Iingxelo zokuva zeKhomishini zimi njengenye yezona mithombo zinegunya nezikhanyisayo ezikhoyo kubafundi, ababhali-mbali, kunye nabaphandi benkqubo. Ezi ngxelo zomthetho kunye neerekhodi zithatha iingxubusho ezikrwada, ubungqina, kunye neengxoxo ezenzeka kwiikomiti ze-Congress ze-U. Kumntu wonke ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho emile ngayo, indlela uxanduva olunyanzeliswa ngayo, nendlela inkqubo karhulumente eguquka ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ngxelo zinika ifestile engenakuthelekiswa nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Le ndlela inika igxalasi yendlela yokufumana, ukufikelela, ukuhlolisisa, ukuqulungcangca, nokuca uphanda kweengxelo zezifundo zemfundo.

Ukuchotshelwa Kweendlebe Kweengqungquthela

Phambi kokuntywila kwiindlela zophando, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi iindlebe zombutho kunye neentlobo ezahlukileyo ezithathwayo. Ukuva kuyindlela esesikweni eqhutywa yikomiti yequmrhu okanye ikomiti encinane yokuqokelela ulwazi, ukuphanda, okanye ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Iingxelo ziquka intetho yelishwa, iintetho ezilungiselelwe amangqina, imiboniso, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iividiyo. Iindidi ezine ezingundoqo zokuva nganye zifeza injongo ekhethekileyo.

Iindlebe Eziwisiweyo

Kukho iindlebe eziqulunqweyo zomthetho eziqulunqweyo kunye nobungqina obumalunga nomthetho ocetyiswayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amalungu ekomiti, amagosa karhulumente, iingcali, kunye nabagcini-matyala bachaza iimbono zabo kwityala elithile. Abaphengululi basebenzisa ezi ngxoxo ukulandelela iimpikiswano ezayila umthetho othile, bachaze ukuba ngawaphi amaqela anenzala ayenempembelelo, kwaye baqonde ukulalanisa okwakhokelela kwinguqulelo yokugqibela. Iirekhodi zidla ngokuba ziquka iingxoxo ezibanzi zeQ&A ezibonisa ukuba ziziphi iinkalo zemali ezithe zaphikiswa kakhulu.

Ukuva Ngokuphapheleyo

Ukuva ngokuphandle kusisixhobo somsebenzi weBhunga elilawulayo nesebe likarhulumente. Bahlola ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, ukuphumelela kwenkqubo, nokuhlolisisa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuqhatha, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi. Abaphandi beenkcubeko, ukuchotshelwa kwemiqathango kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni iziphumo zeli hlabathi lokwenene lomthetho. Basoloko benikela ubungqina obungqalileyo kubaphathi beesebe, abaqhubi bempempepho, nabacuphi abazimeleyo, benika imbono yomhlaba kwiziphumo zenkqubo.

Uphando Ngeendlebe

Uphando lweendlebe luhlolisisa iziganeko ezithile, amahlazo, okanye iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu bazo busoloko bumxinwa kwaye buneendawo eziphakamileyo, batyekele ekuveliseni ezinye zeengxelo ezinenkcukacha neziphawulekayo. Imizekelo iquka ukuvakala kweWatergate, ukuvakala kweIran-Contra, okanye ukuvakala kweKomiti yesithandathu. Ezi ntetho kunye noovimba bevidiyo zizinto eziphambili zolungelelwano oluphezulu, zikhupha iingxelo zobuqu phantsi kwesifungo.

Uqinisekiso

Xa uMongameli ebeka abantu kwizikhundla eziphezulu okanye ezikwizikhundla zokulawula, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ibamba ityala. Ezi zenzo zinika ukuqonda kwiimfaneleko, iingcamango, kunye nendlela abalinganiswa ngayo. Abaphandi basebenzisa bona ukufundisisa iimpembelelo zezobupolitika zokubekwa nokuqonda imilinganiselo ecacileyo yabagwebi borhulumente, oonobhala-makhabhinethi, kunye noonozakuzaku.

Indlela Yokufumana Iingxelo Zendlebe Ezikhoyo

Kulula namhlanje ukufumana iirekhodi zokuva kunanini na ngaphambili, ngenxa yezicwangciso zamanani ezigcinwe ngurhulumente nabavakalisi bezorhwebo. Noko ke, ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi icebo elinokusetyenziswa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kunye neefomati ezibalulekileyo.

