Ukuqonda Ubuhlwempu EIndiya

I-Indiya likhaya labantu abangaphezu ko-1.4 amawaka ezigidi, beyenza ibe yeyona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini. Nangona unyuko lwezoqoqosho lukhawulezileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, ubuhlwempu kunye nengeniso eninzi luhlala lunengxaki ezicinezelayo. Ngokutsho kwe World Bank[, i-Indiya inyuse amakhulu ezigidi kuhlwempuzeko olukhulu ukususela kwiminyaka yowama19, kodwa isantya sokunciphisa siye sancipha kwiminyaka yakutshanje. I-COVIID-19 yezifo ezithengwa yi-ander verneribia, ibuyisela abaninzi kubuhlwempula kwaye inyusa umsantsa wengeniso phakathi kobutyebi namahlwempu.

Urhulumente uphendule ngokudibanisa ii-asethi ezithe ngqo, isiqinisekiso sokusebenza, iinkqubo zokutya, kunye nezicwangciso zokuhlala. Ezi zenzo zijolise ekunikezeleni umnatha wokhuseleko kwezona zisengozini, zikwathetha ngoonobangela abakhuthaza ukungalingani, njengokungafumani imfundo, unyango, kunye nomsebenzi osemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezingundoqo iIndiya eye yamkela, ivavanya ukuphumelela kwayo, kwaye lixubusha indlela engaphambili.

Urhulumente Uthabatha Amanyathelo Okunciphisa Ubuhlwempu

IMahatma Gandhi Imisebenzi yasemaphandleni Iqinisekisa

UMhatma Gandhi National Goulbeal Act iScription Confict (MGNREGA) inye yeenkqubo ezinkulu zokhuseleko loluntu ehlabathini. Iqinisekisa iintsuku ezilikhulu zomsebenzi ongonobuchule nyaka ngamnye kwizindlu zasemaphandleni ezinamalungu akhulileyo akulungeleyo ukwenza umsebenzi kawonke-wonke. Yandululwa ngo-2005, MGNREGA inike ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwizigidi zeentsapho zasemaphandleni, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuphelelwa kobulimi kunye nokungaphili kakuhle kwezoqoqosho.

Inkqubo ifeza iinjongo ezimbini: inika ingeniso kwaye yenza izinto zoluntu ezihlala zihleli ezifana namachibi, iindlela, kunye nemijelo yokunkcenkceshela. Kunyaka wama-2022-23, ngaphezu kweentsapho ezingaphezulu kwe7.7. Iintsapho ezithe gqi zibhalisiwe, kwaye malunga neentsuku zonyaka ezingama-399 zomsebenzi zikhutshiwe. Noko ke, kusekho iingxaki eziseleyo — ukulibazisa kwimivuzo yentlawulo, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokungangeneli komsebenzi okufunekayo kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanciphisa impembelelo yayo. Urhulumente uye wanyusa izalanolwabiwo kunye neenkqubo zokuhlawula ezicwangcisiweyo zokuphucula ukuqaqamba nokusebenza kakuhle.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

IPradhan Mantri Awas Yoyana (PMAY) yaveliswa ngo- 2015 ngenjongo yokunika zonke izixeko kunye namakhaya amahlwempu ngo-2022. Esi sigqibo sinikela uncedo lwemali — ukuya ku - 761.2 lakh kummandla wasemaphandleni kwaye ukunyuka kwe-67kh kwimimandla yasedolophini — ukwenzela ukwakhiwa okanye ukunyuswa kwezindlu.

Kusekuqaleni kowama-2024, urhulumente wanikela ingxelo yokuba izindlu ezingaphezulu kwe-2,5 ezizii-cream zivunyiwe phantsi kwe-PMAY. Esi sigqibo siye saphucula iimeko zokuphila kwezigidi, sinciphisa ukungabi namakhaya kunye nezindlu ezinamatyotyombe. Kodwa, ukufumaneka komhlaba, iindleko zokwakha eziphezulu, kunye nokulibaziseka kwemvume kuyaqhubeka kuthintela ukuphunyezwa okupheleleyo. Urhulumente uye wandisa eli cebo kwaye ngoku ugxininisa ekufakeni izihlangu zezindlu ezikhoyo nokunyamekela iimfuno zamahlwempu asedolophini.

