Ukudibana Kwemigaqo Esesikweni Nolawulo Kwimisebenzi Karhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo kumsebenzi karhulumente lusekelwe kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuthembana kwabantu, nokuziphendulela koorhulumente. Njengoko amaqumrhu karhulumente eqhubeka esingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo-ntle, ngokusuka kwinkqubo yemozulu ukuya kwinkcubeko yezobugcisa. Imfuneko yemilinganiselo eqinileyo yokuziphatha kunye nenkqubo yolawulo olunempumelelo ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo kunye nolawulo oluphaphileyo, amaziko kawonke-wonke abeka engozini yokuphulukana nobulungisa, enza ukuba kubekho ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokuwohloka kwentembelo yabemi.

Ukuqonda Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kurhulumente

Imigaqo yokuziphatha kurhulumente ibhekisela kwimigaqo, imilinganiselo, nemilinganiselo ekhokela ihambo yamagosa karhulumente, abameli, kunye namaziko abawasebenzisayo. Le migaqo yemigaqo yokuziphatha yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana noko kulindelwe ngabemi kwaye zixhasa umdla woluntu. Imithetho yokuziphatha ingaphaya kokuthotyelwa nje okusemthethweni; ithetha ngeembopheleleko zokuziphatha ezinjengobulungisa, ukunyaniseka, nokusetyenziswa kwegunya okunenkathalo.

Imigaqo Esisiseko

Imigaqo emininzi esisiseko yeyona nto isisiseko somgaqo karhulumente:

  • [[UMTL:0] Amagosa kawonke-wonke kufuneka enze ngokunyaniseka, aphephe ungquzulwano lomdla, kwaye aphakamise umthetho kuzo zonke iimeko.
  • Imisebenzi kaRhulumente kufuneka ivuleke kuphando lukawonke-wonke, incede abemi baqonde izigqibo baze bagcine amagosa etyala.
  • Uxanduva lwemali: Amagosa kufuneka aphendule ngezenzo nezigqibo zawo, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi zangaphandle.
  • Ubunjani bokuziphatha: Iintsebenziswano nokugcinwa kwamandla kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kocalucalulo okanye ucalulo.
  • Inqanawa ehamba phambili: ubuncwane boluntu buphathiswe amagosa, amele azilawule ngokunenkathalo kwaye ukwenzela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa iziphumo xa le migaqo ityeshelwa. Imposiso yeDome ka1920, umzekelo, ibandakanya ukunyoba nokuncitshiswa kwe-oyile yengingqi yengingqi, ichaza imfuneko yemfazwe-yomsebenzi wemithetho. Kutshanje, imposiso yeBridge [[ eNew Jersey ibonise indlela enokuthi ngayo i-political vendetas zithintele intlalo kawonke-wonke xa ii-wadi ezimeleyo zibuthathaka.

Indaleko yemithetho esesikweni kaRhulumente

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha karhulumente yale mihla iguqukile ngomthetho kunye notshintsho lwamaqumrhu. Imithetho yomthetho kaRhulumente ka 1978 eUnited States yamisa i-Ofisi yemithetho yoRhulumente (OGE) kwaye yabeka iimfuno zemali kumagosa aphezulu. Amaqumrhu afanayo akwidemo-lawulo-lwazi oluphezulu, njengaye- Commission Against Urraction (ICOC) eHong Kong kunye [[FLT: 4.] iCommettee kwiMigangatho yobomi yoluntu[FLT] kwi-URGOM[FG:5] eUnited Kingdom. Ezi zinjongo yokuziphatha nomgangatho wobugcum

Indima Yolawulo Kurhulumente

Ukulawula kubhekisela kwinkqubo, iinkqubo, namaziko ajonga izenzo zikarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukujonga okunempumelelo kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukufumanisa ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle, nokukhuthaza ukuthenjwa kwabantu. Iinkqubo zokulawula zinokuba ngaphakathi (ngamaziko angaphakathi), ngaphandle (ngemibutho yezemithetho okanye yezomthetho), okanye ngokuzimeleyo.