IiWebhsayithi zikarhulumente osemthethweni

Ikhonthi ethembekileyo yendawo yokuqala ye 104th Congress [[FLT: 0]].gov, isiseko sogcino-lwazi somthetho esisemthethweni se-U.S. Congress, esigcinwe yiLibrary of Congress. Inika ukufikelela kwi-memo ezisuka kwi-109595(95959) kwi- ekhoyo. Abasebenzisi bangaphendla ngekomiti, umhla, okanye igama lamaNgqina. Izikripti ezikhoyo zifumaneka njengombhalo ophengululiweyo, kwaye ezininzi ziquka amakhonkco ekukhutshelweni ividiyo. [[FLT:] I-Governmentation Office Office (POLT)[FLT3] [i3] kuphela] i-ewebhthi yogcino-mendo olusebenzayo, i-onke i-onke i-onke i-onke i-onke i-ediactives, i-octivessss, i-octives.

Isiseko sedata sezorhwebo

Iilayibrari ezininzi zeyunivesithi zixhasa ii-data zorhwebo ezinika ukuphengululwa nokugqunywa okungakumbi. iProQuest Congress inguwona mGaqo-siseko ubanzi, inika ithala leencwadi elipheleleyo lokuchonga nokupheleleyo ukusukela kunyaka we-1789, kunye nemibhalo yekomiti, imiqulu ecwangcisiweyo, kunye nenkcubeko yemithetho. [[FLT: 2] [FLT]] [FLT]] Aintline[ inika ithala lamaxwebhu elinikezelweyo elinamaxwebhu athe kratyaniswe kwi-Acces." kunye nengqokelela eqinileyo yokuva, kunye nezixhobo zayo zokulungisa iimpahla zintle.

Ingqokelela ePhakamileyo kunye noovimba

Ukuvakala okungakhange kuvelwe qokobhe, ingakumbi ezo zenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nezasekuqaleni kwama-20 . Ingqokelela yogcino-lwazi lwendalo isebalulekile. I-National Archives and Records Administra (NARA) igcina iirekhodi zantlandlolo zeekomiti, kuquka iirekhodi ezingapapashwanga kunye namaxwebhu axhasayo. Ezinye iilayibrari zaseyunivesithi ezinkulu, njengeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, iBerkeley okanye iYunivesithi yaseTexas, zigcina ingqokelela eninzi yamaphepha karhulumente kwimicropu encinane. Ukuba ukufikelela kwamanani kuyasilela, ukufumaneka okukhethekileyo kolwazi lukarhulumente kunganikezela ngolwalathiso kwimali-mali-mali-mvume okanye utyelelo olungqalileyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuphanda Ngokusebenzisa Iingxelo Zezindlebe

Ukusetyenziswa okunempumelelo kweengxelo zokuva ezilungiselelweyo kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo. Imeko engalungiswanga yentetho ephumayo ithetha ukuba abaphengululi kufuneka balungiselele ukuhlola ubungqina obude kunye nentengiselwano yenkcazo ebhaliweyo ukukhupha inkcazelo enxulumene nayo.

Umbuzo Wophando Lwakho

Qalisa ngombuzo oqwalaselweyo. Ngaba ufunda imbali yowiso-mthetho yomthetho okhethekileyo, njengoMthetho we-Deocratic Air Amereka Izinyusiso zoMthetho we-Emoyer ka-1990? Ngaba uhlolisisa indlela iqela elithile elinomdla ngayo, njenge-American Medical Association, eliphenjelelwe ngayo inkqubo yempilo? Ngaba uthelekisa iindlela zokuphendula zamalungu ekomiti yeDemocratic neRiphabliki ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala? Umbuzo ongqalileyo uza kukhokela ukhetho lwakho lokuva namangqina uze ukuncede ngokukhawuleza uqonde ezona zixhobo ziluncedo ze-CD.

Ikhangela ngamaQhosha aMagqaba- magama kunye namaQhosha

Xa usebenzisa iKhomishini.gov okanye isiseko sesiseko sedata sezorhwebo, sebenzisa intlanganisela yamagama alawulwayo nolwimi lwendalo. Umzekelo, ukuba uphando lwe-Fair Howare Act, ukukhangela i- “Fair House” (phrase),“ ukungavumelani kwezindlu,” kunye nenani lemali yemali (umz., 1359). Sebenzisa izihluzi kumxinwa yikomiti (umz., iCantein Banking, iHouse, neUrban Affairs), uluhlu lomhla, kunye nohlobo lokuva. Iintelets ezininzi zikuvumela ukuba uhlele ngoncedo okanye ngomhla. Hlola uluhlu lwamangqina; amangqina asoloko equka amagosa karhulumente, iinkokeli zemfundo, kunye neengcaphephe zemfundo, nganye enikela imbono eyahlukene.