UMthetho woKhuseleko lokuKhuselwa Kwezondlobongela kazwelonke (NFSA)

Umthetho weNational Food Security Act (NFSA), owiswe ngo-2013, ugunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni ukuya ku 75% yabemi basezidolophini kunye nama-50% abantu basedolophini ukufumana ukutya okuncinane okungatyiwayo ngenkqubo ye- PDS . Iintsapho ezivumelekileyo zamkela irayisi nge-1.3 ngekhilogram, ingqolowa ngeqanda, kunye nokutya okurhabaxa kwi-61 yekhilokhi.

Lo mthetho uye waguqula iinguqu ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lokutya kubantu abangaphezu kwama-80 abatyebileyo, ngokuphawulekayo ukuncitshiswa kokungondleki nokulamba. Noko ke, ukuvuza kwi-PDS, ubunjani obungebuhle bengqolowa, kunye neempazamo ezingaphandle kuye kwaqhubeka. Urhulumente uphendule ngokusebenzisa amakhadi okunika amakhadi okulinganisela kunye nokuzalisekisa ukuqinisekiswa okufakwa kwemiqathango. “Uhlanga olunye, ikhadi elinye lokudlala” lodweliso, oluqengqelweyo ngo-2020, luvumela abo bangenele ekufumaneni iimfuno zabo naphi na eIndiya, ukuphucula ukurhoxakeka kwabasebenzi abafudukayo.

Ezinye Iinkqubo Ezingundoqo Zokungqinelana Nendlala

Ngaphaya kwezi zicwangciso zeflegi, urhulumente uqhuba ezinye iinkalo ezijoliswe kuzo:

  • Pradhan Mantri Garib Kayoyan Yoroina (PMGKY): Yipakethe yoncedo ebanzi endululwe ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, inika ukutya okungahlawulelwanga, ukugqithiselwa kwemali kumabhinqa, kunye ne-inshorensi kubasebenzi bezempilo.
  • [[NTL:0] Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISTAN): Isicwangciso sengeniso yokuxhasa inkxaso yemali enika 76,000 ngonyaka kubalimi abancinane nabasemacaleni, ukunceda ukuqinisa ingeniso yasemaphandleni.
  • [[NTL: 0] IDenyaral Antyoda Yoya – National Livallihoughs Mission (Usuku lweNRLM): ikhuthaza ukuziqesha nokuphuhlisa ubuchule phakathi kwamabhinqa amahlwempu asemaphandleni ngokuyila amaqela aluncedo (SHGS).
  • [[NTL: 0] Pradran Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMDY):[[[FT:1] Inkqubo yokufakwa kwemali evulile ii-akhawunti zebhanki ezininzi ezingamashumi amahlanu anesikwere, ngokufuthi ngomlinganiselo wezero, unceda ukugqithisa okuzingeneyo.

Ukuthetha Ngokungalingani

Ukungalingani kwemali efunyenweyo eIndiya bekunyuka ukususela ngo-1990. Ngokwe- Isiseko sogcino-lwazi sehlabathi sobunani, i10% yabavuni ngoku ityala le 55% yengeniso yesizwe, ngelixa umzantsi 50% wabelana kuphela malunga ne15%. Urhulumente uye wasebenzisa umxube wotshintsho lwerhafu, ucwangciso lwentlalo-ntle, kunye neemilinganiselo yokulungelelanisa lo msantsa.

Ukuhlawulwa Kwerhafu Notshintsho Oluqhubekayo

Umthetho werhafu ofunyenweyo [[[FLT: 0] ulungiswe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kwandiswe umthwalo werhafu kubahlawuli abafumana imali eninzi. Kumali-mali ka-2023/24, urhulumente wasungula ulawulo olutsha lwerhafu olunexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokukhululeka okulinganiselweyo, ejolise ekuphuculeni ingeniso yokusetyenziswa kwemali yentlalo. Izijungqelo kunye neebhaso eziphezulu zemali ziqinisekisa ukuba abanikazi bengeniso banegalelo elingakumbi kumntu orhwebileyo.

