UMgaqo-siseko we-United States yindawo engundoqo efuna inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, eqinisekisa uludwe lwamalungelo akhusela abemi kuphatho lukarhulumente kwaye aqinisekise inkululeko yabo. Kodwa la malungelo awazibulali; afuna ulwazi olusebenzayo, ukuphaphaphamisa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inyathelo elinamandla lokugcina ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka ekunxibelelaneni nomthetho ukuya kumaqonga e-intanethi, ukusuka emsebenzini ukuya kwiofisi kagqirha, ukuqonda indlela yokuqinisekisa nokukhusela amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko bubuchule obubalulekileyo bobomi. Olu khokelo lunika iindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza izinto ngokulandelelana komthetho nobulumko obusebenzisekayo. Ukukunceda ulondoloze inkululeko yakho kumaxesha oyena mbandela.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko

Phambi kokuba ukhusele amalungelo akho, kufuneka wazi ukuba ziyintoni na, nendlela iinkundla ezizitolike ngayo. IBhili yamaLungelo iquka ezokuqala ezilishumi zokulungisa, kodwa ezinye iinqobo ezininzi ziphothiwe kuwo wonke umGaqo-siseko. Nanku ukujonga ngokufutshane amanye amalungiselelo asoloko ecelwa:

  • IsiHlalisi sokuqala: sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Nangona sibanzi, sinemida(ukubhenela kugonyamelo, ukunyenjiswa, kunye nezono ezingcolileyo azikhuselwanga. Iimeko zophawu olufana Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]]
  • Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: Ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, elitolikwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) njengelungelo ngalinye, eliphantsi komgaqo ofanelekileyo.
  • UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ukugcinwa komthetho kusoloko kufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Oku kubandakanya imvume, imbono ecacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo, kunye nokukhangela isiganeko sokubanjwa. Ukwazi ezi zimkhethelo kukukunceda ukuba ugqibe nini ukuqinisa amalungelo akho.
  • [[NTLT: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: luqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, lukhusela ekuziphindeni, kwaye lukhusela iingozi eziphindiweyo. Isilumkiso esidumileyo seMiranda . imanda v. Arizona [1966] [16] 88] amapolisa ukukwazisa ngasekunene kwakho ukuba uhlale uthule kwaye ube negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya.
  • [[FLT: 0] IsiHlalisi-mda se-ICT: iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke, ijaji engenamkhethe, ukuxelelwa ngezityholo, ukumangalela amangqina, nokuba nesiluleko esisemthethweni. Gideon v. Wainright [63]) wamisa ilungelo kwigqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla eligwebayo kwityala elingoonotyala.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko: [ Izambulo zebheyile ezigqithisileyo kunye nemali ehlawuliweyo, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Iingxoxo zale mihla zisekelwe kwiimeko zentolongo, ukuvalelwa wedwa, nesohlwayo sokufa.
  • [[NTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkcitho lweThutyana: ludlulisela ukhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo nge-Claus Dooke Programme ne-Linganeal Protection Claus. Liye lasetyenziselwa ukukhusela amalungelo anxulumene nomtshato, ukuthintela ukuthintela, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungobuni okanye unjani.

Ngaphaya kweminxeba, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ayaqhubeka eguquka. Ilungelo lokuzimela. (http://///""") liye lachazwa ngokucacileyo kwiziphumo ezininzi kwaye lasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezifana Roe v. Wade [[FLT:]] [127]] ] Obergecread v. [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT]][5]

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukukhusela amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko asiyonto uyenzayo kuphela, kodwa kufuneka wenze imikhwa. Nantsi iindlela ezandisiweyo zokulungisa iimeko zemihla ngemihla:

  • Amalungelo akho kwimo-siseko: Awenziwanga ngokupheleleyo; ayahluka-hluka kuxhomekeka kwisicwangciso. Umzekelo, ilungelo lakho lokuGqibela lokuqala lokuthetha ngenkululeko linamandla kuwonke wonke (iiqela, iindlela ezisecaleni) kodwa lilinganiselwe ngakumbi kumsebenzi karhulumente okanye kwimpahla yabucala. Funda iindinyana ukusuka kumasikhokelo asemthethweni athenjiweyo.
  • Hlala ungenise iNguqulo zasemthethweni: Izindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neenkundla zinika imiyalelo nemithetho echaphazela amalungelo akho. Zibophelele kumaphetshana asemthethweni okanye ulandele imibutho efana ne e-Ectronic Foundation Foundation (EFFF)[FL:3] kumalungelo amanani, okanye [[FLT:]] ACLU ukwenzela uhlaziyo jikelele lwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.
  • Uxwebhu Yonke: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe, bhala iinkcukacha ngoko nangoko: umhla, ixesha, indawo, amagama kunye neebheji zamagosa, amangqina, kunye noko kanye kwathethwayo. Thatha iifoto okanye iividiyo ukuba zikhuselekile kwaye zisemthethweni. Obu bungqina buxabisekile ukuba ugqiba ukufaka isikhalazo okanye ukusukela isenzo esisemthethweni.
  • Funa Amacebiso asemthethweni Kuqala: Musa ukulinda de imeko ikhule. Amagqwetha amaninzi anikela uhlolo lwamahala lokuqala. Yazi inkcazelo yoqhagamshelwano kumaqumrhu aluncedo olusemthethweni, ii-ofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke, namagqwetha amalungelo abantu kummandla wakho.
  • Ukudibana noLuntu Lwakho: Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwiintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, kunye nee-commin-commists. Ukuqokelela amapolisa kusoloko kuphumelela ngakumbi kunesenzo ngasinye. Qwalasela ukuthelekisa okanye ukuxhasa imibutho ejonga nokukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Ngexesha Lokwenza Okunye Nomthetho

Ukudibana namapolisa kuphakathi kweemeko eziphezulu zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo. Owona mgaqo ubalulekileyo kukuhlala uzolile nokuqinisekisa amalungelo akho ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kokuphikisana. Ngaphaya koko kunezikhokelo ezandisiweyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Hlala uzolile kwaye uphethe: Ungaphumi, ungaxhathisi, okanye uthintele. Nokuba ukholelwa ukuba umphathi wenza ngendlela engafanelekanga, ukuxambulisana ngomzuzu kungakhokelela kwityala elongeziweyo. Gcina izandla zakho zibonakala ngalo lonke ixesha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Thumela Ilungelo Lakho lokuhlala uthulile: Akufunekanga uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunika uchazo (kwimimandla ngemithetho yokumisa nokubophelela). Yithi ngokucacileyo: "Ndiqhelisa ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithulile. Ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha" Musa ukulahlekiswa."Into engekhoyo kuphela engenakusetyenziswa nxamnye nawe enkundleni, kodwa iintetho zobuxoki zingasetyenziswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvunywa kophendlo: Ngaphandle kokuba umphathi unesiqinisekiso okanye isizathu esilindelekileyo, unelungelo lokuthi hayi kukhangelo lomntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye ikhaya. Ukwala kwakho. Limisele ngokuqinileyo: "Andivumi ukuphendla" Sukuxhathisa ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa ungavumi ngamazwi ukukhusela amalungelo akho kamva.
  • Ubalo oluthe lwayi gqi: Cela igama lomphathi, inombolo yebheji, kunye nesinikezeli. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekufakeni isikhalazo xa kufuneka.
  • Iqobelela i Interprects (Apho Kukho Umthetho): Kumaphondo amaninzi, unelungelo lokurekhoda amapolisa kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke logama ungangeneleli kwimisebenzi yawo. Sebenzisa umsebenzi wevidiyo yakho, kwaye uvakalise ukuba ushicilela. Khangela imithetho yesizwe sakho ifuna imvume yesandi emibini.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukukhupha Ilungelo Lakho Kwicebiso: Ukuba ubanjwa, kufuneka ufunde amalungelo akho eMiranda phambi kokuncinwa ngegunya. Xa ucela igqwetha, yonke imibuzo kufuneka iphele de igqwetha lakho likho. Ungaligibileli eli lungelo, nokuba amapolisa akukhuthaza ukuba uthethe kangakanani na.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Kwi - Internet

