Ukubaluleka Kokushukuma Kwezimvo Kwengqungquthela

Iirekhodi zokuva zengqungquthela kunye neengxelo ezinxulumeneyo zinikela iwindow engenakuthelekiswa nanto ekwenzeni imithetho yaseMerika. Zigcina amagama achanileyo abenzi bomthetho, amangqina, neengcaphephe njengoko bephikisana, behlola, belungisa inkqubo yokuma. Kubafundi, ootitshala, iintatheli, kunye nabemi ababophelelekileyo, la maxwebhu aguqula iinkqubo zemithetho-siseko zenkqubo ekhoyo yehlabathi ukuba zibe ngqiqweni, iingxelo zeli hlabathi. Kodwa ukuhambisa umthamo opheleleyo weekomiti, ukuva, kunye nemicimbi esemgangathweni kusenokuba yinto enzima ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo.

Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo lunikela ulwakhiwo olucokisekileyo lokufumana, ukutolika, nokuhlalutya iirekhodi zengqungquthela. Ngokuwazi kakuhle lo mthombo, ufumana ulwazi olucacileyo kwimithombo engundoqo ekhanyisa indlela ecetywa ngayo, impikiswano, ukugqithiswa okanye ukoyiswa kwendlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo phezu kwesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukuqonda Iingxelo Zengqungquthela: Umsebenzi Obalulekileyo

Iingxelo zeCongress azikho zindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zoxwebhu, nganye iphumeza injongo eyahlukileyo. Ukubona le ngxaki kubalulekile ukuze kwenziwe uphando.

Iintlobo Zoxwebhu Lwekhori

  • Ukuva amabinzana: Verbatin okanye kufuphi neengxelo zekomiti kunye neekomiti zokuva. Ziquka ubungqina bomlomo, iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezinikelwa ngamangqina, kunye neentexwano phakathi kwamalungu eBhunga kunye namangqina. Iinkcazelo eziguqulelweyo zidla ngokupapashwa iiveki okanye iinyanga emva kokuchongwa.
  • Iingxelo zeCommittee: amaxwebhu asesikweni akhankanyiweyo achazwe ngaphandle kwekomiti. Achaza injongo yemali, ukushwankathelwa kwetyala, ukuchongwa nokuchongwa, kwaye aquka iimbono ezincinane okanye ezongezelelweyo. Iingxelo zekomiti zijongene nolwazi lwenjongo yomthetho.
  • ICongregational Record (CR): Ingxelo yemihla ngemihla yengxoxo kunye neengxoxo kwimigangatho yendlu nendlu yendlu. Iquka iintetho, iivoti ezingqukuva, kunye nolwandiso lweentetho. ICR ayiyo translayd yokuva; igubungela umsebenzi womgangatho kuphela.
  • Amaxwebhu endlu kunye nendlu yendlu yemathiriyeli: Ludidi olubanzi oluquka imiyalezo yomongameli, iingxelo ezivela kumaqumrhu aphetheyo, kunye nezinye iingxoxo kwiBhunga. Ezi zisoloko zinika ugcino-lwazi olungasemva okanye ulungiso lwenkqubo.
  • I- Ucwangciso:[ Ingqokelela eqingqiweyo yamaxwebhu neengxelo ezipapashwe yiKhonklane ukususela ngowe-1817. Iquka iingxelo zeekomiti, iingxelo zesebe eliphetheyo nezinye iimpapasho. I-Srial Set ibaluleke kakhulu kuphando lwembali.

Ukwahlula Phakathi Kweendlebe Neengxoxo Zeenqanawa

Incam eqhelekileyo yokudideka ngumahluko phakathi kwekomiti ephulaphulayo kunye nengxoxo yomgangatho kwingxelo yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtshona Koloni. Iindlebe ziphengulula kwaye zifumane inyani; zikwikomiti kwaye zibandakanya amangqina. Iingxoxo zeqela zilapho amalungu axhasa okanye achasene nengxelo yovoti. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa zisebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko. Uphando lwenkqubo, ukuva intetho kunika ingxubusho enzulu kakhulu, ngelixa iCR ibonisa icebo lokugqibela lezobupolitika.

