaqo-nkqubo: Igunya leMetropolitan Transportation Adminitian kwiSixeko saseNew York ngoku linikezela ngemali yekomkhulu ngokusekelwe kwi “isalathiso sokutshintsha okuthe kratya” esiqwalasela ukusondela kwengeniso ephantsi kunye noluntu oluncinci kwimijelo yoololiwe noduladula.

Ilungu elibalulekileyo kukuzinzisa ukulingana komlinganiselo womjikelo wohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ngokwawo, elifuna ukuthethelela indlela imali abayicelileyo ezakunciphisa ngayo ukungalingani, ingabalondolozi.

Iqhinga 3: Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo oqulunqayo kunye nobandakanyeko loLuntu

Izithethe ezilungiselelwe ngaphandle kwegalelo elivela kuluntu oluchaphazelekileyo zidla ngokungakhange zibangele umonakalo ongalindelekanga. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa iinkqubo zokuzingca ukubethelela amazwi abo bachaphazelekayo.

Uqheliselo oluhle

  • Ibhodi ye-Advisory: i-Portland, i-Oregon’s Office of Equty and Human Rights ihlanganisa ibhodi yasekuhlaleni ebandakanya amalungu amnyama, i-Inorac, kunye nabantu abanombala (BIPOC) ukuqwalasela zonke imigaqo ecetyiweyo yeziphumo ze-ectey.
  • Ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali lwecandelo: kwizixeko ezifana neChicago ne Durham, abemi balapho bavote ngqo indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yoqingqo-mali kamasipala. Le nkqubo ikhokelele ekufakeni imali kwiipaki, kwizitrato, nakumaziko asekuhlaleni afumana kancinci kwimimandla ekudala.
  • Ngokusekelwe kwiNkqutyana ePhakamileyo: Oorhulumente baxhasa iinkonzo zokufikelela kolwimi, unxibelelwano loluntu oluqeshwayo olusuka kumaqela amancinane, kwaye bangenisa iintlanganiso ngamaxesha kunye neendawo ezilungele iintsapho ezisebenzayo.

Inkqubela-nkqubo equlunqweyo ikwaquka ukuqesha. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amkela “imigaqo-nkqubo yebhokisi” yokufumana umsebenzi kawonke-wonke nokufumana, isusa imibuzo yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho kwizicelo zokuqala zemisebenzi ukuze kuncitshiswe ikhethe lobuhlanga ekuqeshweni.

Iqhinga 4: Umthetho noHlaziyo loMgaqo

Imithetho nemigaqo isenokudibanisa ingulo yokulawula. Urhulumente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zasekuhlaleni zidlulise amatyala amaninzi ajolise ekupheliseni ucalucalulo nokwandisa ukufikelela.

Impumelelo ebalaseleyo yowiso-mthetho

  • I-California’s Justice Act: Lo mthetho wama-2020 uvumela abamangalelwa ukuba bacel ’ umngeni iinkolelo okanye izigwebo ezisekelwe kubungqina bobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokugweba yolwaphulo-mthetho. Sele ikhokelele ekucaphukeni kwiimeko ezininzi apho abatshutshisi bangabafaki mgwebi mnyama.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Inclication Zoning Ordinances: Oomasipala abangaphezu kwama-500 ngoku bafuna abaphuhlisi ukuba babeke bucala ipesenti yeeyunithi njengezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Uninzi lwale mithetho lujolise intlukwano zobuhlanga ngokuzijolisa ngqo kwiintsapho ezisuka kwimimandla ekwimbali ekwahlukaniswe kuyo.
  • Ulwandiso lwezenkcitho lokwandiswa kwe- Amazwe awandisa iMedicaid phantsi koMthetho wokukhathalelwa onokunokufikeleleka abona unciphiso olukhulu kwizithuba zesizwe ezingakhange zikhanyiswe. Umzekelo, eKentucky, umyinge ongabalulekanga wabemi abamnyama wehla ukusuka ku 20% ukuya ku 8% emva kolwandiso.
  • [[NT.:0] Umthetho woTshintsho lweNguqu: Imithetho evaliweyo yokuvala imida, efuna iikhamera zesiqu, nokuseka iibhodi zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kuxhaphakile kakhulu kumazwe anokuphathana ngegunya kwimibutho yesizwe yezobulungisa.

Amaziko alawulayo nawo anendima. Umzekelo, iKhadi ye-California Air Resources ithathe “indawo elungeleleneyo yezixhobo zokuzoba izixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ukunciphisa ungcoliso kweenkqubo kubeka indawo ezihlala abantu abanemibala eninzi.

Iqhinga 5: Uthungelwano loMphathiswa onqumla

Akukho rhulumente unazo zonke izinto okanye ubuchule obufunekayo ukuchitha umahluko okudala. Iinqanawa zomanyano nezingancedi nto, imibutho esekelwe kuluntu, iiyunivesithi, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zabucala ezikhoyo zingandisa impembelelo.