Ubomi bamanani bunemingeni ekhethekileyo yomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi phantsi kokhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Nantsi indlela yokukhusela amalungelo akho amanani:

  • Sebenzisa iiPassword ezinamandla kunye noqinisekiso olubini loMphathi (2FA): Uthumelo olungasebenziyo lwenza kube lula kubachwethezi/okanye abadlali bakarhulumente ngaphandle kwe mvume(ukufikelela ii-akhawunti zakho). Oomphathi begama lokugqitha kunye nezicelo zokuqinisekisa zongeza amaza ekhusi okhuseleko.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Izicwangciso zeReview ne Treenfishs: Imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, ii-injini zokuphendla, kunye nee-apps ziqokelela ubuninzi benkcazelo. Phindela rhoqo imimiselo yakho yabucala, yenza ukuba indawo ingasebenzi xa ingafuneki, kwaye linganisela ugcino-lwazi lwabelana kuphela noko kuyimfuneko.
  • Ngaphantsi koQoqo-ncopho Logcino-lwazi oluqhelekileyo kunye noMqulu-ngangenisi-Mda: Uhlaziyo lwesine alusoloko lukhusela ugcino-lwazi olwabelwe amaqela amathathu (imfundiso yesithathu). iUnited States- v. Carcenter) elawula unikezelo olungabekelekiyo olungabekelekiyo kwindawo ekuyo ye-data yeselula, kodwa i-imeyili, ukukhangela imbali, kunye ne-metafile yesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi--ngaphakathi zisecicicicini lokufumana. Sebenzisa isiphelo-o-oswishina zixhobo ezifana nophawu lokuthumela imiyalezo, kunye ne-GPPP yokufihla idilesi yakho yemisebenzi echukumiyo kwinginyathene.
  • [[FLT: 0] Yenza Iqokobhe Elikhuselekileyo: Kuphela sebenzisa ii website ezine HTTPS (jonga i icon ye padplock). Kuphephe unqakraza kumakhonkco akrokrelekileyo okanye ukhuphele iifayile ezingaziwayo. Ukukhangela kwakho imbali kusenokuphantsi kwe propeena esezantsi karhulumente ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwezinye iimeko.
  • Ukwazi amalungelo Akho Ngokuchasene namanani Ukukhangela: ugxininiso lomthetho lufuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla izixhobo zakho zamanani. Ukuba abameli bomda bacela ukuphendla umnxeba wakho, ungalandula (nangona besenokukuthintela). Ekhaya, ungavuli umnxeba wakho ngaphandle kwemvume. Khangela [[FLT:] Icebo lamanani [[FLT:]]

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kwimisebenzi yobuqu alinganiselweyo ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko uthintela izenzo zikarhulumente, kungekhona abaqeshi abazimeleyo. Noko ke, ukhuseleko oluthile luyasebenza:

  • IsiHlalisi soMgqibo soLuntu sokuqala: Abasebenzi boluNtu banenkululeko yokuthetha ebanzi yokukhusela kunabasebenzi bobucala, kodwa intetho kufuneka ibe kwimicimbi yoluntu ngokubanzi kwaye ingaphazamisani nemisebenzi yomsebenzi. Abaqeshi bobucala banokuyithintela ngokuqhelekileyo intetho njengemeko yomsebenzi, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezingokwangokuba "uthanda" okungakhethwanga kwezopolitiko.
  • Furth Amendment: Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banolindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo kwindawo yabo yokusebenzela, kodwa abaqeshi bangaphengulula ukuba banenjongo esemthethweni enxulumene nomsebenzi. Abaqeshwa bobucala abanaso isikhuseli esincinane sobuqu nxamnye nophendlo lomqeshi; funda incwadi yomqeshi wakho.
  • Amalungelo e-Labor: ISivumelwano seNational Labor Relations sikhusela ilungelo lokuxubusha ngemivuzo, iimeko zokusebenza, kunye nokulungelelaniswa komanyano, nokuba umsebenzi wakho umanyanisiwe kusini na.
  • Ukubetha i- Imithetho yomkhosi neyombuso ikhusela abasebenzi abachaza ihambo engekho mthethweni okanye engekho mthethweni. Ukuba ubonile ulwaphulo, bhala kwaye uqwalasele ukudibana negqwetha eliqeshiweyo ngaphambi kokunikela ingxelo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Kwimpilo