Ukufumana Iingxelo Zeengqungquthela: Iingxelo Ezibalulekileyo Zeziqhagamsheli

Ngoku ii-website ezizimeleyo zinika iingxelo zentlanganiso zanamhlanje ngesisa, ezibanzi. Amaxwebhu embali akudala asenokufuna amanyathelo angakumbi, kodwa amanani aqokelelwayo ayaqhubeka anda.

Izindululo zikarhulumente Okuqala

  • . .gov: Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni yolwazi lwemithetho ye-U.S. ilondolozwe yiThala leencwadi leMicimbi, inikezela unikezelo lombhalo opheleleyo kwityala, imithetho, ukuva iiregilasi (ukusuka kwiNgqungquthela ye 104, 1995-19996, phambili), iingxelo zekomiti, kunye noxwebhu Le Reconoral [. Iimpawu zokukhangela eziqhubela phambili zivumela ukuhlaziywa kwemi, umhla, inani, kunye nohlobo loxwebhu.
  • [[NTLT:0] IGovInfo:[[FLT :3] Inkonzo ye ofisi yoPhuliso yoRhulumente (GPO). Inika ingqokelela epheleleyo yeempapasho ezisemthethweni ukusuka kuwo onke amasebe amathathu karhulumente. Kwingxelo zengqungquthela, ungakhangela iCultion Record[ [ukususela ngo1994], ukuva iirekhodi (imihla ehlukeneyo), iingxelo zekomiti, kunye neSiles Set (ethefihlo lukhulu). Indawo ixhasa isambu sokukhuphela ulwazi kunye nokukhangela okuninzi.
  • [FLT] Ithala leNgqungquthela-- zincwadi-ingqungquthela---Congregational Recongress : Ithala lencwadi linikezela ngengqokelela ekhethekileyo yamanani, iquka [ Ingxelo yeCurtgaster [] kunye nabanduleli balo ukususela ngo17. Ezinye iindlebe zembali zikhona ngeprojekthi yeMelika yenkumbulo, nangona intebo ingalingani phambi konyaka wokwenziwa kwemivo.

Ukusebenzisa Iimpawu Zophendlo Ngokunempumelelo

Ukuze uphephe ukutyhafiswa yiziphumo, sebenzisa la maqhinga okukhangela:

  • Sebenzisa amagama ayintloko akhethekileyo namabinzana. dibanisa amagama amaninzi kwiingcaphulo, umz. "ukwenza itsheyina eligobileyo" okanye "indawo yobuqu bedibene" dibanisa namagama acacileyo okuva njenge "tentimony," "ingqina," okanye "ukuphulaphula phambi kwe"
  • IsiHluzi ngenani nomhla. Ingqungquthela nganye iqhuba iminyaka emibini (umz., 117th Congress: 2021-20222). Ukunyibilikisa kwiNgqungquthela ethile iphelisa iirekhodi ezindala ezingancediyo.
  • I-Lit ngekomiti. Ukuba uyazi ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti ebamba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala (umz., iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kwiMali, iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNkosi), sebenzisa elo cebo. Amagama eKomiti ayatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngoko kusenokufuneka uphengulule intlobo ezininzi.
  • Ukukhangela phakathi kwemixholo yokuva. Iziqu zokuva zisoloko ziquka isihloko negama lekomiti engaphantsi. Sebenzisa inxalenye yesihloko ukufumana uva okuthe ngqo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa ulwakhiwo lophendlo oluphambili. Kwingqungquthela.gov, ungadibanisa iindawo ezifana [[FLT: 0].

