Indlela Yokuhlaziya Imisebenzi Nesizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ulungelelwano

Uqikelelo yinkqubo yokuzoba imida yesithili emisela indlela abemi abahlanganiswa ngayo kwimida yezopolitiko ukuze bafumane umelo. Iyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kovavanyo lwase-U.S. ukubonakalisa utshintsho lwabemi nokuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti yomntu ngamnye ithwala ubunzima obulinganayo. UGerymandering, ngokwahlukileyo, kukusetyenziswa ngempazamo kwale mida ukuxhasa iqela elithile lezobupolitika, ekukhuthuleni, okanye kwiqela. Ngelixesha ukuvuselelwa komngeni kusemthethweni kwaye kuyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi yabameli, i-gerrymaning dering ijonge umelo olulungileyo kwaye iye yaba yenye yeembambano ezininzi ezithanda ucwenga eMelika.

Isiseko esisemthethweni nesomGaqo-siseko sokuHlaziya

Imfuneko yokuphinda utsale imigca yesithili isuka kugunyaziso lomGaqo-siseko wobalo lweminyaka ephelileyo (Icandelo 2) kunye nomgaqo we "mntwili, ivoti enye" emiselwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko zophawu olufana Babaker v. Carr[FLD:1] [1962]) kunye Reynolds v. SIMS[ [1964].]. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba imimandla yemithetho ime ime ngokulinganayo ukuba ithintele amakhaya angaphezulu konyaka kunye nokuhamba.

Umntu Omnye, Umgaqo Omnye Obalulekileyo

Phambi kolu lawulo, amaphondo amaninzi alondolozwe kwisithili esinabemi abahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngo-1960, ezinye izithili zephondo eKhalifoniya zazinabemi abaphezulu abalingana nezigidi ezintandathu ngelixa ezinye zazingaphantsi kwewaka elinamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu. INkundla yavakalisa ukuba ulwahlulo olunjalo lwaphula i-Encility Protection Claus eMthethweni we-14th. Namhlanje, ukuncitshiswa kweminye imimandla yesithili kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba abemi bezithingahambi ngesantya esingaphezulu kwemibalwanabalwa ezimbalwa ukusuka kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.

Iimfuno zoManyano noBuphathiswa

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwabemi, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko kufuneka kuvumelane noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, okwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Icandelo 2 loMthetho lifuna ukuba izicwangciso zokuhlaziya zingalinciphisi igunya lokuvota lezizwe ezincinane okanye iilwimi. Ngaphezu koko, iziHlulo zeSindululo se-14 neze-15 zimisela imigaqo echasene nemithetho elawula ubuhlanga. Amazwe amaninzi anika igunya elingaphantsi kwizindlu zombuso wawo, nangona amanye esebenzisa iikontili okanye eminye imibutho ezimeleyo. Le nkqubo iyahluka ngokokwahluka ngokorhulumente, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe umsebenzi wemithetho nemikhwa eqengqesho.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Yokuhlaziya Ngenyathelo

Uhlaziyo lwenzeka kwiphondo ngalinye elineziphakamiso ezingaphezulu kwesinye, kwakunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo iqala emva kokuba iBhunga loKhuseleko loTshawu likhuphe iinkcukacha zoluntu, ezidla ngokufumaneka ngoMatshi wonyaka olandelayo.

Ugcino-lwazi lobalo Nokutshintsha Kwabemi

Ubalo lunika ubalo lwabemi lwemiphakamo yeebloko umlinganiselo otyhila ukuba zeziphi iindawo ezikhuleleyo, eziqengqelekeyo, okanye ezishenxileyo. Umzekelo, emva kobalo lwama-2020, iTexas yafumana izihlalo ezimbini zombutho ngexesha i New York ilahlekile. Amazwe kufuneka asebenzise le data ukulungisa imida yesithili ukwenzela ukuba isithili ngasinye sibe nenani elifanayo labantu. Ukutshintsha kwabantu phakathi kwemeko kungenza into ephawulekayo: amadlelo anganyuka xa imimandla yasemaphandleni incipha, inyanzelela abenzi beemaphu ukutsala imigca ukuchaza utshintsho.

Imida neMigangatho

Amatyala amaninzi asebenzisa imigaqo elungelelanisa ukukhokelwa kwemiqathango. Ezona zinto ziqhelekileyo kukulingana kwabemi, ukulingana kwabemi, ukudibana (zonke iindawo zesithili kufuneka zidibane), kunye nokudityaniswa (indawo edityanisiweyo kufuneka ibe nemo eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokuhlonyelwa). Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba izithili zilondoloze imimandla yomdla (oooontanga, amaqela esizwe, okanye imimandla yezoqoqosho) kwaye ziphephe ubalo okanye oomasipala. Le migaqo ingangqubana; umzekelo, isithili esibumbeneyo singayilandeli kakuhle imida ye-masipala. Umyalelo ophambili, ngokulingana kwabantu abasoloko besenza isiqalo.