Unyango lubandakanya inkcazelo nesigqibo sobuqu esivakalayo.

  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Umthetho we-HIPAAmfihlo: I-Inishuwarensi yezempilo ne-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ikhusela ubumfihlo beerekhodi zakho zezamayeza. Unelungelo lokufikelela kwiirekhodi zakho, ukucela ulungiso, kunye nokutyhilwa kwemiqathango. Ukungalawuleki kwe-ofisi yamalungelo abantu.
  • Isivumelwano esingenisiweyo: Unelungelo lokuzazi kakuhle ngayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezamayeza, kuquka iingozi, iinzuzo, kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango, kunye nokungavumi unyango. Oku kusuka kumgaqo-siseko wamalungelo omzimba ukuya kwingqibelelo yomzimba kunye nenkqubo ye-14 yoGawulayo ka-Claus.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo Ehambele phambili: Yenza ulawulo oluphilayo namandla ahlalayo egqwetha lonyango. La maxwebhu aqinisekisa ukuba iminqweno yakho iyalandelwa ukuba awunamandla.
  • I-Revolution Recurecured Healths: Phantsi komthetho wangoku (umzekelo-[[FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson Amalungelo aMabhinqa Empilo[), ukuqhomfa kumiselwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Yazi imimiselo kunye nokhetho lohambo lwezwe ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ukungagqibeki kokuthintela ukukhupha inzala kuhlala kukhuselekile phantsi [[FLT:]Grisrold v.Connecticut[[FF:5] [195]

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Kwimfundo

Abafundi abawayeki amalungelo abo asemthethweni kwisango lesikolo, kodwa baphantsi kwemiqathango esekelwe kwimeko yemfundo:

  • IsiHlalisi sokuqala: Abafundi banelungelo lokuzichaza logama nje ingawuphazamisanga ngokunzulu umsebenzi wesikolo ( . Des Moines, 1969). Noko ke, izikolo zingalinganisela intetho engamanyala, zikhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, okanye zikhuthaza umsebenzi wesikolo owenziweyo ([[[FLT:]4]] Hazelwood v. Kulmeier, 1988]
  • [[FLT: 0] UHlaliso lweNkcubeko lweFour: Amagosa eSikolo angakhangela abafundi ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba banokukrokrela ukuba umthetho okanye isikolo uphulwe ( iNew Jersey v. T.L.[FL.[FL:3], 1985]). Uphendlo lweqela lufuna umgangatho ophezulu wokukrokreqa ([[FLT:]]] SAFFford umgaqo weSithi seSithi seSithi esiMiliyo. , 2009]
  • FERPA: Umthetho weNtsapho ofundisayo nowe-aspen Act unika abazali (nabafundi abangaphezu ko 18) ilungelo lokufikelela nokulawula iingxelo zemfundo. Izikolo kufuneka zifumane imvume phambi kokukhupha inkcazelo eninzi.
  • [[UMKC.:0] Inkqubo eQinisekileyo:[ izikolo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zinikeze isaziso kunye nokuva phambi kokuba zimisele isigwebo esinzulu njengokususa okanye ukugxothwa. Soloko ucela ukuchongwa kwasemthethweni kwaye uzise ubungqina okanye amangqina.