Ukufikelela kwiiNtengo zangaphambi konyaka-1999

Ngaphambi kowe - 1995, iintetho ezininzi ezivakalayo azizange zibhalwe ngomvo. Ukuze ufumane iirekhodi ezindala, kusenokufuneka usebenzise:

  • iProQuest Congress (isiseko sedata esingaphantsi kombhalo, esisoloko sifumaneka kumathala eencwadi aseyunivesithi) – inika ukuvakala okubanzi okususela ngo1824 kuse phambili.
  • Hein Online – enye inkonzo yomrhumo kunye nengqokelela yamaxwebhu e-U.S. equka ukuva kunye noshicilelo lwekomiti.
  • Icandelo logcino-zincwadi olunolawulo – amathala eencwadi amaninzi agcina iikopi eziphathekayo okanye imicrofiche yendlebe ezindala. Sebenzisa i Iqela lencwadi leGPO [ ukufumana iilayibrari kufutshane nawe.

Ukutolika Utyikityo Lombhalo: Isikhokelo Senyathelo Ngendlela

Irekhodi ezivakalayo zinokuba buxinzelele, zisebenzise amakhulu amaphepha. Sebenzisa le ndlela ecwangcisiweyo ukukhupha inkcazelo engundoqo kakuhle.

Ngaphambi Kokufunda: Chaza Imeko

  • Qaphela igama lekontimenti, inani lengqungquthela, nomhla. Oku kulawula umongo wezopolitiko nembali.
  • Funda [[UMTL: 0] isihloko sokuva kunye umba womsebenzi wenjongo . Isitulo sidla ngokuvula ngengxelo echaza isizathu sokuba ukuva kubizwe.
  • Hlola uluhlu lwamangqina. Ngubani owangqina? Amagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemfundo, abameli bamashishini, okanye abaxhasi? Amalungu abo ajongene nocalulo.
  • Khangela [[Umthetho: 0] iingxelo ezibhaliweyo. Amangqina amaninzi anikezela ubungqina obubhaliweyo obuneenkcukacha ezininzi kuneentetho zawo ezibhaliweyo.

Ebudeni Bokufunda: Jolisa Kwisakhiwo

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iingxelo ezivulayo:[ amalungu eKomiti kunye nesitulo zisoloko zisebenzisa ezi mbono zazo ukuchaza iimbono zazo. Ezi mpawu zinika umqondiso wokwahlula ngokwezobupolitika okanye ukuvumelana.
  • ubungqina bamaNgqina:[ iintetho zilandelwa yimibuzo evela kumalungu. Gxinik ’ iliso kwintelekelelo, i-data, kunye neempikiswano. Jonga iimpendulo ngqo nxamnye neempendulo ezibalekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano nempendulo (Q&A) itshintshisana: Ezi zityhila eyona ngxaki. Amalungu angacela amangqina okanye abuze imibuzo ecacisayo. Ifilimu ibonisa apho ukungavisisani kwenkqubo kuxokeleleka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Incoko yeqela: Ukuba amangqina amaninzi avela kunye, phawula indlela adibana ngayo. Ngamanye amaxesha ukungavisisani phakathi kwamangqina kufundisa kakhulu kunamazwi awo alungisiweyo.

Ukukhupha Ubungqina Bophando

  • Sebenzisa [[UMTL: 0] iinkcazelo okanye izifushaniso ezinikezelwe kwisihloko se transcription. Ezinye iikomiti ziquka isishwankathelo esifutshane seengongoma ezingundoqo zokuva.
  • Iingxelo ezithathelwe isalathisi esiphakathi ne iingxelo zemali ezikhutshwe emva kokuchongwa. Iingxelo zisoloko zicaphula ubungqina kwaye zichaza indlela eziphembelela ngayo amalungiselelo emali.
  • Amanani akhethekileyo ephepha okanye imigca xa ucaphula. Iintetho ezivakalayo zicaciswe; sebenzisa ifomati (Indlebe 117-123, iphepha 45-48).
  • Ukukhangela [[UMTL:0] izinto ezidityanisiweyo kwimpempe: iitshati, oonobumba, okanye uhlalutyo lwabasebenzi olongezelela ingxelo yomlomo.