Ukuhlolisisa Iingxelo NamaNgqina

Funda iingxelo ezilungiselelweyo kuqala, njengoko zidla ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye zineenkcukacha kunengxelo yomlomo. Emva koko qwalasela kwicandelo leQ&A, elisoloko lityhila ungquzulwano, ukungavisisani, kunye nolwazi olungalindelekanga. Phatha ingqalelo kwindlela amalungu ekomiti alungisa ngayo imibuzo yawo; iingcamango zawo nezinto eziphambili ziboniswa. Chaza umdla ophambili ongasemva kobungqina ngabunye: ummeli wezoshishino, inkcubeko, ummeli karhulumente, okanye ummi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Iingxelo zokuva akufunekanga zisetyenziswe xa kuthethwa i-odwa. Thelekisa ubungqina kunye nombhalo wetyala njengoko uqaliswe kwaye ukwenziwa. Jonga kwingxelo yekomiti ehambisana nemali; idla ngokushwankathela iimpikiswano eziviweyo ekuchongiweni. Hlola iingxelo ezithe kratya ukususela kwixesha lokuqondwa komongo wezobupolitika. Amanqaku namajelo eAcademic kunye neencwadi zisenokuhlalutya ukuchongwa okufanayo, ukunikeza uhlalutyo lwesibini olunokuphucula iziphelo zakho.

Amacebiso ohlalutyo nocaphulo olunempumelelo

Ukusebenza ngemithombo ephambili enjengeziqendu zombutho-siseko kufuna ingqalelo ecokisekileyo kumongo kunye nezenzo zokufaka iliso ezingqongqo. Ezi ngxelo zikukuwiswa komthetho kunye neendibano zazo ezisemthethweni, ezimele zihlonelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabaphengululi.

Ukuguqulela Indlebe

Phambi kokusebenzisa ucaphulo okanye inqaku logcino-lwazi, misela umongo wendlebe. Kwenzeka nini? Ingaba yayenzeke njani? Ziziphi iziganeko ezinkulu ezenzekayo ngaloo veki=ingxaki yehlabathi lonke, unyulo, ihlazo, ihlazo? I ` Conforional Record[ (ekhoyo kwiBhunga.gov) inikeza umgangatho wemihla ngemihla kwaye inganceda ukujikeleza i-lixande. Kwakhona qwalasela ikomiti ye-DEmocratic-jority kwi1970 izakuba nesandi esahlukileyo kwikomiti yeRepublican-jy kwi 2000.

Ukubona Iibhiya Neembono Ezininzi

Ingqina ngalinye kunye nelungu leBhunga lizisa ikhethe. Abaphandi abachasi-lwazi kufuneka bajonge iingxelo zokuva njengempikiswano, hayi njengenyaniso ebhaliweyo. Jonga amangqina aphikisanayo. /Ikomiti yamema umgxeki wenkqubo ecetyiweyo? Ukuba akunjalo, ukuchotshelwa kusenokuba kuluncedo olunye. Nika ingqalelo kubungqina obungacwangciswanga okanye kumangqina abizwa ngomzuzu ophelileyo; ubukho bawo budla ngokubonakalisa impikiswano yezobupolitika. Sebenzisa iindlebe ezininzi kulo mbandela mcimbi wokungathathi zingqinelani iingxelo ezingqinelanayo kwaye uqonde iingxelo ezingqinelanayo.

Ukucaphula Iindlebe Zeengqungquthela

Ukunika ingxelo okufanelekileyo kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yemfundo. Ifomati yahluka-hlukene ngesimbo sesikhokelo. [[FLT: 0] Uhlelo lwe 7 , itragrafi yokuva ikhankanyiwe njenge: [
[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] IGama leNdlukhwe, iNdlu yeNdlu. Ukuphulaphula iSihloko: Ukuphulaphula phambi kwe [Igama].[FLT: 4] [Unyaka]. Umthetho woRhulumente wokusasa. URL [[FLT: 5]] Umzekelo: [FLT:] U.S.S.Ikomiti yemali.[FLT]

[[FLT: 3] Uhlelo lwe 9 [[FLT: 1], indlela yile: [[[FLT:] iUnited States, Congress, House/Senate, Name yeKomiti. [[FLT: 3] Isihloko seNtlangatho yokuvakala[[[FLT:]. Inani lentlanganiso, inani lentlanganiso, umhla. Iofisi yoPhondo, iURL.
[[FLT:]] Kwi [[FTLT:6]] Isandla sohlobo lweSimbo [[17 uhlelo lwesiHlawulo:] [FLT]] namaphetshana neBibliographography: [[FL:]] [FLT8], iKomiti yendlu [FT].[FLT] [FFF]]

Hyp. 113-4) jonga inani elithe ngqo lokuva (umz., S. Hrg.) ukuchaza okuthe ngqo, kwaye quka i URL yemvelaphi yengingqi.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokoyisa

Ukusebenza ngeengxelo zokuva ezilungiselelwe ingqungquthela kunika imiqobo ekhethekileyo, ukusuka kwintelekelelo yenkcazelo ukuya kulwimi olusetyenziswa yiKhonklathi. Ubuchule bokuphuhlisa ukucombulula ezi ngxaki buza kulondoloza ixesha nokuphucula ubunjani bophando lwakho.

