Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yabantu yingxaki engundoqo yezopolitiko yalo naliphi na ibutho labantu elikhululekileyo. Urhulumente kufuneka abe namandla aneleyo okugcina ucwangco, ukubonelela izinto zikawonke-wonke, nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa, kwalelo gunya, ukuba alikhange liqatshelwe, lingasetyenziswa ukucinezela abantu abacetyiswa ukuba bakhonze. Ukuphelisa olu xinezeleko kufuna ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bemida nesiseko sokuthembana kwabantu. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinto ezisebenzisana ngayo aziyo nje imfundo; kuyimfuneko yokuba ngummi okhutheleyo nonolwazi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwengqiqo Yorhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Ingcamango esisiseko esekelwe kurhulumente olinganiselweyo kukuba igunya lezobupolitika alifanele lijoliswe kumntu omnye okanye kwiseko elinye. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka labelwe amasebe amaninzi kunye nemigangatho emininzi karhulumente, ngalinye lihlola amanye. Olu kwakhiwa lusekelwe kwimigaqo yokwahlula amagunya, uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla: Ukuchasa UMongami

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yokwahlulwa kwamagunya inxulumene kakhulu nesithandi sobulumko solukhanyiselo saseFransi uMontesquieu, owathi waphikisa [[FLT]] Umoya woMthetho ukhululeka ngeyona ndlela igcinwe kakuhle xa umthetho, umlawuli onegunya, kunye namagunya olawulo karhulumente abanjwe ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo. Lo mfuziselo wamkelwa ngenyani yi-Melika abaqululeki, owawubona njengekhuselwa ligosa eliyimfuneko nxamnye nemikhosi ekhampasi. Isebe le-mthetho (Folrevernet) lenza imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo (umongameli) lizinyanzele, kunye namasebe agwebi (ienkundla) acacisa le misebenzi. Ngokunika le misebenzi kumasebe ahlukene, aqinisekisa ukuba angabhanyaniswa naloo nkqubo asebenza kunye nemithetho esetyenziswa kunye.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukwahlukana okungqongqo okufunyanwa kwinkqubo zomongameli njengase United States kuyaphikisana nokudibanisa amagunya afunyenwe kwiinkqubo zepalamente njenge-United Kingdom. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, umphathi onegunya ukhutshwa ngqo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, edala ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi kwamasebe amabini. Ngoxa oku kuvumela ukwenza umthetho ophumelelayo, kwakhona kunciphisa ukonakalisa kwesakhiwo okusebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Zombini iimodeli zinamandla nobuthathaka, kodwa zinosukelo olunye: ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwegunya.

Iitsheki Nolungelelwano: Intsebenziswano Esebenzisanayo

Xa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunika imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumasebe, ukhangelo kunye nomlinganiselo [ kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linomlinganiselo wempembelelo phezu kwamanye, linyanzelela ukuba lisebenzisane kwaye likhuphisane. UMgaqo-siseko unika imizekelo ebalaseleyo. UMongameli angawudlulisela umthetho odluliswa yiKhontekoste, kodwa iNgqungquthela ingawulawula lowo uphezulu. UMongameli unika abagwebi kunye nabaphathi-baphathi abaphezulu, kodwa iNjongomele izenze zingqine. [v:] [5] [5]... Oku kunokuthi kuchazwe imithetho edluliselwe nguMongameli nomthetho ongenziwa nguMongameli ongekho mthethweni, ngokusetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye. [FFF3] [5] [5]..., uphakaliswa ngu-okanye nomnye u-Ampempempe.[3]

Umanyano: Ingqwalasela Yommandla Welizwe

Imida yamandla ayisukanga nje ime kodwa ithe tyaba. Umanyano lwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi kombindi, urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wengingqi okanye urhulumente wephondo. Oku kwenza uvavanyo olunamandla kwigunya elisembindini. Abami baphantsi kwemithetho emibini elungelelanisiweyo, nganye yayo ingenza njengovavanyo kwenye. Amazwe angakwazi ukusebenza njenge " iziququ zolawulo-demokhrasi [," ngokuzama ngemigaqo eyahlukileyo kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye nomthetho wemekobume. Esi sakhiwo sokuziphatha esifanelekileyo sithintela urhulumente wesizwe ekulawuleni ezinye iimeko zobomi obufanayo kwaye silungiselela iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela koorhulumente ukuze babandakanye norhulumente babo.