Izabelo Zophando Oluqhubela Phambili Zobafundisi Nabafundi

Iingxelo zeKhonkcothare zininzi kakhulu kwimithombo yezabelo zaseklasini, amaphepha eentetho, kunye nohlalutyo lwenkqubo. Ezi ndlela zikunceda ukuba udlulele ngaphaya kokufunda umgangatho ophezulu.

Ukwakha Imbali Elandelayo

Landela iceba lomthetho ukusuka kwisiqalo ukuya kumthetho (okanye ukoyiswa). Latha ukuva okubanjelwe kwityala, wandule ufunde ingxelo yekomiti, emva koko hlolisisa ingxoxo yomgangatho kwi Ncwadi yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtshona Koloni. Olu landelelwano lubonisa indlela iimpikiswano eziguquka ngayo nendlela eziye zaxoxwa ngayo kwezobupolitika.

Ukuthelekisa Ubungqina BamaNgqina Ekuhambeni Kwexesha

Ukuba uphanda inkqubo ephindaphindwayo (umz., ukuvalwa kogcino-lwazi, utshintsho lonyango, ukutshintsha kwemozulu), thelekisa ukuva kwiiBhunga ezahlukeneyo. Phawula indlela igosa elinye okanye ingcaphephe elingumbutho eliguqula ngayo ubungqina bayo njengoko iinguqu zemeko-bume yezobupolitika. Le ndlela yobude bolwazi ityhila ukutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala kunye nobungqina obutsha.

Ukusebenzisa Imibhalo Edluliselwe Ukuva Ukulungiselela Ingxoxo

ICandelo leModel UN elithabatha inxaxheba lingasebenzisa iitranscripts ukulungiselela iingxoxo ezisengqiqweni. Chaza iingongoma ezona zinamandla ezenziwe ngamacala ngamacala ngexesha lokuva kokwenyaniso, uze uzilungelelanise nemfaniso yakho. Oku kubangela ukuba uthethe ngentetho yowiso-mthetho yokwenene.

Ukufundisa Ngeendlela Ezisisiseko

Ootitshala banokunika abafundi izicatshulwa ezithile ezingqalileyo zokuva. Bacele abafundi ukuba bachaze oko kuthethwa ngako, ubungqina obuxhasayo, kunye nazo naziphi na iindlela zokuphendula ezisetyenziswa ngamangqina okanye amalungu. Thelekisa indlela evakala ngayo iintetho zokuvula kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo ukuze babonise i-arhente echaza iintetho.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokuziphepha

  • [[UMTL: 0] Iirekhodi ezivakalayo zichane ngokupheleleyo: Ngelixesha abacandi bebhala iingxelo zeligama besenza iingxelo, iimpazamo ezincinci okanye iintsilelo. Ukuba ucaphulo lubonakala lugqibeke kakhulu okanye lubotshwe kakhulu, thelekisa nevidiyo erekhodiweyo ukuba ikhona (C- SSPA iindlebe ezininzi).
  • Iphosa inkqubo yophawu: Iintetho ezivakalayo ezivakalayo zibonisa iintetho zomlomo, kodwa irejista yona ngokwayo ingahlaziywa kwiintlanganiso zekomiti zokunyusa ixabiso. Iingxelo zekomiti zinika imbali yokunyusa, kodwa iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo zophawulo azifumaneki kakhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimbono zamaqela amancinane: iingxelo zeKomiti ziyafuneka ukuquka iimbono ezincinci okanye eziphikisayo. Ezi zisoloko zifumaneka ekupheleni kwengxelo kwaye zinokubaluleka njengempikiswano enkulu.
  • Inikezela kuphela imvelaphi enye: Ixhomekeke kuphela kwiirekhodi zokuva kwaye ungaphoswa ngumongo womthetho obanzi. Hlanganisa neengxelo, Ingxelo yokwalatha [, kwaye uhlalutyo olusuka kumatanki okanye amathambeka eendaba ahloniphekileyo.