Iindidi Zolawulo

  • [[NTLALA: 0] Ukulawula okuthe ngqo: iikomiti zePalamente zohlolo lwezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, ukuva, nokufuna ukuphendula. Umzekelo, iKomiti ye-U.S. ejongene noKhuselo lweHomeland neMicimbi yoRhulumente iphengulula imisebenzi yequmrhu lorhulumente kwaye incomela utshintsho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukulawula okuqulethweyo: Iinkundla zingabuhlola ubunyani bezenzo zikarhulumente, ukubetha imithetho okanye imiyalelo yegunya echasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye amalungiselelo omthetho. Iimeko zophawulo lelizwe njenge burybury v. Madison [1803]) isiseko socalulo eUnited States.
  • Imisebenzi ezimeleyo: AmaBhodi anjenge U.S. Office yobuNikaliso yoRhulumente (GAO) kunye i-ofisi yeNkangeleko ye-Empera-mbuso (OIG) uphicotho kunye nophando lweenkqubo zezwelonke, ikhupha iingxelo ezichaza inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza.
  • [ Ukulawula okungaphezulu: Abami, amajelo eendaba, kunye nemibutho yoluntu idlala indima ebalulekileyo yokugada i-'FLT':2] Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA) izicelo, i-jenali ye-Akhawunti, kunye namaphulo okuhlola.

Ulawulo ngalunye lunamandla nolulinganiselweyo. Ulawulo lomthetho lungabekwa phantsi; ulawulo lwezahlulelo luyasabela; amaziko azimeleyo asenokungabi namandla okuqinisekisa ukuba kukho unyanzelo. Indlela esetyenziswayo iyimfuneko ukuze kuphendulwe uxanduva olubanzi.

Amatyeli Embali Aya Kulawula

Utshintsho olukhulu kulawulo ludla ngokulandela uvavanyo. intetho ye-Iran-Kontra] kuma- 1980, ibandakanya ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali kubavukeli baseContra, ibhexeshe izithuba kulawulo lobuntlola bemisebenzi yobuntlola. Oku kwakhokelela ekumisweni kwe Intellignce Overstboards [[[FLT:]] kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zokunika ingxelo yezixhobo zezixhobo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] 22008] amanqam emali akhuthaza ukudalwa kweB [FLT] ngaphaya kweB [FLT] [FFFF] [FLT] [FFF]] [FFFLT] [F]]

Iingxaki Kwimilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nolawulo

Nangona kubalulekile ukuba nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokuvelela, iingxaki eziphawulekayo zinokuzenza zibe buthathaka, zininzi yaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngabenzi bemithetho, abasebenzi basekuhlaleni nabantu.

Impembelelo Yeepolitiki Nokudibana Kwazo

Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zangaphandle zingalalanisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nokuzimela geqe. Amagosa ajongelwe phantsi anganyanzela abameli ukuba bayityeshele imithetho okanye baziphindezelele kubavuli-mlozi. Umzekelo, ukuhlaselwa koongingqi abaninzi abanjengele ngumphathi weTrump ngowama-202020 uxakeko malunga nokugxambukela kwezopolitiko kwimisebenzi yobuphathi. Xa amaqumrhu ajongelene nezopolitiko kunokuba asebenzele kwiingcali zemisebenzi, amandla awo okwenza ngokungakhethi buso ayancipha.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna inkxaso eyaneleyo, abasebenzi abanobuchule, kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa. Sekunjalo abameli abaninzi bajongene nokungafezeki. GAO ibone uqingqo-mali lwayo luncitshiswa ngokwenyani kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, umlinganiselo olinganiselweyo wokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zokuqeqesha imigaqo zisoloko ziphantsi kwenjongo, zishiya amagosa engakulungelanga ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezintlukwano ngokwemilinganiselo engundoqo.