Umzobo Wemida

Ukutsala imaphu yenziwa ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zolwazi lwelizwe (GIS) ezivumela abenzi bamamaphu ukuba balawule imida yeqonga lengingqi. Oku kulapho umngcipheko we-gerrymanidering uphezulu khona. Abenzi bamamaphu bangaguqula imigca ngebloko enye ukushenxisa amawaka abavoti kwenye isithili ukuya kwenye. Kumazwe apho iqela ngalinye lilawula khona indlu yowiso-mthetho, iqela elininzi lisoloko lizobamba iimaphu ukutsala amandla alo. Kumazwe anamacandelo awahlukeneyo, iimaphu zinokuxoxwa ngolala okanye zithunyelwe kwinkundla ukuze zifumane uvumo ukuba i-console ifile.

Ukunconywa Nocelomngeni

Xa isicwangciso sokulungisa isicwangciso sokwenziwa koqikelelo, kufuneka sivunywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye yigunya lesizwe. Ngoko ijongene neengxaki zomthetho phantsi komthetho okanye urhulumente. Abagxeki bangaphikisa ngokuthi icebo lichasene noMthetho wamaLungelo, libumba udidi lwe-gerrymander, okanye liyi-gerrymerer engamiselwanga. Imithetho i-odoli ingalibazisa ukuphunyezwa kwaye ikhokelele kwiimaphu zenkundla ezilungeleleneyo, njengoko kwenzeka kumazwe aliqela emva ko 202020 Centrees. Le nkqubo idla ngokuthabatha iinyanga kwaye inokuba nengxabano egqithisileyo.

Ukugudisa: Inzulu

IGrerymandering idala njenge United States ngokwayo. Eli gama laqala ngo1812 xa iGavent Elbridge Gerry yaseMassachusetts yatyobela isicwangciso sokubomvu isithili esiquka isalamander-modifiye, iqhubela phambili isakhiwo esidityanisiweyo esidityaniswe "neGerry" ne "salemander". Kodwa uqheliselo lwangaphambili olo, kwanakwirepublic yokuqala, abezobupolitika babesebenzisa imimandla ukudambisa abachasi.

Imvelaphi Yembali

IGrerymandering yayisisixhobo sokukhusela i-'culba' kunye nengenelo yeqela. Kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, yayiqhelekile kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ku "ihlomelo" kumaqela amancinane, anjenge-Ireland afudukayo okanye ama-Afrikaan Amelika, ukunciphisa impembelelo yawo yezobupolitika. Lo mkhwa wabanolwazi olunzulu ngokuvela kweekhompyutha ngoo 1980, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abenzi beemaphu bafake iprojekthi kwimicroscope ngokunelisa okungathethekiyo.

Ubugcisa: Ukujika, Ukupakisha, Ukubetha Ibhanti, Nokubetha

Ubuchule bokulungisa imigca yenqanawa

  • Ukudibanisa iqela labavoti kwimimandla emininzi ukuze bangakwazi ukwenza uninzi nakweyiphi na. Umzekelo, iqela eliququzeleleyo labavoti bedemocratic kwisixeko lingahlulwa libe yimimandla emininzi equka amadlelo amatshatshane eRiphabliki, ukuhlanyisa ivoti yeDemocratic.
  • Ukuvota: ngokudibanisa abavoti abaninzi beqela eliphikisanayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwisithili esinye, ngokunempumelelo "ukwamkela" kwabo ngokusenza loo mavoti aqine kakhulu. Oku kuvumela iqela elilawulayo ukuba liphumelele kwimimandla eseleyo ngeengcango ezitofotofo.
  • Ukutsala kwakhona isithili ukunyanzela amaqela amabini akwiqela elinye ukuba akhuphisane, asuse enye yawo. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukwenza buthathaka iimbaxa zangaphakathi zeqela okanye ukususa umchasi othandwayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhambisa: Ukususa idilesi yasekhaya ekwisithili esahlukileyo ukwenza unyulo lube nzima. Umqali makathukele kwisithili esitsha okanye ajongene nocelomngeni olunzima kwindawo angayaziyo.