Isandi nokufumaneka kwamanani

Ukuva nje kunakho ukusebenzisa amakhulukhulu amaphepha, kwaye isihloko esikhulu sowiso-mthetho sisenokubandakanya iindlebe ezininzi. Ukulawula oku, sebenzisa ukusebenza kokukhangela ngaphakathi kwe PDF okanye itragmap ukutsiba ngamagama athile akhethekileyo. Funda ingxelo ye komiti kuqala ukugqiba ukuba ngowaphi aphulaphuli abaluleke kakhulu. Kwimeko ezinjalo, luqonde ukuba iintetho ezindala zinokuvavanywa njengemifanekiso, ukwenza umbhalo uphengululwe ngophawu lophawu lokubona kuphela (OCRR). Umgangatho we-OCR wahlukene; amanye amaxwebhu avela kwi-1960 nangaphambi kwezo zinokuba neempazamo. Kwimeko ezinjalo, sebenzisa umsebenzi wokukhangela ukufumana icandelo olidingayo ngesandla.

Ukuqonda ulwimi lweKomiti kunye neenkqubo

Ii-congress zizaliswe yi-procedal jagon: “imvume epheleleyo,”“ i-ufashoni,” “igama,” "igama eligqithisiweyo.” Phambi kokuba uqale, hlola ukucaciswa kwamagama e-colleation (ithala leencwadi leKhongosi linoncedo). Kwakhona funda iindibano zegama elithi : ukuva kungabizwa “ukuva kuH.R. 1234,” kodwa inani lemali lingatshintsha ngexesha lenkqubo. Xa uphengulula, sebenzisa zombini inani lemiba nezihloko ezidumileyo. Ukuba ukuva kuyinxalenye yegama elingenagama lomntu, ukuphendla. Don’t's akunandibaniswa ukuhlolelwa kokuva, okusoloko kubandakanya iintlanganiso zoqhagamshelwano, kunye neengxelo.

Uhlolisiso Olungokwabantu: Ukusebenzisa Iingxelo Zezindlebe Ukuze Ufunde IArhente Yokukhusela Indawo Engqongileyo Kwiminyaka Yangaphambili

Ukuzekelisa le nkqubo, qwalasela iprojekthi yophando oluthelekelelwayo ekwakheni kwe-EPA (EPA) ngo 1970. Umphengululi uzakuqala ngokuphengulula [[FLT: 0].Gov we-“Environty Protectal Protection Agency" kunye no-“1970. Oku kuphengulula iindlebe ezininzi kwiKomiti yeNtsimbi yeeNtsimi yoLuntubeko kunye neKomiti yeNdlwano ekwimibutho kaRhulumente. Ukufunda amazwi alungiselelwe amangqina angundoqo njengoWilliam Ruckelshaus (umlawuli wokuqala we-EPA) kunye noMphathi wenkqubo yezopolitiki uGeneatho (umphatho we-Applike) esetyenziswa nguMgaqo-onke (umphatho ka-onke).[3]

Isiphelo

Iingxelo zokuva zeKhomishoni zeLifa leMveli zizinto ezixabisekileyo kubaphandi bemfundo, zinika ubungqina obungalungiswanga, obubonisa indlela oorhulumente base-U.S. abagqibe ngayo, abagqibele ukuchophela izifundo. Ukuba ungumfundi ophumeleleyo obhala uphando olungomgaqo-nkqubo wempilo, uphando oluphantsi kolwazi lweziphakamiso zeMatergate, okanye ukulondolozwa kwenkcazelo yezopolitiki, ezi ngxelo zinika ubunzulu negunya elinokuthelekiswa nalo. Ngokukwazi ubuchule bokufumana, ukuhlalutya, nokucaphula iingxelo zezolwazi, kwaye ngokuqonda iingxelo zazo ze-antlukwano-asethi zexesha lakho. Ukuveliswa kwento ekufuneka kungenisa ixesha lokufunda lo msebenzi kuzuza inzuzo nakufezeka kulo msebenzi worhulumente kunye noxandumiso kawonke-wonke.