Noko ke, umlinganiselo werhafu-ku-GDP waseIndiya uhlala usezantsi (malunga ne-11-12%), ukunciphisa isithuba se-fiscal ukwenzela iinkqubo zokuhlaziya ingeniso. Ukuphucula ingqokelela yengeniso, urhulumente uye wandisa umnatha werhafu ngomkhondo wamanani wentengiselwano, iMali kunye neNkonzo ye-ASM), kwaye ulinganisele imilinganiselo yokuthintela imali emnyama. [[FLT:] Ukulunga neNkonzo yeTS (GST) uthathe indawo yemida yerhafu enzima yerhafu engazinzangayo ngo-2017, enenjongo yokudala intengiso kunye nolwando olumanyeneyo, nangona iziphumo zayo ezichaphazelekayo zisel'ukuphikisana.

Ukunikezelwa ngqo (DBT) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali

Uhlaziyo olungundoqo ekulweni kwe-Indiya nokungalinganisi luyi- Isixokelelwano sokufumana inzuzo (DBT). Ngokudibanisa iimali zentlalo-ntle ngqo kwi-Aadhaar-linkned akhawunti zebhanki yokuxhamla, urhulumente unciphise ngokuphawulekayo ukuvuza nokuthunyelelwa kwemali. Phantsi kwe-[FLT: 2] [Mant] [Mantrad] Jan Dhona (PMJY)[FLT:], ngaphezu kwama-50 ebhankini evulekile, enza ukuba kudluliswe ngokukhawuleza ukuxhasa igesi yokupheka (PAL), umenzi wemali, umjikelo wemali, i-mali, i-MGRAN. [FT] [FLT] [FFFLAT] [5], ukunyuswa kwe-202], ukutyhin, ukurhoxa okuthelelwa kwe-2020, kunye nokukhuselwa kothuka.

Intlawulo yamanani kunye neMvumelwano yoManyano-mali (UPUSI) ikwakhulise intsebenziswano yemali, ivumela amakhaya afumana imali ephantsi angene kwimisebenzi yebhanki ngaphandle kwamasebe aphathekayo. Kodwa, ukufunda nokubhala kunye ne-intanethi yemida kuhlala kungumqobo kwabahlwempuzekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Urhulumente uthetha oku nge i-Baratnet[ iprojekthi, ezimisele ukudibanisa zonke iidolophane ngemine epekti ephezulu.

Ubuchule bentlalo nezonyango

Ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwiziphumo zempilo kunye nenkcitho engekhoyo, urhulumente wakhupha i-Ayushman Bharat Pradtari Martri Jan Aroshima (PM-JAY) ngo-2018. Le yinkqubo ye-inshorensi yempilo enkulu ehlabathini, enikezela ngemali ye-65 la kh ngentsapho nganye kwibhedi yesibini ne-tertiary commentation serfection kwi-50 crreareasease. Ngo-2024, ngaphezu kwesihlanu se-crvorences ezingeni lokungena ezibhedlele zagunyazwe phantsi kwe-JY, ngokuphawulekayo inciphisa iindleko zempilo eziyingozi.

Ezinye izicwangciso zobuntlalo-ntle zijolise kwiimbono ezikhethekileyo:

  • Pradhan Mantri Vanduna Yojana (PMMVY): Inika izixhobisi zemali ekukhulelweni nasekuhlawuleni amabhinqa ukuhlawula ilahleko yomvuzo nokukhuthaza ukuzalwa kwamaziko.
  • [[NTL: 0] Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi Yojana: unika iimali-mboleko zokufundisa ngamanani aphantsi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abakwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi bangasukela imfundo ephezulu.
  • INkqubo yeNational Social helper (NSAP): Ibonelela iimpesheni zabalupheleyo, abahlolokazi, kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo abahlala ngaphantsi komgca wobuhlwempu.

Imfundo nophuhliso lobuchule

Ukunciphisa ukungalingani okude-kwexesha elide kufuna utyalo-mali kwikomkhulu loluntu. Urhulumente uye waguqula imfundo esisiseko jikelele phantsi koMthetho wemfundo ( Ilungelo lokuya kwimfundo (RTSTE), 2009, kwaye wandisa ukufikelela ngamacebo afana iMid Isidlo[ kunye [FLT:] ne[FLT] [4] Sarn Shikshan Shibshan. Kumgangatho wesibini nophezulu, [[FLT:] u-Mantala] u-YRAN [ult][FLT][FLD][FLT] [FLT]] unika unxulumano olukhululekileyokumgangatho wemali, olungenisa ixesha eliphantsi kwemali.[FT:]