Ukungalawuleki kobuhlanga

Isalathisi sizimisele ukunceda iqela lezobupolitika, ngelinye ixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ijonge amaxhoba amaqaqobana. Imo yesizwe isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ukulawulwa kohlanga kukungahlanga phantsi kwe-Suctime Liight Protection Claus. Kwiimeko ezifana . Reno [1993] [1993] kunye [[FLT]] i-Alabalaviama Legistic Blate Caubeccus v. Alabaccus[[FLT]] (20]], iNkundla yeNkundla icebelo icelwe ngokusekelwe kwibala. Noko ke, iNkundla izama ukuchaza umjelo we-Geneargerman. [Flglkt]]][5]]

Ukulinganisa Imaringingi: Umda Oluncedo Ezinye Izixhobo

Ukulinganisela isantya, izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziphuhlise imilinganiso elingana nesithuba sokusebenza kakuhle, esilinganisa umahluko phakathi "ophosiweyo" kwevoti phakathi kwamaqela (iivoti zomvoti olahlekileyo kunye neevoti ezigqithisileyo zomvotisi ophumeleleyo). Isithuba esiphezulu sempumelelo sibonisa ukuba ivoti yeqela elinye liphoswe ngokucwangcisiweyo ngokukrakra nangokupakisa. Ezinye iimilinganiselo ziquka isalathisi somkhethe, umahluko othe ngqo, kunye nodibaniso. Ezi zixhobo zinceda iinkundla kunye noluvo lwasekuhlaleni ukuba ngaba imaphu inyuke ngokungafanelekanga.

Iziphumo zokwenziwa kwe-Gerymander

Uphando lubonisa ukuba lunokubangela ukhuphiswano olunzulu kumelo lwedemokhrasi nolawulo. Ngoxa abanye besithi luyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yezobupolitika, uphando lubonisa ukuba lungabangela ulawulo olumanyumnyezi, lunciphise ukhuphiswano, luze luphelise abavoti.

Imiphumo Emihle

Kumazwe anzima, iqela elininzi lingaphumelela inani elingumyinge leezihlalo ezinxulumene novoti yalo ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwango-2018 lwe-Wisconsin State Commin, uDemocrates wawina i-53% yevoti iyonke kodwa kuphela 36% yezihlalo ezibangelwa kukuhlasela kwegerrymanirling. Izihlalo ezinjalo zilulaza umgaqo wokuba unyulo lufanele luguqulele uvote kumelo oluchanekileyo. Umatshini owenziwe ngo-202020% ukunciphisa inani lemidabini ekhuphisanayo, ukunciphisa iintyambo ezininzi zemilo ekhuphisanayo. Kunyulo lwama 202020, ngaphantsi kwe 10% yeU. Izihlalo zendlu zazigqalwa njengokhuphiswano, ukuthotywa kokuziweyo kokubini kwe-Rhoverkingleder kunye nokuzi.

Umelo nokwenziwa kwelanga

Xa izithili zitsalwa ukuze zikhuseleke kwiqela elinye, abezobupolitika bajamelana nezisongelo ezingakumbi ezivela kuvavanywa abaqalayo kunabachasi bonyulo jikelele. Oku kukhuthaza abatshayeli ukuba banelise isiseko seqela labo kunokuba bafake impembelelo yabo kwi-media, bafak' isandla kwicandelo lezobupolitika. Abalinganisi abanakunyulwa kuba basengozini yokuzichasa kubakhethi babo abaphambili. UGerrymerder kwakhona unciphisa umelo oluchazayo: xa abavoti abambalwa bepakishwa kwimimandla embalwa, impembelelo yabo iqulathwe, kwaye basenokuswela amandla okunyula abathandi babo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Oku kunokukhuthaza ukungakhethi.

Ukuthenjwa Nobungqina

Abaxhasi kwisithili ezithengisweyo basoloko bevakalelwa kukuba ukuvota kwabo akunto ibalulekileyo kuba iziphumo zimiselwe kwangaphambili. Le mbono inciphisa umvo ojikayo kunye nokuganana kwebutho labantu. Uphando lubonise ukuba abemi besithili ezidume kakhulu abanamathuba amancinane okuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko zasekuhlaleni, okanye ukukholelwa ukuba inkqubo intle. Xa abantu bebona iimaphu ezikhangeleka njengemingxube elungiselelwe ukunceda abezobupolitika, baphelelwa lukholo kwinkqubo yedemo-demokhrasi.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Neenye Iindlela

Ukuphendula kwingozi yegerrymandering, abaxhasi abakhulayo bentshukumo yokulungisa utshintsho. Iimeko ezininzi ziye zamkela ulawulo oluzimeleyo okanye ezinye iindlela zokuphelisa le nkqubo, ngeli lixa imiqobo esemthethweni iqhubeka ivavanya imida yokuzoba imaphu evumelekileyo.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Amanye amaphondo, kuquka iKhalifoniya, iArizona, neMichigan, aye atshintsha igunya lokufaka umva kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuya kwiikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye ezizimeleyo. Olu gunya lwenzelwe ukugqunywa kuxinzelelo lwe-crapian, ngokufuthi ngamalungu akhethwe kwinkqubo eqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso okanye ukungathathi carbanshi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iimaphu ezidityanisiweyo ziqhelekile, zikhuphisana, kwaye azikho zikhutshelwanga kakhulu kunalezo zitsalwa yimithetho yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, i-California Citizensitivence Redificieting Commiss yaventing yavel ivelisa ii-minculcul ekhuds ezitheneyo kunye nomelo olungcono lwezikhundla loluntu.