Izixhobo Zokuthotywa Kolawulo Lorhulumente

Imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni yokwahlukana nokuhlola ifuna izixhobo zekonkile ukuze ziphumelele. Ezi nkqubo zomthetho neziqumrhu zichaza imida ethile yesenzo sikarhulumente kwaye zinika iindlela zokulungisa xa imida inqamlezekile.

Umthetho-siseko noMthetho

Esona sixhobo sisisiseko ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo [[FLT: 1] omisela "umthetho ophezulu" osebenza kuwo onke amasebe orhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ngumgaqo wokuba igunya likarhulumente lichazwe lize lilinganiselwe ngulo mthetho uphakamileyo. Akukho mthetho okanye isenzo esilawulayo esinokulwaphula umgaqo-siseko, nokuba uthandwa. Lo ngumongo womthetho womthetho : ingcamango yokuba wonke umntu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, uphantsi komthetho. Imigaqo-siseko iquka amalungiselelo okuzinzisa kwawo, kodwa ngokufuthi amalungelo athile angundoqo angenakutshintshwa ngobuninzi bomthetho.

IiBhili zaMalungelo neMithetho yaMalungelo

Izibhengezo ezicacileyo zamalungelo omntu ngamnye zenzelwe ukukhupha isiseko sokuzilawula okungenakuhlaselwa ngurhulumente. La malungelo aquka inkululeko yoluntu eqhelekile njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye neyombutho, kunye nezokhuseleko olufana nelungelo lokufumana ityala elifanelekileyo nokukhusela amalungelo angenangqiqo. Amatyala akhoyo, anjenge Canadian Chart of Rights and Frees okanye iBB] iBhili yaseAfrika yamalungelo afanelekileyo nokungaqinisekiyo , kwakhona iquka amalungelo alungileyo emfundo, indlu, kunye nempilo, ukubeka umsebenzi kwimo yezomthetho, ukwenza umqobo ocacileyo, ochasene nezenzo ezigwetyelweyo zomthetho, kunye nezenzo ezigwetyelwayo ezichasene nezo.

Ukhuseleko lokwenyani kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

I-[FLT: 1] ifuna urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezisunguliweyo phambi kokuba ahlule umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuqaphela izityholo, ukuva ngokomthetho. Imigaqo engundoqo ixhomekeke kwiinkcukacha. [[FLT:] kunye nelungelo lokubhenela. Ezinye izikhuseli ze-procrate ziquka [[FLT:] [2] izigwebo ezikhoyo phambi kokuba ahluze umntu, inkululeko, okanye ipropati. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuqaphela izityholo, ilungelo lokuziva, ukuphinda azihlaziye ngokutsha, [FT: FT] kunye nemithetho elawulayo [FFT] [5], echaza [FT] kunye noluvo lwamandla ombane, [5], [5]

Ukukholosa Ngoluntu Lonke: Imali Ebalulekileyo Yolawulo - melo

Imithetho namaziko kuphela awanele. Akukho nkqubo karhulumente esebenzayo ngaphandle kwemvume nokuthenjwa ngabantu bayo. Ukukholosa kwabantu likomkhulu elivumela oorhulumente ukuba balawule kunye nabemi ukuba bathobele umthetho ngokuzithandela, kwanaxa bengavumelani nezigqibo ezithile.

Imilinganiselo Emibini Yokukholosa: Ukuthembeka Nengqibelelo

Ithemba lezobupolitika asilogama elinye. Lihlala kwiintsika ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ukulingana kunye ``````. Abami bathemba urhulumente wabo ukunikezela iinkonzo ezisisiseko]. Oku kuxhomekeke kukhuseleko, izibonelelo, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke-wonke. Oku kukholose [[FLT:] ulawulo. Urhulumente ongakwaziyo ukulawula uqoqosho, ukusabela kwintlekele yendalo, okanye unike ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke uya kulahlekelwa kukuthemba kwabantu bayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baneenjongo entle.

Kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukuthemba ngqinelana nokuthemba inkolelo yokuba urhulumente uza kwenza ngokunyaniseka, ngokungakhethi buso, kwaye kunomdla woluntu kunokuba afumane inzuzo yobuqu. Lo mqathango unxulumene kakhulu nemida esiye sayithetha. Urhulumente ohlonela imida engomgaqo-siseko, uhlonela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye ubeka amagosa akhe amele ukuthenjwa ngabantu bonke. Urhulumente ongayithobeli imithetho yakhe, ayityeshelayo imithetho yakhe, okanye imisebenzi efihlakeleyo ayitshabalalisileyo. Unyuso, ukrwelo lwezopolitiko, kunye nokunganyaniseki kwesixokelelwano kupheliseka ngamandla okuthemba okunyuselwe kwingqibelelo.

Isiseko Sokuthembana Entlalweni

Ulungiso lwentanda-bulumko lobu buhlobo lufumaneka kwingcamango yentsebenziswano yentlalo. Abacinga njengoThomas Hobbes, John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau bafuna ukuchaza isizathu sokuba abantu abanokuqonda bavume ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo kwigunya elilawulayo. Le nkululeko, abantu bayavuma ukukhusela amalungelo abo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ukuba urhulumente uyalichasa icala labo elilungeleyo, abantu banelungelo lokulwa nokuyithatha indawo yabo. Le mithetho ingumandla okuvuma ukhuthalo lwasekuhlaleni.[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]

Ukuncipha Kokholo: Ukulinganisa Utyekelo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, ukuthemba urhulumente kuye kwancipha kakhulu phantse kuyo yonke idemokhrasi ehambele phambili. Uhlolisiso olufana no- Edelman Trust Barometer kunye nophando oluye lwenziwa Iziko lophando lophando [] ngokuqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba bambalwa abantu namhlanje abakholelwa ukuba urhulumente wabo unyanisile, uyasebenza, okanye ulwamkelo kwiimfuno zabo. Oku kuqhutywa ziimeko ezininzi: ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwezoqoqosho, imivuzo, imivuzo edityayo, ukluko oludla ngokudityayo, nokungaphumeleli okucingelwa kwemiqatha kwemibutho yezopolitiki ukuso yokucombulula iingxaki zemozulu kunye nokutshintsha kolawulo lwemali. Xa ukuthemba kubangela ukusetyenziswa kwe-'interfrenti yomthetho-odromarks, intentente ezithenjiswe ngente, intententente ezitheneyo, ezithe zithe zithe zithe zithe zithe

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Embalini Zokulungelelanisa Amandla

Umzabalazo wokulungelelanisa igunya likarhulumente nokuthembana kukawonke wonke asingowomtsha. Imbali izaliswe ngamaxesha anzima xa abantu bezama ukunyanzela igunya elinobungcathu (okanye bengaphumeleli).

Iarc Ende Esusela EMagna Carta Kuse Kwimvukelo Ezukileyo

Incopho ebalulekileyo yangaphambili yayikukutywinwa kukaMagna Carta ngo-1215. Nangona olu xwebhu lwalusoloko lusenziwa, lwaluyindawo esebenzayo yezopolitiko eyanyanzela uKumkani uJohn waseNgilani ukuba avume ukuba igunya lakhe liphantsi komthetho. Yaseka umgaqo wokuba ukumkani akanakukwazi ukuhlawula iirhafu ngaphandle kwemvume yamabhanki akhe kwaye akukho mntu ukhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni ngokusemthethweni ngomgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye ngomthetho welizwe. Lo myalelo wamva uluphawu olufanayo nenkqubo yale mihla. [[FLT.2]] iBhili yamaLungelo yamalungelo [[FLT.[FLD:3] e-169, elandela iGloult, wahlabela phambili ngokuthintela imithetho yemithetho yomkhosi woomatisi okanye ngokuvala i-mond mkhosi wabemi bemikhosi yabemi bemi.

Ilinge LaseMerika: Imilinganiselo Esisigxina YomGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo-siseko weUnited States wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe asixhenxe asixhenxe alilinge lokuqala langoku lokwakha urhulumente wesizwe osekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwisiseko esibhaliweyo samandla alinganiselweyo nadwelisweyo. Abaseki babekrokrela kakhulu amandla akhethekileyo. Badala inkqubo yamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo asabelana ngegunya, nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. Izixhobo zokuqala ezilishumi, ezazisaziwa njenge- BBY yamalungelo akhethekileyo [[ [1791]], yongezwa ngokukhethekileyo ukuthetha ngamaxhala eAnti-Fedraliss ezasoyika urhulumente omtsha ezinokugcina iinkululeko. Olu cwangciso lungqineke lungalulo olubalaseleyo nolusetyenzwe lungando lweminye imodelwa lunga lwezizwe.