Iimodeli Ezibalulayo

  • Imisebenzi e-' Ebonisa ingeniso: I- I-Strive Togeter uthungelwano luzisa kunye amasithili esikolo, amasebe ezempilo, kunye namaqela angeyongeniso kwingingqi ezininzi ukuphucula iziphumo zabantwana abanombala ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya emsebenzini. Kwi-Concinnati, oku kunciphisa umsantsa wokuphumelela koluvo kunyuso lwesithathu lokufunda ngokweencopho lweshumi leencopho ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu.
  • Ukuphilisana-okanye noomatshini abasebenzisanayo: Iinkqubo ezininzi zeMedicaid ngoku zisebenzisana namagunya ezindlu ukunikezela uncedo lokuqesha kunye neenkonzo ezijikelezileyo kubantu abamibala abangenamakhaya. E-Oregon, umanyano olunjalo lwakhokelela kunciphiso oluma-40% kutyelelo lwamagumbi ongxamiseko phakathi kwabantu abathabatha inxaxheba.
  • Intengiselwano ye-Equaty Coalitions: EAtlanta, umnqongo wabemeli bothutho, amaqela amalungelo abantu, kunye namashishini asekuhlaleni afumana impumelelo kwirhafu yesiqingatha semali ethengiswayo ukuxhasa ulwandiso lwelaphu leseyile kwimimandla ephantsi.

Unxulumano lwamacandelo obuqu lungazisa inkcazo, ubugcisa, kunye nekomkhulu. Noko ke, oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba olu manyano alukuthobeli ukuphendula kukawonke-wonke okanye ukuphazamisa ukungalingani kwamandla okukhoyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Impumelelo Nezifundo Ezifundiweyo

Madison, Wisconsin: Ukuthetha noMagdalene

Emva kophando lwezwelonke olwatyhilwa ukuba abaqhubi abantsundu babenokutsalwa ngokuphindwe kane kunabaqhubi abamhlophe, iSebe lamaMadison lasebenzisa utshintsho olubanzi lokumisa kwezithuthi. Isebe laqalisa ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuchonga iipateni ezibuqhekekileyo, abaphathi abaqeqeshiweyo bekhethe elicacileyo, kwaye basebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yokulumkisa abantu abambalwa abanxaxhaphakileyo. Ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu, umahluko wobuhlanga ekuzibeni uhla nge-35%. Isitshixo saqhubeka sisekungamele ukujongwa kwabemi basekuhlaleni.

IColorado: Ukufumaneka kwempilo okungakumbi

I-Office of Behavioral Health yaseColorado yakhupha “Imali yeHealth Equity” ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu olunombala, oluye lwaxhasa ngenkxaso yenkonzo yempilo yengqondo elungelelanisiweyo ngokwenkcubeko kwi-Denver's Counts Counting short elungele unyango lwendawo entle kunye nololwazi lwenkcubeko kuluntu lwasemaphandleni lwase-Melika. Le nkqubo ikwafuna ukuba bonke abanikezeli benkonzo bafumane uqeqesho lwaminyaka le-inkqulo. Uvavanyo lufumanise ukuba amanani apheleleyo onyango phakathi kwabaxhasi abamnyama anyuka ukusuka ku-55% ukuya ku-78% kwi-78% kwiminyaka emibini.

IKing County, eWashington: Uphuhliso olunokuthelekiswa

IKing County yasebenzisa amandla ayo okulungisa uphuhliso oluthe ngqo "olukwindawo ekufutshane nezitishi ezintsha zomvalo. Abaphuhlisi kufuneka baquke iiyunithi zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kwaye ukhetho lunikwa abemi abafudusiweyo abasuka kwimimandla eguquliweyo yembali. Ilizwe laseka ilizwe loluntu ukuthemba ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali efumaneka ixesha elide. Ukususela ngo-201818, iiyunithi ezingaphezu kwe-1,200 zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka kakuhle zakhiwa kula macandelo, kunye nama-60% alawulwa ziintsapho ezinombala.

Iingxaki Nezinto Ezithintelayo Ukuzalisekisa Imisebenzi

Nakubeni impumelelo ingekafiki, imiqobo ephawulekayo isekho. Abenzi bemithetho nabameli kufuneka banyanisekile ngemiqobo.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuguquka

I-operands ezilungelwayo . "iindawo" ukusuka kubenzi bezakhiwo zomhlaba ukuya kumaqumrhu amapolisa kwiskrini ngokuzenzekelayo ukuchasa utshintsho oluthe ngqo. Kwezinye izixeko, imiyalelo yezindlu ezithengwayo iye yophulwa lucelomngeni olusemthethweni okanye ukutsala. Ukuchasa uwonke wonke nxamnye “nengcamango egxekayo yohlanga” ibangele ingxubusho ephoxekileyo malunga nokwahlukahlukana kobuhlanga ezikolweni. Ukulothusa oku kufuna ulwakhiwo oluqhubekayo nonxibelelwano olucacileyo ngendlela imigaqo elungelelanisa ngayo wonke umntu.

