Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko: Inkcitho Enzulu

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ukuseka isiseko sorhulumente nokudwelisa amalungelo asisiseko. Kubemi baseMerika yonke imihla, ukuqonda la malungelo asiyondlela nje yemfundo yokuqhubana namagunya, abaqeshi, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Oku kukhokela kwandisa ukhuseleko olungundoqo olunikezelwa yiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo, ukunikela umongo wehlabathi lokwenene nokhokelo olusebenzayo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho akunike amandla okuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo nokuwaphepha imigibe.

Isiseko: IBhili Yamalungelo NeziHlomelo Ezingundoqo

Iziphumo zokuqala ezilishumi, ezagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, zabumba iBhili yamaLungelo. Zayilelwa ukumisela umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kukhuselwa i-Century of 144th Amendment Procession and i-Unime Programme Clauses, uninzi lwale migaqo isetyenziswa nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Nantsi inkcaso esebenzayo yamalungelo acelwa rhoqo:

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Intetho, Indibano Nonqulo

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko emihlanu: ukuthetha, unqulo, ukushicilela, indibano kunye nesibongozo. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, oku kuthetha ukuba unokuzichaza iimbono zakho, uqhelisele ukholo lwakho, udibane nabanye ukuze uxhase iinguqulelo/kodwa la malungelo akaphelelanga. Umzekelo, intetho ekhuthaza ugonyamelo, ingumhlazo, okanye idala isisongelo sokwenene. Ixesha, indawo, kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswa kwiindibano zikawonke wonke; ungafuna imvume yokuqhankqa kwimimandla ethile enjengezitrato okanye iipaki. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukhetha xa ethetha.

  • I-Public forums: Icala lenqanawa, iipaki zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo zikarhulumente zizinto zoluntu eziqhelekileyo apho amalungelo akho okuthetha esona sigqeba.
  • Nonpublic forums: Izikhuseli zenqwelo-moya, iziseko zomkhosi, kunye nezakhiwo zeofisi zikarhulumente zingamisela imiqathango engqongqo ukuba ziquka ubungangeneleli kwaye zikhonza inzala karhulumente esemthethweni.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Impahla ekwindawo efihlakeleyo: UHlaliso Lokuqala luqhelekile ukuba lusebenza kumnini-mpahla wabucala, njengeevenkile ezinkulu okanye amaqonga onxibelelwano loluntu, ngaphandle kokuba basebenza njengabadlali bakarhulumente.

UMthetho Wesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sokuphengulula ikhaya lakho, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye impahla yakho. Noko ke, kukho izinto ezininzi ezingafaniyo nemfuneko:

  • Imvume [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso: Ukuba ukuvumela uphendlo ngokuzithandela, akukho mvume ifunekayo.
  • Imbono ePlain: Ukuba igosa libona ukubiwa okungekho mthethweni kumbono ocacileyo, linokuyithatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelweyo: Ingozi enkulu, ukusukela okushushu, okanye ubungqina bobuphengululi bungathethelela uphendlo olungagunyaziswanga.
  • Ukukhangela kweVehicle: Phantsi Imfundiso esezantsi , abaphathi bangakhangela isithuthi ukuba banosizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba iqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho; Arizona v. Gant (2009) ngokubhekele phaya oku, inqanda isiganeko sokubanjwa kwenqwelo-mafutha kwimimandla efikeleleka ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olunegunya, bona Cornell Legal Information Institute of Folete Amendment isishwankathelo sesine soMbetho [[FLT: 1].

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo phambi kokuba urhulumente akwaphule ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iyakukhusela ekuzinyanzeleni ngokwakho, --ilungelo elidumileyo lokuhlala uthe cwaka. Umthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi uMendanda v. Arizona [1966] ifuna amapolisa akuxelele oku kusekunene phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Ngaphezu koko, iDemente yeFind Remplete iyalwa ingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye) kunye nokuthatha impahla yabucala ngaphandle nje kwembuyiselo (ummandla osisigxina).