Umthetho-siseko wasemva kwemfazwe nokunyuka kwamalungelo abantu

Uhlaziyo lwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwama-Najoni eJamani kunye ne-Itali yobuFasi lwakhokelela ekucingeni ngokunzulu ngolwalamano phakathi kwesizwe nomntu ngamnye. Isindululo esipheleleyo saMalungelo abantu [[ (1948)) samisela umgangatho wehlabathi lonke wesidima soluntu. [[FLT:] ukumiselwa kwe-[FLT]] iNkuhlalo lwamathelela abemi kumthetho we-uni ephezulu yamalungelo abantu [[ wanika abemi i-superrationalalm yootational forum yook amacala olwaphulo-mthetho. [[FLT] Umthetho onyanze umgaqo onyanze ulawulo olunzulu lwamanyeneyo wolawulo olusemthethweni lwamazwe oluntu kumthetho kunye noluqukelwelelo lwe-Genestivementaltiveans" oluselut wiso wiso lweziko lweziko lomthetho-mthetho wolawulo olungumthetho-mthetho-

Ucelomngeni Oluzayo Kulo Mbutho

Ngoxa isiseko sembali sorhulumente olinganiselweyo sisahleli, sijongene neengcinezelo eziqatha nezingaqhelekanga kule nkulungwane yama-21. Ulungelelwano lwamandla lusoloko luvavanywa ngobugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kwempembelelo yejiyografi yezobupolitika, kunye nokuwohloka kwezobupolitika.

Urhulumente wamanani: Ukwanda kwamandla kunye nemithetho-mthetho

Utshintsho lwamanani lunesiphiwo soorhulumente esingathethekiyo sokuhlola kunye nengqokelela yogcino-lwazi. ISityhilelo malunga neenkqubo zokuhlola ubuninzi bombutho owenziwa yi-National Security Agency (NSA) kunye namanye amaqumrhu obuchule siye sabalaselisa umsantsa omkhulu phakathi komthetho kwiincwadi kunye namandla obugcisa obukhoyo. Amandla okuqwalasela uthungelwano, intsebenziswano, kunye nokuhlalutya ulwazi lobuqu ludala ukungalungelelani okungundoqo phakathi kommi kunye norhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa [[FLT: 0] komthetho [[FLT]] umqulu we-actrithm [[ ukwenza okanye ukukhokela izigqibo zikarhulumente kwiindawo ezifana nokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchasana, ukuma kobucala, kunye nokukhuliswa komsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi womthetho-mthetho.

Ukuxhasa idemokhrasi nokuphakamisa nolawulo oluphezulu

Mhlawumbi olunaluphi na ucelomngeni olucinezelayo namhlanje kukurhoxa-ngxengezela okuthe ngcembe kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kunye namaziko akhoyo. Lento, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba ibizwa ngokuba yidemocratic paration, inqabile ukubandakanya unikezelo lwequmrhu lomkhosi lwequzelo lwequbuliso. Endaweni yoko, iyenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, njengoko iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zisenza buthathaka uvavanyo lwazo. Zingafaka izithuba kwiinkundla zezolawulo-demokhrasi, zithobel'a, zidemokhrasi, zidelisela imithetho yempumenti, ziphinde zizenzele amaqela amaqela alwayo ukuze azithande, zize ziwamkele i-ekhompumenti, i- Poland (ngaphantsi korhulumente ongaphambili), kunye neTurkey, imidabiso-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko sidemo-siseko sidemo-siseko sibonise ukuphumelela oko kuthenjiswayo kuphela. Okunjalo ukuba kumthetho-mthetho-odwa kukuthi kukuthi kukuthi kuxhaka kuxha