Uphuhliso lobuchule luyintsika engundoqo. I- Pradan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yoyana (PMKVY) inika iiklasi zoqeqesho olufutshane olunxulumene noshishino lokuqinisekisa. I-Motional Sycrection Development Mission (NTM) ijolise ekuqeqesheni abantu abaqeshwayo abangaphezulu kwama-40 nge-2025. Noko ke, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa komsebenzi nomgangatho wokuqeqesha kuhlala kungucelomngeni; abaphumelele abaninzi abangekangeni amathuba asemthethweni okusebenza. Urhulumente ngoku ubhekisa phambili ekuqeqesheni ubuchule esikolweni kunye nokwenza iindlela zokuqesha.

Ukungalingani Kwamadolophu Nehlelo Elithukelayo

Ukukhawuleza kwe-Indiya ukuhambelana kwedolophu kuye kwadala iindlela ezintsha zokungalingani. Ngelixesha izixeko ezifana neMumbai, iDelhi, neBengaluru zitsala utyalo kunye netalente, abasebenzi abaninzi abangacwangciswanga , abasebenzi, abasebenzi basekhaya, kunye nabathengisa ezitratweni. I-Code kuKhuselwano lweNyunziko, 2020 ikhulula imithetho emininzi kunye nokwandisa abasebenzi basebugcijini, nangona ukwenziwa kwemali kusekho kwi-gzitrafiki. Pradhan Street Gampri’s Atma Nirhar Nidhidhi)[FLt:] ibonelela abasebenzi abancinane abasebenza ezitratweni ukuba bafumane ishishini, kwaye babanceda nokusebenza kwishishini labo.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Umahluko wengingqi kunye neentsika zolawulo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lukumahluko omkhulu kubuhlwempu nokungalingani kwamazwe ase-Indiya. Ngelixesha iimeko ezifana ne-Kerala kunye ne-Tamil Nadu zinenkqubela-phambili ephezulu yoluntu, i-dididicade, i-Bhar, i-Utar Pradesh, kunye ne-Jarkandhand Lick. Urhulumente ucebisa ukufuduswa kwemali kunye namaqhinga axhaswayo axhasayo azama ukuhlangabezana noku, kodwa amandla karhulumente, ulawulo olubuthathaka, kunye nocalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi olusoloko luzithobek'ebucala. UNITIog[[FT:1] uncomela ukuphucula okuzinzo olufanelekileyo kunye nesiphumo esisekelwe ekuphuculweni kwempumelelo.

Ukungaqeshwa Nokungaqeshwanga

Ulwahlulo lwamanani eIndiya oluthi lwahlukane ``Aaaaaselulutsha nolwandileyo lomsebenzi lunokuba yityala ukuba imisebenzi ayidalwanga. Uvavanyo lwe- uPriodic Labour Force Survey (PLLFS) lubonisa ukuba amanani okungasebenzi, ingakumbi phakathi kolutsha (15/1229 yeminyaka), ahlala ephezulu, angaphezulu kakhulu kwe-20%. Urhulumente uye wasungula [[FLT:] Abhirnarbar Bhar[[ [3] [iiindawo ephakathi kweminye i-Ndiya) ibonelela ukunyusa ulwando, kwaye i-MMMMM-ful. [ininzi]

Kodwa, ukuguqukela ekulimeni ukuya kumacandelo aphezulu emveliso enziweyo kunye neenkonzo ebekucotha. Ulwabelo olukhulu lwabenzi lusahlala luhlawula imali ephantsi, imisebenzi engacwangciswanga. Urhulumente utyalelela kwimiqathango yamanani, ubuchule bokuphucula ukuphucula ubuchule boshishino, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kungalingani.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu Nokungalingani