Ukuchasa Ukubonisa ngaphaya

Amanye amagosa karhulumente akalufuni ukhupho oluphandle lolwazi, akhankanya ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko, okanye ubuchule. Xa kukho inkxalabo elungileyo, ukufihla okugqithisileyo kunokukhusela ukuziphatha okubi. [[FLT: 0] Izityhilo zeSnowden [ ngo-2013] zibhenca iinkqubo zokuhlola ezisasazekileyo ezingekho kukhathalelo lukawonke-wonke, ziqalisa ingxoxo yomhlaba wonke yokulungelelanisa phakathi kokhuseleko nokukhanya. Imithetho ecacileyo yokukhutshwa komgangatho nokufikelela kwabantu iyimfuneko ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Uqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo nokudibana

Imisebenzi karhulumente wale mihla iya intsonkotha, ibandakanya intsebenziswano ezinqamlezayo, iintkompathi zecawa zabucala, kunye namaqabane azwenibanzi. Oku kuntsonkotha kwenza kube nzima nakweliphi na iqumrhu longameli elinye ukulandelela yonke imisebenzi. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokuzikhusela ukwenzela ukukhusela okanye iprojekthi ezibandakanya amakhulukhulu oonontlalo-ntle, ukwenza amathuba okuqhatha okungalandeli okuthi jinga ii-jiko zesithethe. Imigaqo-siseko kufuneka ilungelelanise izakhiwo zolawulo ezinxulumene.

Uhlolisiso Lwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nolawulo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kusinika ingqiqo ecacileyo ngokuhambelana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nolawulo kurhulumente. Olu hlolisiso lubalaselisa impumelelo nokusilela kokugcina imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokubonisa imiphumo yokungahoyi.

Umthunzi Wamanzi: Isihlandlo Sokuguquka Kwezinto

Ihlazo leWatergate elihlasimlisiweyo leMimandla yee1970 lihlala liyimeko yezopolitiko eMelika, libonisa imfuneko enzima yophando olomeleleyo. Oku kwaqala njengesaphulo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kwakhula kwaba ngumphetho obandakanya uMongameli Richard Nixon kunye noMkhulu weNdlu yendlu emhlophe. [ uphando lomthetho we-Chonalel'wini, oxhaswe kukuxeka kwemiqathango enjenge Bob Woodwarn noCarl Bernstein, ukhutshwe imisebenzi engekho mthethweni yezempepho, kunye nokuviswa kwemithetho yezobulungisa. Ihlazo elikhokelele kwiNxon kunye nesamfama yemithetho ye-Wtagenti, kuquka nezinyukelelwano zemithetho ephezulu [FFogn] kuRhulumend [F] kunye nemithetho yezenterst [F]

Watergate yabonisa ukuba uphatho luzimele kwaye lunikwe amandla okuphanda amaqondo aphezulu karhulumente. Indima yeKomiti yamanzi egatyiweyo kunye ne ofisi yeSiluleko esikhethekileyo[ yagxininisa ukubaluleka komthetho kunye novavanyo lwamagcisa kumandla olawulo.

ISkeni seNron: Imida Yokubuyisela Kwimithetho Yolawulo

Ngelinye ityala lequmrhu, ukuwa kukaEntron ngo-2001 kwaba nefuno elinzulu kulawulo lukarhulumente lwecandelo lamandla kunye noqheliselo lokunika ingxelo. Le nkampani yasebenzisa izixhobo zemali ezintsonkothileyo kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo ukuze ifihle amatyala kunye nengeniso ekhukhumeleyo, ngokusebenza kunye noophicotho-mali uArthur Andersen. Ihlazo latyhila umahluko obalulekileyo kwimithetho elawulayo kunye nokungafezeki kwemibutho elawulayo enjenge [[FLT:]] izibonelelo kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) kunye ne

Kwimpendulo, iBhunga ladlulisa uSarbanes-Oxley Act ka 2002, eyamisela i- iPublic Company Accounting Overst Board (PAOB) kwaye yabeka ityala elingqongqo kubaphathi bequmrhu kunye nabaqulunqi bemali. Umzekelo wabalaselisa imfuneko yokuvelela kungekuphela kwemisebenzi yayo kodwa kwanemisebenzi yoshishino oluchaphazela izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke, njengentengiso zamandla kunye nokunika ingxelo yemali.

Ingxaki Yamanzi Engalawulekiyo: Ukusilela Ngokuqatha Kwemilinganiselo Yokusingqongileyo

Kutshanje, ingxaki yamanzi eFlint eMichigan ibhenca ukusilela kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nongameli kumanqanaba amaninzi. Ngo-2014, isixeko satshintshela umthombo waso kuMlambo iFlint singakhange sidleke kakuhle, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekungcoliseni. Amagosa karhulumente abuthatha lula ubungozi kunye nesenzo esilibazisayo, kwanasemva kobungqina bomonakalo. uphando oluthe ngqo [, kuquka iingxelo ze-[FLT] i-ONT] i-OFT , ifumanise ukuba izigqibo ziphenjelwe ziindleko zeengcinezelo zempilo zikawonke wonke, ingakumbi ezichaphazela ukungenelwa okusezantsi kunye noluntu.