Izixhobo zamanani kunye neempawu zofikelelo

Iindawo ezisetyenziswa ngamanani zale mihla ziquka izixhobo ezikwenza lula uphando:

  • Umbhalo- oza- ku- khuphela kunye neenketho zokukhuphela: GovInfo ne Congress.gov ikuvumela ukuba ukhuphele ii PDF okanye i XML ye transcripts. Ezinye iinkonzo zinika iifayile zesandi zokuva (hayi irekhodiyo) ukusuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
  • Ukukhangela kuxwebhu olunye: Xa uvula i PDF yokuva, sebenzisa Ctrl+F (Cmd+F ku Mac) ukukhangela amagama, amagama, okanye izivakalisi kuloo xwebhu.
  • unikezelo: kwiiprojekthi zophando oluphambili, iKhonklare.gov ne GovInfo zinika i AP Is (ucwangciso lwemidibaniso yenkqubo) kwinkqubo yokufumana kwakhona imetadata kunye nombhalo opheleleyo. Oku kuluncedo kwimigodi yombhalo okanye kwisiseko solwakhiwo lwemida.
  • Iqela lolwandiso kunye neencwadi ezincinci: Izixhobo ezinjenge Zotero okanye i End Note zingathatha ulwazi lokufaka kumanxuwa karhulumente ngqo.

Imeko Engokwembali: Indaleko Yokubonisana Kweecawa

Ukuqonda imbali yeengxelo zombutho kunceda abaphengululi bakuqonde oko kukhoyo ngexesha elahlukileyo.

  • 1789-1873: I- Intenala zeNgqungquthela [[789-1824]), Ubhaliso lwempikiswano [[FLT:] (185] [185] [185] [183]), kunye Conaltic Globe [[[FLT:] [187] [183] [1, isebenza njengabanduleli be [iiinani elipheleleyo]. Ezi zikhona kwithala lencwadi yeMemo yeMemorial.
  • 1873-spresentet:[ Ingxelo yeNkqutyana yaba ngulindixesha osemthethweni. Imiqulu yangaphambili ayinankcukacha zininzi kuneyeyangoku; amalungu angahlaziya kwaye adlulisele iintetho, maxa wambi afake iintetho ezingazange zinikezelwe.
  • [1970s/presenters: Ukufumaneka kwentetho evakalayo kwanda ngokuphawulekayo emva koMthetho wokuququzelela iNqaku-mthetho ka 1970. Inkcazo kamabonwakude idlula kwi-C-SPAN (ekuqaleni kowe-1979) yandisa uphando lukawonke-wonke, kwaye uxinzelelo lokubonakala ngaphaya kosasazo olubanzi lwe-SC.
  • 10-109s-presenters:[ Imigudu yodityaniso ngu GPO kunye neThala leencwadi le Congress zenza iirekhodi zifikeleleke ngokukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi. Noko ke, asingawo onke amaxwebhu onyaka ka-1990 avavanywayo; amanye akhona njengemipu eshicilelweyo okanye imicrofiche.

Ukuze uphande ngenkulungwane yama - 20 nangaphambilana, kusenokufuneka uxhomekeke kwiincwadi zomrhumo okanye kwimibutho emincinane kumathala eencwadi aphambili ophando.

Ukusetyenziswa Okusebenzisekayo Kweprojekthi Yophando

Ukukunceda uqalise, nanku uthutho lomsebenzi ngenyathelo leprojekthi yophando oluqhelekileyo usebenzisa iirekhodi zombutho:

  1. Phengulula umzekelo wakho wophando. Umzekelo: “Ingqungquthela yawathetha njani amaxhala ngemithetho-siseko ngexesha leBhunga le-117?”
  2. [[UMTL: 0] umisela iikomiti ezifanelekileyo. Kule meko: Indlu Amandla norhwebo, iCandelo lorhwebo, okanye iNdlu yendlu (iikomiti ezisezantsi).
  3. Ingqungquthela yokukhangela.gov isebenzisa amagama ayintloko "umkhethe" okanye“ ubukrelekrele obuzenzekelayo” idityaniswe ne-“ukuva.". Isihluzi sidityaniswe yikomiti kunye noluhlu lomhla (201-20222).
  4. [[UMTL: 0] khuphela ngaphandle i PDF (s) ezivayo – ngokufuthi umntu ovayo unokuba wanele; kungenjalo, yenza uluhlu lokuva.
  5. [[UMTL:0] Funda uluhlu lwamangqina kunye neengxelo zokuqala – oku kukuxelela ukufushanisa kwezobupolitika.
  6. Ubungqina obungagqibekanga beengongoma ezingundoqo - iphetshana lawaphi amangqina ancinwa kakhulu. Sebenzisa umsebenzi wokukhangela ngaphakathi kwe PDF kumagama afana "bias" okanye“ ubukhali."
  7. Phelisa ingxelo ye komiti nakweyiphina ityala eliphumele. Jonga indlela le ngxelo ebandakanya ngayo izinto ezifunyenweyo zokuva. Jonga iimboniselo ezincinane.
  8. [[UMTL: 0] Jonga ushicilelo loMkhosi kwingxoxo yomgangatho kwiphepha. Qaphela naziphi na iimbekiselo emva kwindlebe.
  9. [[UMTL:0] ububanzi beziphumo zakho – bhala uhlaziyo oludibanisa ubungqina bokuva kwisiphumo sokugqibela somthetho-siseko (okanye ukunqongophala).

Ukusetyenziswa kweZibonelelo zoMbutho

Njengayo nayiphi na imvelaphi ephambili, sebenzisa iingxelo ezibhalwe ngabaphengululi:

  • Musa ukucaphula i-cherry- pick ngaphandle komongo. Qonda umgca obanzi wombuzo phambi kokucaphula umba wobungqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iingxelo ze-Actribute ngokuchanekileyo - - ichaza ukuba liliphi ilungu okanye lingqina elithetha ntoni, kwaye ngakweliphi iphepha.
  • Ukwamkelwa komda - irekhodi ayithimba ulwimi lomzimba, isandi, okanye i-oyile- projekti. Ziyirekhodi yombhalo, ayiyondlela epheleleyo yokuva.
  • chaza phakathi kwento noluvo – amangqina anganikela ugcino-lwazi, kodwa amalungu angenza neemfuno ezifuna impendulo.

Isiphumo: Uphando ngeMaxwebhu eBhunga

Ukwenziwa kwe CD nemifanekiso ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo engqukuva nerekhodi zibubuchule obuphucula inkqubela yenkqubo yobugcisa. Ngokuqonda uxwebhu, ukuxhobisa iindidi ezifanelekileyo zemiboniso yamanani, nokusebenzisa iindlela zokufunda ezicwangcisiweyo, ungavula isiseko esityebileyo somthombo wesiseko. Ukuba ungumfundi obhala iphepha legama, umfundisi- ntsapho oyila isifundo sezenkqubo yezentlalo, okanye ubuchule bokulandelela, ezi ngxelo zinikela ubungqina obusemthethweni, obuzizodwa benkqubo yemithetho esebenzayo.

Qalisa ngombuzo wophando olucacileyo, sebenzisa izixhobo ezichazwe apha, kwaye ujonge ukuva ngako njengencoko phakathi kwabachasi-mgaqo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uza kuphuhlisa ubuchule bokuqwalasela ukuthembeka kwamangqina ngokukhawuleza, uchaze iimpikiswano ezingundoqo, udibanise ubungqina ngabanye kwiingxoxo ezibanzi zenkqubo. Umgudu owenziwe ekulawuleni ezi ngxelo unika iingenelo ngokunzulu, ngokucace ngakumbi ngendlela oyiqonda ngayo indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo ngokunempumelelo.