Isantya sobuchule nobuchule obulinganiselweyo

Oomasipala abancinane kunye namaphandle amaninzi adla ngokungabinabasebenzi, izibonelelo zogcino-lwazi, kunye nobuchule bokuyila iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zobuchule. Oorhulumente bangakwazi ukuncedisa ngokunikela uncedo lobugcisa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuzisela. Umzekelo, uManyano lweSizwe lwaseCities lunika “i-Racial Equality ne- Inclusion Silkit” ezinokukwazi ukuqhelanisa needolophu ezincinane.

Imilinganiselo kunye neereyithi zokuphendula

Imigaqo emininzi ayinayo imimiselo ecacileyo, esusiweyo ukwenzela impumelelo. Ngaphandle kokunikela ingxelo rhoqo neziphumo zokusilela ukunciphisa iiyantlukwano, amanyathelo angaphelelwa ngamandla. Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake izalathisi zomsebenzi olinganayo kwiingxelo zonyaka kunye nezabelo zoqingqo-mali zeqhina ukuze baqhubele phambili.

Ingozi Yemiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Imigaqo-nkqubo eyenziwe kakubi ingaba nemiphumo ebuhlungu. Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho olugqithiseleyo lwamapolisa lungakhokelela ekubeni amagosa arhoxe kumsebenzi wamapolisa kwimimandla encinane, nto leyo enokuthi iphakamise umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Utshintsho lweenkqubo ezihamba phambili

Ukuphelisa ngokwenene umahluko wobuhlanga kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka badlulele ngaphaya kweenkqubo zomqhubi kunye neenyathelo ezithatha inyathelo elinye.

  • Ukumisa ama-ofisi omgangatho we-Equaty: Iimeko ezininzi quka iWashington, i-Oregon, neNew Jersey] zimisele ii-ofisi ezinikezelwe ngokusesikweni ezinegunya lokuhlola zonke iibhatethiso kunye nemimiselo yempembelelo yobuhlanga.
  • Ukubhaptiza “Ubulungisa kwiMisebenzi yeFrames: ngokufana no-“Ubomi kuzo Zonke ii-Pricies,” oorhulumente bangafuna ukuba zonke isebe ziqwalasele ukulingana kweentlanga kwiinkqubo zazo ezingundoqo zokwenza izigqibo.
  • Ukungenisa kwiNguqulo zeZicwangciso Ezide: Oku kubandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo ephinda-phindwayo enjengemali enikwa umhlaba yezindlu kwimimandla edityanisiweyo ngaphambili, ukufumaneka kwemali yasekhaya kwimimandla ephantsi efunyenweyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa abaqhubi benqwelo-moya bengeniso kuluntu oluncinane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwakhiwa kweCapa ePhakamisayo: iNgxowa-mali ingafuneka ukuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kokhokelo kumaqela abantu amibala ukuze izigqibo zenkqubo zenziwe ngabo banamava aphilayo.

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha. Iimodeli zokufunda ngomatshini zinokubanceda ekuchongeni iipakethi zomkhethe ekudluliseni inkonzo/* kodwa kuphela ukuba ii-algorithm zenziwe ngolwalathiso loluntu nokubonakala.

Isiphelo: Inyathelo Elibalulekileyo Lokuqhubeka

Ukwahluka kobuhlanga kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke akunakugwetyelwa. Ziziphumo zeenkulungwane zokhetho lwenkqubo, kwaye zingalungiswa ngesenzo sobunyani esisekelwe kumgangatho wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni. Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, uqingqo-mali oluthe tye, ukulungelelanisa, ulungiso-mthetho, kunye nentsebenziswano yeqela locawa lwenza isixhobo esinamandla. Kodwa akukho nanye kwezi ndlela ezakuphumelela ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwezopolitiko, inkxaso eyaneleyo, kunye nozibophotho olungaguquguqukiyo lokufaka amazwi abo bachaphazelekayo kakhulu. Njengoko oorhulumente abaninzi besamkela ezi zinto, ubungqina buyakhula qhambuka, kwaye ke ngoko ke amandla okusetyenziswa kwebutho elifanelekileyo. Umsebenzi kunzima, kodwa ixabiso lokusebenza, kodwa ixabiso elisemagumbini, elilahlekileyo, eliphilileyo, eliphilileyo, eliphilileyo, noluntu oluninzi.