Ingxaki yagxininisa imfuneko yamaziko olawulo olungokwenzululwazi ukugcina inkululeko kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela i- ukwenza izazinzulu kunye noononjineli bachaze inkxalabo ngaphandle kokuziphindezela. Yakhuthaza utshintsho kuMthetho we- PRODUT Act novavanyo olukhulu loomphathi bemeko kaxakeka.

Ubuchule bokukhuthaza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nobugosa

Ukuqinisa imithetho yokuziphatha nokuphatha kwimisebenzi karhulumente, kunokwenziwa iingcebiso ezibanzi. Ezi ndlela zijolise ekubetheleleni izithethe ezithe tye, ekuphuculeni ukufunyaniswa nokugcinwa komthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo ziqhubeka zihambelana nocelomngeni.

Uqeqesho Nemfundo Ethe rhoqo

Ukuhamba koqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubo bonke abasebenzi bakarhulumente kubalulekile. Oku kufuneka kudlule ngaphaya kokuthobelana okungasebenziyo kwaye kuquke imithambo yokwenza izigqibo esekelwe kwimo yemo yezulu. Amazwe amaninzi, anjenge iSipho semilinganiselo yokuziphatha [, idibanise iimodyuli zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Uqeqesho kufuneka lugqubuthele inkcaso yomdlalo, ukwamkelwa, umsebenzi wezopolitiko, kunye nokuxelwa kwezibophelelo. Isiseko semilinganiselo ye-OECD ibonelela uqheliselo olulungileyo lokuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezinjalo.

Ukomeleza Ukhuseleko Lwamavuthusi

Ababhexeshi badla ngokuba ngabokuqala ukufumanisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kodwa basengozini yokuziphindezela kunye nomonakalo wemisebenzi. Oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele ukhuseleko oluqinileyo olungokwasemthethweni oluqinisekisa ukubhaqwa, ikhusi elichasene nempindezelo, kwaye banikele izixhobo zemali zokuxela. [[FLT: 0]] I-Whistleer Protection Act yoKhuselo ka 1989 ku-U.S. iqinisiwe ukuphelisa ukupheliswa, kodwa imingxube eseleyo. I-National Whislisherphender Center [[FLT]] ixhasa ulungiso oluqhubekayo kwimithetho kunye nokugcinwa.

IiKhomishini zoLawulo oluzimeleyo

Ukwenza okanye ukomeleza imibutho ezimeleyo enikezelwe kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo kunganciphisa ukungenelela kwezobupolitika. I-ofisi ye-Rhulumente Ethiyo zoRhulumente kunye kunye neKomiti ekwimigangatho yobomi boluntu [ yimizekelo yamaqumrhu asebenza ngeqondo le-ES, ezi zigunya kufuneka zibe negunya lokuphanda, ukunyanzelisa izigwebo, kunye nokuncomela iinguqu zenkqubo. Izihlalo zabo kufuneka zimiselwe ngokwexabiso kwaye zikhuselwe ekususweni ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka boncedo lokubonisa ngaphaya

Amanani ezixhobo angakhulisa ulawulo kunye nokuphendula. uphando lwe-data oluvulekileyo, njengo-Data.gov, ivumela abemi kunye neenja zokulinda ukuba balandele iindleko zikarhulumente, imisebenzi yokufumana intlawulo, kunye nokwenza i-millimeters. Ubugcisa be-tabchain buhlolwa ukuvota nokuphatha izivumelwano. Amandla enikwe iipatrolis[ ziyakwazi ukuxhasa iipakethi zemali zobuqhophololo okanye urhoxisa uqingqo-mali kunye noqingqo-mali. Noko ke, ubugcisa kufuneka busetyenziswe ngeendawo zobucala ukuze kuphenjelwe uku-omati. [[FLT]