Isilumkiso: Ukuba uvalelwe okanye ubanjiwe, ngokucacileyo kwaye uzolile, “Ndifuna ukuthi cwaka. Ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha.” Ungawalahli la malungelo, nokuba amapolisa ayakunyanzela.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukufanele Ukucetyiswa Nokuvavanywa Kwetyala Okufanelekileyo

Unelungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawulezileyo nokusetyenziswa kukawonke-wonke, ukuba waziswe ngezityholo, ukujamelana namangqina, kunye noncedo lwegqwetha. Ukuba awunamali yokufumana igqwetha, umntu kufuneka anikwe ngaphandle kwemali naliphi na ityala eliphumela ekuvalelweni (njengoko kumiselwe [[FLT: 0]] Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963). Oku kusebenza kumanqanaba anzima", kuquka iimvavanyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISihlaziyo Sesibhozo sikhusela ibheyile eninzi, intlawulo nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Oku kuye kwachazwa njengomlinganiselo wesohlwayo sokufa kwiimeko ezithile (umz., kubantu abaselula okanye abantu abaneziphene) yaye kuthintelwa izigwebo eziqatha.

Amava Anyanzelisayo Omthetho

Ukuma okuqhelekileyo kweemoto kungakhula ukuba amalungelo anzima. Ukwazi into ongayiyithetha, nokungayi kugxeka.

Uhambo Ngezithuthi Luyama

  • Zicime ngokwakho: Ngokuqhelekileyo uyafuneka ukunikezela ngephepha-mvume lomqhubi, ubhaliso, kunye nesiqinisekiso se-inshorensi. Ngaphezu koko, ungala ngokuzolileyo ukuphendula imibuzo.
  • Ukhangelo lwemoto yakho: Igosa lingabuza, “Uyacinga ukuba ndikhangela ?” Unelungelo lokuthi hayi. Ukuba banosizathu okanye isiqinisekiso, bangaphendla noko, kodwa ukungavumi kungamisela umlinganiselo wobungqina obusetyenzisiweyo nxamnye nawe kamva.
  • Iimvavanyo zokungakhuseli kwi-emele: Kumazwe amaninzi, ungalwala ngokusemthethweni uvavanyo lokunganxibi kunye novavanyo lokuphefumla, kodwa ukwala kungaphumela ekukhupheni imvume phantsi kwemithetho ecetyiweyo. Noko ke, uvavanyo lwemichiza (igazi, umoya, umchamo) lunganyanzeleka ngesiqinisekiso.

Ukudibana Kwabantu Esitratweni

Ukuba usondelwe ngamapolisa xa uhamba okanye kwindawo kawonke-wonke, unelungelo lokuthula nokuhamba ukuba awubanjwanga. Ungabuza, “Ngaba ndikhululekile ukuhamba?” Ukuba impendulo nguewe, hamba ngokuzolileyo. Ukuba akunjalo, ugqalwa njengobanjiweyo phantsi kweSigqibo sesine soMphengululo-Mphetho-mvande. Terry v. Ohio [1968], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba abaphathi bame baze bakurhanele ukuba banokuwuyeka baze bawucingele umenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ukholelwa ukuba uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Ngexesha lokuphendula imibuzo. Ungabi naxa uphendula imibuzo. Hlala, gcina izandla zakho zibonakala, kwaye uthi awazi ukuba awuvumi nakuphi nakuphi na ukukhangela.

Kukho isikhokelo esineenkcukacha, tyelela i [[FLT: 0]'s ACLU's Sazi Amalungelo Akho iphepha kumava amapolisa.

Ukuba Ubanjiwe

  1. Musa ukuxhathisa, kodwa nokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukubanjwa akuvumelekanga. Kuxhathise ngamazwi kuphela ngokuthetha ungavumelani.
  2. Qhuba ilungelo lakho lokuthula ngoko nangoko: “Andiphenduli nayiphi na imibuzo de ndibe negqwetha.”
  3. Cela igqwetha, uyeke ukuthetha. Nantoni na othe yathetha, ingasetyenziswa kuwe enkundleni.
  4. Emva kokuba ucele isiluleko, cela umnxeba ukuba uqhagamshelane negqwetha okanye ilungu lentsapho.

Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini

Imithetho yemisebenzi inikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kucalucalulo, iimeko ezingakhuselekanga, nokuziphindezelela. Ngoxa iBhili yoMgaqo-siseko yamaLungelo ngokuyintloko imisela imiqathango karhulumente, imimiselo karhulumente ikhokelela ekukhuseleni abasebenzi abasemacandeloni.

Izikhuseli Zokuthintela Uxinzelelo

Isihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946 walela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. UMthetho weSihlalo, iNkalo yeXesha Elilinganayo kuMsebenzi, kunye noMthendeleko weMelika onemida ekhubazekileyo zongeza iminqongo yokhuseleko. Ukuba ucalulo, faka isityholo ngeKhomishoni ye- Equal Accounty (EOC) ngeentsuku ezili-180 okanye 300 (ethembele kwiphondo lakho).