Ubulungisa beMatematika Nemithetho-mthetho

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungasetyenziswa ekulweni ne-gerrymandering kwaye bayenze ikwazi. Abaphandi baye bavelisa i-algorithm ezenza amawaka angengaphathi-nxaxheba, iimaphu zesithili ezidibeneyo ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yobundilele efana nokulingana kwabemi kunye nokulingana. Izixhobo ezifana "ukuzilungiselela" zivumela abemi ukuba badwelise iimaphu zabo baze bazithelekise nezicwangciso ezisemthethweni. Amanye amazwe, njengaseColorado, ngoku afuna ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlaziya iimaphu ezininzi ezithathwa ngeendlela zokulinganisa. Injongo kukuhlisa iprojekthi ze-interivation kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imida ifuna uncedo lwe-compustructionernents kunoncedo lwezopolitiko.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nemigwebo Yenkundla Ephakamileyo

Kusukela . Umthetho uluvo oluphambili, iinkundla zelizwe ziye zaba yindawo yokuqala yemiba yokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olulawulayo. Iinkundla ezininzi zelizwe eziphakamileyo, kuquka ezo zisePennsylvania, eMntla Carolina, naseOhio, ziye zabetha phantsi ii-gerrymerders phantsi komgaqo-siseko wezwe. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ukulwa notshintsho oluchasene nomthetho ngeenguqulelo zeblokhwethi. Kumgangatho worhulumente, kucetyiswa umthetho ofana nowokuQela abantu abasebenzi abazimeleyo nemigaqo esezantsi, kodwa ajongenemiqobo yezopolitiki. Ikamva lotshintsho olubomvu ludla ngokuqula intlalo kumgangatho wesenzo somgangatho, ukutolika komthetho, ukutolika komthetho, kunye nomgangatho wengca.

Ikamva lokuHlaziya: IA nogcino-lwazi

Njengoko amandla obuchule ekhompyutha enyuka, ukukwazi ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obuthe ngqo bokulawula. Ubuchule bomatshini kunye nokufunda ngomatshini kungahlalutya iinkcukacha ezinkulu zamanani abantu abavotayo, ukudibana kweqela, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha yangaphambili ukuzoba iimaphu ezigqwesileyo. Oku kwenza ugqatso lwezixhobo zobugcisa phakathi kwabenzi bemaphu nabaguquli. Noko ke, i-Al ingasetyenziswa kwakhona ukuchonga i-gerryander ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iimaphu ezingafakwanga kwaye zithelekiseke kwicebo lokwenziwa. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo kukuseka ubugcisa obulawula ubuchule bokulawula ubulungisa kunokusebenzisa ubuchule obusesikweni. Ezinye iingcali zikhuthaza umgangatho "fiaigpartry" osebenzisa ukubonakala kokukhanya nokungenwa kwasomgalelo kuqinisekisa ukuba iilayini zesithili zisebenze umdla kawonke wonke.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuhlaziya Nokulawula Ulawulo - melo Kube Ngumbandela

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa kuyindlela esisiseko yokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lugcina isantya notshintsho lwabemi. Xa lusenziwa ngokucace gca kwaye ngokusesikweni, lomeleza idemokhrasi ngokunika ummi ngamnye ilizwi elilinganayo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukonakaliswa kwaloo nkqubo, ukukhuthaza amandla alwayo nokunciphisa ukuphendula kwamagosa anyuliweyo. Iziphumo zihamba ngaphaya kwayo yonke inkalo yolawulo: ukusuka kwimigaqo-siseko ewiswe kubemi abathembekileyo kwiindawo zabo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuphinda uluvo olusebenzayo nesizathu sokuba i-gerrymander yemicimbi ibalulekile kuyems ukukhusela ukuthembeka komkhethelo nomgaqo-siseko womntu omnye, ukuvota omnye. Njengokuvota okuko kunye nomthetho, ukulwa komelo olusesikweni kuya kuhlala kuvavanywa ukulungiselela udidi olufanelekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, khangela i Iziko leBrennan elisebenzayo ekulungiseni icandelo, i- i-League yaMadodakazi i-redtificials zixhobo ezikhoyo[, kunye ne-U.S. Counsunication Bureauting data ye-'s translate's data.