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nolawulo Loluntu

Ukusebenzisana kwabemi ngqo kwiinkqubo zobuveleli kunganyusa ukumiselwa komthetho kunye nokusebenza. Umatshini uquka uqingqo-mali oluthe ngqo , uluntu lweebhodi zokwalathisa, kunye namathuba okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke kwimigaqo. Kumadolo afana Alegre, Brazil[, uqingqo-mali oludityanisiweyo luye lwanciphisa ukonakala ngabemi ababandakanye neenkqubo zemali ezimiselwe oovimba. Oorhulumente kufuneka bazenze lula iinkqubo zeFOIA kunye nokuqinisekisa iimpendulo ezifike ngexesha elililo kwizicelo.

Ikamva Lemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Nolawulo

Umhlaba wemisebenzi karhulumente usoloko utshintsha, uqhutywa luphuhliso lobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemeko yejiyografi, kunye nokutshintsha ukulindela kwabantu. Ukungqubana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo kuya kuhlala kusebenza, kufuna iindlela zokulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngokunempumelelo nangenkathalo.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo kunye nokuphendula kwemithetho-siseko

Njengokuba oorhulumente belungiselela ukwenza izigqibo kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iingenelo zoluntu, kunye nokufuduka, kuphakama imibuzo yesimilo ngokujikeleza ikhethe, ukubonakala, nokuphendula. Imizimba ephakamileyo kufuneka iphuhlise iziphumo zempembelelo ye-algothmithm ezifumana iziphumo ezikhoyo [[ kwaye iqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo ze-Alpha ziyaphicofwa. i-Eupanean Union’s AIA AUD[ icebisa isakhiwo esinesiseko esisemngcipheko, kodwa ukufezekisa kuya kufuna ubuchule bokuvelela. Oorhulumente kufuneka balinde ekusebenziseni i-AIARCUS kulawulo oluqhelekileyo okanye ukuchola amaqela abuthathaka.

Imigangatho yomhlaba wonke kunye nentsebenziswano yolungelelwano lwakuMnqamlezo

Urhulumente omninzi ulucelomngeni . njengokungabikho kwerhafu, ukungazinzi kwe-inthambi kunye norhwaphilizo lwemida yesizwe. Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezingcono zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge Isivumelwano se-UN nxamnye norhwaphilizo kunye i-OECD-Bribritey Convention [, iyakwazi ukuvisisana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. I-octive i-ced syst systruct, ngemigroba enjenge [[FLT:] Isenzo soMkhosi woMsebenzi wobuKhangelo wobuKhangeli-mthetho [[FLTF:5]], kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni imali engekho mthethweni. Ii-orhulumente kufuneka zithelele kwiindlela zoontanga zendlela zobugqaliselo-mthetho kunye nolawulo.

Inkqubela-phambili eqhubekayo kunye nenkumbulo yeziko

Imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo azimi ndawonye; zifuna uhlolo oluthe rhoqo nokuhlaziya. Ukucwangcisa amacandelo emimiselo, uphicotho-zincwadi lwempumelelo yemibutho yooveleli, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lolwazi zinganceda ekulondolozeni izifundo ezifundwa kwiimpazamo zexesha elidlulileyo. Isithethe senkqubela phambili ye[[FLT: 0] ikhuthaza amaqumrhu ukuba atshintshe aze alungelelanise kunokuba axhomekeke kwiinkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nokuvelela kwimisebenzi karhulumente kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthembana kwabantu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, nokuxhasa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Ngelixesha imingeni efana nokugxabhagxampuza kwezobupolitika, ukunqanda ukubonakala, kunye nokuxhathisa kokuqhubeka, uphando lwembali olusuka kwiWatergate ukuya kuFlint lubonisa ubungozi bokungalungisi nokungalungisi nokungalungisi. Ngokusebenzisa imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo `````````iiiiiproject'''''''''', ukukhuthaza ukukhusela i-empepho, ukukhusela okuzimela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-athobom, ukubonakala kobugcisa, ukubonakala kwamaqela oluntu, nokungenelwa kolawulo lwawo wonke ulawulo kunye namandla oluntu. Njengokuba imingeni ekhoyo efana nolawulo lwe-Alacentiliki yehlabathi lonke, ukuguquka nokusebenza kwentsebenziswa kwemithetho yayo.