Indlela Yokuphosa Ingcinga Ukuba Amalungelo Akho Aphulwa

Xa ukholelwa ukuba ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lichasiwe, uneendlela eziliqela zokulungisa:

  • Ifayile yeNkxaso yeNkcubeko: Isikhalazo esisesikweni kwisebe okanye kwiziko elibandakanyekileyo (umz., imicimbi yamapolisa, isithili sesikolo, isibhedlele). Gcina imibhalo yazo zonke iileta.
  • Intlangano yamalungelo e-Civil: Ukudibana ne-ACLU, iNaACP Ukhuselo lomthetho neNgxowa-mali yemfundo, okanye amaqela obulali oncedo lomthetho. Banganikela umelo oluthe ngqo okanye isalatha-mbombo kwi-proboo magqwetha.
  • URhulumente oPhakathi:[[FT:1] Ufake isikhalazo kwiSebe leJaji le-U.S. i-fault Rightss ye-Parmal Revince Reveces yokwahlulwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okubi okanye yokucalucalulwa. Ukungathotho-luleki kwabangasese, qhagamshelana neKhomishini yeFederal Tradenti okanye i-Ofisi yamaLungelo aBami.
  • Isizwe se-APPP: Amazwe amaninzi aneekhomishini zamalungelo abantu okanye igqwetha jikelele lee-ofisi eziphanda ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imithetho echaphazelekayo: Phantsi kwama-42 U.S.C. ■ 1983, ungamangalela urhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Khangelana negqwetha elinamalungelo abantu ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwetyala lakho.

Ukuxhasa Amalungelo Akho

Isenzo somntu ngamnye sinamandla, kodwa ukuphatha i avocation ngokudibeneyo kubangela utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Nazi iindlela zokuba ngummeli ophumelelayo:

  • Ukufikelela nokuxhasa Amaqela obuzalwana: Intlangano ezifana ne ACLU, EFF, kunye nomanyano olucacileyo lwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni olufuna umthetho, ifayile i-acicu mishwane, kwaye inika izibonelelo zemfundo.
  • Iquka ezinye:[ ushishino lwabaququzeleli kuluntu lwenu, ukwabelana ngolwazi oluthembekileyo kwi-media yezentlalo, kunye nokuxubusha imiba yomgaqo-siseko nabahlobo kunye nentsapho. Ulwazi lungumtya wokuqala wokuzikhusela.
  • Ukudibana nabameli bakho Ababebebebekiwe: bhala, biza, okanye bhalela abamisi-mthetho bakho malunga neendleko ezilindele ukuchaphazeleka kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni (umz., utshintsho lolawulo, amalungelo okuvota, okanye ukhuseleko lwangasese. Amabali obuqu asoloko enempembelelo enkulu.
  • IVolunteer: Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo ixhomekeke kumatsha - ntliziyo okubhalisa umnxeba, uphando olusemthethweni, okanye ukukhupha uluntu. Kwaneeyure ezimbalwa ngenyanga zingandisa impembelelo yakho.
  • I- I-VT: Amagosa alawulayo abeka ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwindawo yokuqala. Iingxelo zophando kwinkululeko yabemi phambi kokuba afake ibhola yakho.

Isiphelo

Ukulondoloza amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko asiloluhlu olunye kodwa luzibophelelelo oluqhubekayo lokuqonda nokuthatha inyathelo. Ukusuka ekwazini ulwimi olukhethekileyo lweBhili yamaLungelo ukuze uqonde indlela iinkundla eziwachaza ngayo la mazwi namhlanje, ukusukela ekutyhaleni amapolisa ngokuzolileyo ukukhusela iinyawo zakho zamanani, inyathelo ngalinye liqinisa isakhiwo senkululeko eyayenzelwe ukuxhasa. Ngokuhlala ufundile, ukubhala, ukufuna isiluleko esisemthethweni xa kuyimfuneko, nokubandakanye noluntu olubanzi olusebenzisana nolawulo lobufundisi, awukhuseli nje kuphela inkululeko yakho kodwa kwakhona unegalelo kwibutho apho inkululeko ihlala iqinile khona wonke umntu. Ulwazi lunamandla, kwaye ukuphaphaphapha okuphaphapha okusebenzayo kubiza inkululeko.