Ukungalingani kwengeniso eIndiya kudibana nodidi lwezigaba kunye nezindlu zamadoda kunye nezicaka. AmaDalit, ama-Adivasi, kunye nezinye iiklasi ze-Freedas (OBC) ajongene nokungalungelelani ngokwembali kwimfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nobunikazi. Urhulumente ugcina imvume yokuvuma iinkqubo (iimpatho) zemfundo, imisebenzi karhulumente, kunye nemithetho yecawa, kodwa impembelelo yabo kwingeniso ixakene. [[FLT: 0]] ukungalingani kwemfundo yemfundo, ukulingana [[FLT:[FF:1] kunye ne-Beto-Beti-Fla] kuthene: ukuthathathiswa kwamabhinqa kuphakathi kwemisebenzi esezantsi ehlabathini, kwaye amabhinqa afumana imali encinane kakhulu kunamadoda. [[FLT] kunye nenkxaso-mthetho yemithetho-yokunyaka-mali yakutshanje, ngexesha elingethuba elikhoyo, ukuzama ukusetyenziswa kwenkxaso-mali esetyenziswa kwenkxaso yentlalo. [[FG.]

Ukuzinziswa Kwemekobume Nezithuthuthu Zemozulu

Ubuhlwempu nokungalingani kudityaniswe ngokuntsonkothileyo nokonakaliswa kwemekobume. Izothutho, izikhukula, kunye nezitshitshisi zichaphazela ngokungalinganiyo abasebenzi basemaphandleni abangamahlwempu nabafumana imali yonke imihla ngemihla. I-National Action Planting on Climate Change (NAPCCC)[FL:1] ibandakanya imisebenzi enxulumene namandla elanga, ezolimo ezixhasekileyo, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi, kodwa ukunyusa ugcino lwemozulu yobuhlwempu lulucelomngeni olukhulu. Prathri Sinchaeee Yogata (MKSY])[FLT] ibandakanya iinjongo zokwandisa ukutshinisela nokuhlisa ii-aktronea. [FLT]

Iindlela Zomgaqo-nkqubo Zexesha Elizayo

Iingcali zithi iIndiya ifanele inikele ingqalelo kwiinto eziliqela ezibalulekileyo:

  • Ukhuseleko olungahambelaniyo lwentlalo: Ukusuka kujoliswe kuko jikelele ukuya kumacebo okunciphisa iimpazamo zokwahlulwa kunye nendleko zolawulo.
  • Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezikumgangatho: ukunyusela kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nocoselelo lweendawo ukucombulula iingcambu zokungalingani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Irhafu eqhubekekayo kunye nobutyebi: ukwandisa isiseko serhafu kunye nokungenisa irhafu kubutyebi benethina okanye ilifa, njengoko kucetyiswa yi IMF.
  • Ukwenziwa kwezoqoqosho: ukukhuthaza umsebenzi osemthethweni wecandelo ngokusebenzisa utshintsho lomthetho wemisebenzi kunye nonyuko lokhuseleko lwentlalo.
  • Ulawulo lwe-Degital ulawulo:[[FT:1] ubugcisa bokujolisa ixhoba elingcono, ukujongwa, kunye nezikhalazo.

Isiphelo

Imigudu yaseIndiya yokuphelisa ubuhlwempu nokungalingani kwengeniso iphakamile kwaye iphithene. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-MGNREGA, PMAY, kunye ne-NFSA ziye zanika iingenelo ezibonakalayo kumakhulu ezigidi, ngoxa ukuthunyelwa ngqo nokufakwa kwemali kungenelele ukuvuza nokuphuculwa kwempumelelo. Kodwa, izithuba ezithe chathayo zishiyekile, ukungaqeshwa okuqhubekayo, ukungaqeshwa, ukwahlukani kwemimandla, kunye nocalucalucalulo lwemiqathango ziyaqhubeka zimisela iziphumo zokutshintsha kwesenzo sikarhulumente.

Ukuhambela phambili, impumelelo yezi zindululo iyakuxhomekeka kukuthanda okuxhaswe kwezobupolitika, ukuxhasa imali, kunye nokuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kumgangatho wengca. Urhulumente waseIndiya ubhekisa phambili kwinkqubo esekelwe kubungqina, kwimiqathango yemibutho, kunye nonxulumano noorhulumente. Ngelixesha ucelomngeni lunzima, iinkalo zokufumana ulwando oluthe vetshe ukuba ilizwe linokugcina ulungiso lwalo lwenguquko kwaye libeka imilinganiselo yalo ephantsi kakhulu. Njengokuba ulawulo-demokhrasi olukhulu lwehlabathi, amava eIndiya anika izifundo ezixabisekileyo zokulwa noqoqosho olusakhelekayo olufuna ukuphuhliswa okungalinganiyo.