Ukhuseleko Nempilo Yasemsebenzini

I-Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike indawo yomsebenzi ngaphandle kweengozi ezinokubonwa. Unelungelo lokuxela iimeko ezingakhuselekanga ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Ungafaka isikhalazo esiyimfihlo ku-OSHA uze ucele uhlolo.

Ukuba Wedwa Emsebenzini

Abaqeshwa banamalungelo alinganiselweyo e-ofisweni emsebenzini. Abaqeshi bayakwazi ukuqwalasela ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha, ii-imeyili, kunye nokufowunela abasebenzi ukuba banenjongo esemthethweni yeshishini kwaye bayabazisa. Noko ke, izinto zobuqu neendawo zabucala (njengeelockers okanye iindlu zangasese) zisoloko zifumana ukhuseleko olunamandla. Iinkundla zibeke imida ekuphengululeni amasuntswana nokujongwa ngokungenankathalo. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba imfihlo yakho iphulwe, bhala isiganeko kwaye qhagamshelana negqwetha ngomsebenzi.

Ukudityaniswa nokuqokelelwa

INational Labor Relations Act (NLRA) ikhusela ilungelo labasebenzi becandelo labucala lokulungiselela, ukuqulunqa, nokusebenzisana kunye. Ikwakhusela abasebenzi abangasebenzisaniyo nabasebenzi abaxubusha ngemivuzo, iiyure, okanye iimeko zokusebenza nabasebenzi. Ukubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi enjalo akuvumelekanga.

Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Kwisithuba Sikawonkewonke

Iziphakamiso zikawonke-wonke ngamabala esithethe okubonisa ngokukhululekileyo kunye nendibano. Noko ke, urhulumente angabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni kwixesha, kwindawo, kunye nendlela yokuthetha, lo gama nje imiqathango ingaphakathi kwaye ishiya imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.

Amaqhawe Nemibhiyozo

Ngokuqhelekileyo akufuni mvume yokuqhankqalaza kwiindlela zikawonke wonke okanye kwiipaki, kodwa izixeko ezininzi zifuna iintlanganiso ezinkulu ezivala iinqwelo - mafutha okanye ezisebenzisa isandi esingakumbi. Hlola imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ngexesha lokukhala:

  • Yazi amalungelo akho ngokuphathelele ukufota nokushicilela. Kwizikhundla zikawonke wonke, unokubhala amagosa agunyazisa umthetho logama nje ungaphazamisani nemisebenzi yawo.
  • Ukuba ubanjwa, usenelungelo lokuthula negqwetha.
  • Zisa uchazo kodwa uqwalasele ukuyishiya ekhaya ukuba uxhalabile ngokufunyanwa kwisiseko sedata yokuqhayisa.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Umatshini wokushicilela (-nemibutho eqhelekileyo ebhala iziganeko). Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqokelela inkcazelo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Amapolisa asenokungaphangi izixhobo zokushicilela ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye ukukhutshwa kwenkcazelo efunyenwe ngokusemthethweni.

Amalungelo Amanani Nendawo Yesine Yokulungiswa Kwezigwebo

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baguqula oko “ukukhangela nokuxhuzula”. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uHlaziyo lweSine ukuya kwixesha lobalo kumatyala aliqela aphawulekayo:

  • [FLT]] Riley v. California (2014: Amapolisa ngokuqhelekileyo akanakuphengulula okuqulethweyo kwiselfowuni ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kwanesiganeko sokubanjwa.
  • [FLT]] Amaqonga . United States (2017): urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lwembali yemeko- yeseli (CSI) kumnikezeli wemfonomfono.
  • [FLT] United States v. Jones (202): Ukuncamathisela umthuthi weGPS kwisithuthi ithetha ukukhangela okufuna isiqinisekiso.

Le migaqo ibonisa umgaqo wokuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lusoloko lutyhila umzobo osondeleyo wobomi bethu. Xa unxulumana namapolisa, akunyanzelekanga ukuba unike i-password yakho okanye uvule isixhobo sakho ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuba umthetho ufuna isiqinisekiso sakho sokusebenza, yiba ucela uPhindahinda kwakho kwesihlanu ngokuchasene nokuzitshintsha, nangona lo mmandla womthetho ungakhange uhlale unganeliseki kwezinye iziphaluka.