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Lonke Nengxaki Yolongamo

Uninzi lwezona ngxaki zinzima zexesha lethu . "zingabonakala zinxibile, zingqukuva, zilawula izimali, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuziphelisa kudinga intsebenziswano ngemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zolawulo lwehlabathi jikelele zisoloko zisebenza ekususweni kwenkqubo yezobugocigocigoci nolungelelwano oluthintelayo lorhulumente wesizwe. Zinokubonakala zimfiliba, zingabalwanga, zinokubalwa, kwaye zikude nabemi abazichaphazeleyo. Oku kudala i-democratic recity [ ebangela ukuba kubekho ukulawulwa kwesizwe kunye noxinezeleko olusebenzayo lwemeko lwelizwe lonke kunye nokugcinwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kusilwamzabalase ukulwa kwenkulungwane ye-21 ye-2010" i-" i-" i-dvomgnognognognote

Ukuqinisa Umjikelo Wemida Nokuthembana

Imilinganiselo karhulumente nokuthembana kukawonke-wonke akuzizo imikhosi ephikisanayo; ziyangqinelana. Urhulumente obonakala ngokucacileyo obeka umda amandla akhe wakha ukuthembana okungaphezulu kokwenyanileyo. kwaye urhulumente othembekileyo unakho ukuthotyelwa imida yakhe ngabantu bakhe.

Indlela Imida Esenza Ngayo Ukuba Nentembelo

Le yimpikiswano engundoqo yedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo: ukubopha izandla zakho kwenza ube nempumelelo engakumbi. Ngokusebenzisa umthetho-siseko, umthetho, nokuhlonela amalungelo, urhulumente uthumela uphawu olunamandla lokuba inokuthenjwa ngamandla. Oku kwenza imeko-bume ezinzileyo nethe ngqo kubemi kunye namashishini ngokufanayo. Bayazi ukuba imithetho ayizukutshintshwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Bayazi ukuba banokucela uncedo ukuba bayaphindwa ukuba bayaphindwa. Oku kuqinisekiswe ukuba kusekelwe ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho, ukuzinza kwentlalo, kunye nokuthembeka okunzulu, okuvumela urhulumente ukuba acele imibingelelo ngexesha lengxaki. Njengokuba isazi sezopolitiki uFrancis Fukuma siphikisane, urhulumente umele ukuba womelele ngokwaneleyo ukugcinwa kwemithetho yawo, kodwa kufuneka anyanzwe ngomthetho noluntu olunetyala kubantu.

Indlela Ukuthemba Okungaphelelanga Ngayo

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuthembana okunamandla kukawonke-wonke kunika ioksijini yezopolitiko efunekayo ukuze imilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko ihlale ikho. Xa abemi bethemba urhulumente wabo, bakulungele ngakumbi ukwamkela "ingcamango yesibini" yejaji engakhethwanga egawulayo ephelisa umthetho othandwayo. Bakulungele ngakumbi ukwamkela ukulibaziseka kweprojekthi efunekayo yinkqubo efunekayo. Banokufumana amathuba okwaneliseka lutshintsho lwentsebenziswano kunokunyanzelisayo kumntu onamandla "ukulungisa izinto" ngokudlula kwimijelo eqhelekileyo. Xa ukuthembana, imfuneko yesenzo esingenasiphelo ikhula. Abantu basenokuvuma ukurhweba ngenkululeko, okanye ukuxhasa iinkokeli ezithembisa ukunikezela nge "glock" kunye "iteyitioksi yovavanyo lomgaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Ehlala Ikho

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asiyonto ihlala isenziwa okanye umatshini onokumiswa kwaye ulityalwa. Lulungelelwaniso olunamandla olufuna ukuhlala luphaphile, lulungiswa, luvuselelwa. Izakhiwo ezibekwe kwindawo yangaphambili ````inkundla, iinkundla, namalungelo''''''''''. Lunesiseko esibalulekileyo, kodwa olomelele kuphela njengoko ulawulo noxanduva lwentlalo oluzixhasayo. Ukurhoxa koluntu lusisisongelo esingundoqo kule nkonzo. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kufuna oorhulumente babonise ubuchule kunye nokuthembeka, kwaye kufuna abemi babandakanye nobuchule kuluntu kwintlalo yabo. Ukuzikhusela urhulumente nokubuyiselwa koluntu okulinganiselweyo nokuthemba kukawonke akuyo; umsebenzi omnye kunye nomnye. Kuhlala kusesona siso sisongelo sikhulu sokuqinisekisa igunya loluntu, isikhululo, isikhululo, singabi somkhonzi.