Amalungelo Abafundi Ezikolo

Abafundi abawayeki amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo. Ityala eliPhakamileyo iTinker v. Des Moines (1969) isigqibo esidumileyo sathi abafundi bangazichaza logama nje ingaphazamisani nenkqubo yemfundo ngokwezinto eziphathekayo. Noko ke, izikolo zinenkululeko engakumbi yokumisela ukuthetha okungcolileyo, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kweziyobisi, okanye yi-spoorder (umz., kwiincwadi okanye kwimidlalo yeminyaka).

  • Ukukhangela kunye nokuxhuzula: Amagosa esikolo afuna kuphela “ukukrokra okusengqiqweni” ukuphendla impahla yomfundi (kungekho nto ilindelekileyo). Ukukhangela komgcini-sango kusoloko kuvumelekile ukuba isikolo sinenkqubo.
  • [[UMKQUBO:0] Imfundo: izikolo zingasebenzisa iikhamera kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa hayi kwigumbi lokuhlambela okanye kumagumbi okutshixa.
  • Iingxelo zogcino-lwazi: Amalungelo eNtsapho kunye noMthetho wemfundo (FERPA) ukhusela ukhuseleko lwemfihlo lweerekhodi zemfundo.

Ukuba ungumfundi okanye umzali, yazi ukuba unokukucel ’ umngeni ukuphanda nokuqeqesha ngokungekho ngqiqweni ngeendlela zesikolo zokukhalaza okanye ngokusemthethweni.

Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lisisiseko kodwa ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzulu. I-Pixereth, 19th, Amashumi amabini anesine, kunye neziHlaliso-zingamashumi amabini anesiXhosa zikhusela ukukhanyelwa ngokusekelwe kwibala, kwisondo, kwirhafu yovotelo, nakwiminyaka yobudala (yaloo 18 nangaphezulu). Ilungelo lokuvota lamaLungelo lika1965 lihlala lingumthetho wembombo onqanda uqheliselo lokuvota. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imithetho ye-ID yovoti, ukuvota, ukurhola, kunye nokuhlola indawo kuphakamise imibuzo emitsha ye-mGaqo-siseko. Ukuba udibana neengxaki ekunyulweni kwemibhiyo ````ngokunjelk' ijongene okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwembombo' oluchasene nokhuthalo-voti.

Amalungelo onyango nawonyango

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungaqinisekisi ilungelo lokunyamekela impilo, utshintsho nemimiselo emininzi ikhusela amalungelo akho kwizicwangciso zezamayeza:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Emperency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA): izibhedlele ezamkela iMedicare kufuneka zinikeze unyango oluzinzileyo longxamiseko kungakhathaliseki ukuba unako ukuhlawula okanye ukukwazi ukuhlawula okanye ukumelana ne-inshorensi.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Isiheli se-Inishorensi yokwabelana ngecala kunye noMthetho we-akhawunti (HIPAA): ukhusela ubumfihlo beerekhodi zakho zezamayeza; abanikezeli bempilo abanakwabelana ngolwazi lwakho ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • ekunene ukulwamkela unyango: Abantu abadala abaququzelekayo banelungelo lokwala unyango olungafunekiyo, kuquka ukunyanyekelwa kobomi, phantsi komdla wenkululeko yeshumi elinesine loMphetho-mda.
  • Amalungelo okuzala: Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ``Izikhuseli' v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) yabuyisela ummiselo wokuqhomfa kumaphondo, ngokuphawulekayo ukutshintsha umhlaba wezomgaqo-siseko. Ukhuseleko lwangoku lwahluka ngokwamandla.

Isiphelo: Ulwazi Luyeyona Nto Ilungileyo Yokuzikhusela

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asizizo iinjongo ezingekho ngqiqweni; zizixhobo eziluncedo ezikukhuselayo yonke imihla. Nokuba uthe wamiswa ngamapolisa, wajamelana nocalucalulo emsebenzini, ukuthetha kwintlanganiso yasesidlangalaleni, okanye ukufikelela kwinkathalo yempilo, ukuqonda umgaqo kunye nemida yala malungelo, kukwenza ukwazi ukwenza izinto ngentembelo. Ungangabazi ukudibana negqwetha xa kuphulwa amalungelo anzulu. Xa uqhubeka ufunda, bhekisela kwimithombo ethembekileyo efana neyo [[FLT: 0]] iMelika Bar Association yemfundo kawonke-[ kunye [FLT:] ne-[FLT:] Le GroverneGeneGenearformation Information Institutes''s Institutes. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda kwakho, okunzima kakhulu kuxhomekeke kumntu othenjiweyo.